Lachnanthes caroliniana

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Lachnanthes caroliniana
Lachnanthes caroliniana.jpg

Lachnanthes caroliniana

Systematics
Class : Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
Commelinids
Order : Commelina-like (Commelinales)
Family : Haemodoraceae
Genre : Lachnanthes
Type : Lachnanthes caroliniana
Scientific name of the  genus
Lachnanthes
Elliott
Scientific name of the  species
Lachnanthes caroliniana
( Lam. ) Dandy

Lachnanthes caroliniana is the only species of the Lachnanthes plant genus withinthe Haemodoraceae family . It is mainly found in eastern North America .

description

Inflorescence with flowers in detail
Fruit cluster
Illustration from Addisonia - colored illustrations and popular descriptions of plants
Illustration from Pierre Joseph Redouté : Les liliacées

Vegetative characteristics

Lachnanthes caroliniana grows as a perennial herbaceous plant and reaches heights of 30 to 105 centimeters. There are red rhizomes with fiber roots . The sap is red. The independently upright stem is initially whitish, tomentose, shaggy haired in the upper area and later becomes tan-colored tomentose hair.

The linear, sword-shaped leaves are mainly concentrated at the base and fewer are arranged on the stem. Of the basal leaves, the bottom are 15 to 45 centimeters long and 0.5 to 2.1 centimeters wide and get shorter towards the top. The stem leaves are shorter than the basal leaves and also get shorter towards the top.

Generative characteristics

The flowering time in North America is in the middle and late summer. The terminal, branched inflorescence is initially rounded and becomes umbrella- shaped after the anthesis . There are showy, foliage-like bracts under each flower.

The hermaphrodite flowers are radial symmetry and threefold. There are two circles, each with three free, almost upright bracts ; those of the outer circle are clearly different from those of the inner circle. The three bracts of the outer circle are whitish and hairy on the outside with densely downy hair. The yellow bracts of the inner circle are glabrous on the inside and hairy on the outside. There is only one circle with three fertile stamens . The stamens spread out at the anthesis protrude above the flower envelope. The stamens are 8 to 10 millimeters long. The basifixen anthers are yellow and have two counters. Three carpels have become an under constant, dreikammerigen ovary grown. In each ovary chamber there are about six ovules in a central angular placentation . The durable stylus protrudes slightly over the stamens and ends in a very small scar .

The three-lobed capsule fruit is spherical to flattened ellipsoid with a diameter of 3 to 5 millimeters . The capsule fruit opens in a loculicidal manner (= fissure). There are few seeds in each fruit compartment. The reddish-brown seeds are 2.5 to 3 millimeters in diameter, disc-shaped and shield-shaped and slightly wrinkled. There is endosperm .

The basic chromosome number is x = 24; there is diploidy with a chromosome number of 2n = 48.

Occurrence

Lachnanthes caroliniana is in eastern North America from the Canadian province of Nova Scotia to the northeastern US states of Connecticut , eastern Massachusetts , New Jersey , New York and Rhode Island to the southeastern US states of Alabama , Delaware , Georgia , eastern Louisiana , Maryland , Mississippi , North Carolina , South Carolina , central Tennessee , western Virginia, and Florida widespread and found in western Cuba including Isla de la Juventud . Lachnanthes caroliniana occurs in southeastern Nova Scotia, particularly in the Molega Lake area. There is also evidence of an island in the western Caribbean off the coast of Honduras .

Lachnanthes caroliniana thrives best on moist, acidic, mostly sandy soils . It occurs at altitudes from 0 to 600 meters. It occurs, for example, in swamps , moors , low-lying areas in savannas and pine lands , the edges of woody islands in wetlands ( English called hammocks ) and pocosins . Lachnanthes caroliniana occasionally becomes an undesirable companion plant in commercially used cranberry bogs .

Common names

Common English names are Carolina redroot and bloodroot. The English-language common names refer to the red roots and rhizomes .

Systematics

It was first published in 1791 under the name ( Basionym ) Dilatris caroliniana by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck in Tableau Encyclopédique et Methodique ... Botanique , 1, page 127. The new combination to Lachnanthes caroliniana (Lam.) Dandy was made in 1932 James Edgar Dandy in Journal of Botany, British and Foreign , Volume 70, p. 329. Other synonyms for Lachnanthes caroliniana (Lam.) Dandy are: Anonymos tinctoria Walter , Dilatris heritiera Pers. , Dilatris tinctoria (Walter ex JFGmel.) Pursh , Gyrotheca tinctoria (Walter ex JFGmel.) Salisb. , Heritiera gmelinii Michx. , Heritiera tinctorum Walter ex JFGmel. , Lachnanthes tinctoria (Walter ex JFGmel.) Elliott , Lachnanthes tinctoria var. Major C. Wright ex Griseb.

Lachnanthes caroliniana is the only species of the genus Lachnanthes in the subfamily Haemodoroideae within the Haemodoraceae family .

The generic name Lachnanthes Elliott nom. cons. is a noun conservandum , it represents an exception to the priority rules of the International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi and Plants (ICBN), in that a later published name is preferred to the older one. Three names are relevant here:

  • Heritiera Aiton was published in 1789 by William Aiton in Hortus Kewensis 3, page 546.
  • Heritiera J.F. Gmel. was published in 1791 by Johann Friedrich Gmelin in Systema Naturae , 13th edition, 2, page 113.
  • Lachnanthes Elliott was published in 1816 by Stephen Elliott in Sketch of the Botany of South-Carolina and Georgia , 1, p. 47.

Heritiera Aiton refers to another genus of woody plants within the mallow family (Malvaceae). This is what Heritiera J.F.Gmel does . to an illegitimate homonym that is not valid. The decree on preservation allows the third name to be used in place of the second to denote the genus of plantsnownamed Lachnanthes .

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literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Lachnanthes. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved July 20, 2019.
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Kenneth R. Robertson: Haemodoraceae. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 26: Magnoliophyta: Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2002, ISBN 0-19-515208-5 : Lachnanthes Elliott and Lachnanthes caroliniana (Lamarck) Dandy , p. 48 - online with the same text as the printed work .
  3. ↑ a b Brief description from UF / IFAS - Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants of the University of Florida .
  4. ↑ a b c Brief description from Alabama Plant Atlas .
  5. ↑ Lachnanthes caroliniana at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  6. Jump up ↑ Armando Urquiola, Lisbet Gonzalez-Oliva, Roberto Carbó, Zenia Acosta: Libro Rojo de la Flora Vascular de la Provincia Pinar del Río. , 2010. PDF.
  7. ↑ a b Lachnanthes in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved July 20, 2019.
  8. ↑ Beverley Ware: Knox on Wood . In: The Novascotian . Archived from the original on March 31, 2012 Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Retrieved April 10, 2011. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / nsnt.ca 
  9. ^ Cyril Hardy Nelson Sutherland: Catálogo de las plantes vasculares de Honduras. Espermatofitas : 1-1576. SERNA / Guaymuras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras, 2008, ISBN 9789992644805 .
  10. ↑ Lachnanthes caroliniana (Lam.) Dandy . In: Encyclopedia of Life . Retrieved July 9, 2019.
  11. ↑ a b c Lachnanthes caroliniana at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed July 20, 2019.
  12. ↑ Lachnanthes at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed July 20, 2019.

Web links

Commons : Lachnanthes caroliniana  - Collection of images, videos and audio files