Leopold Andrian

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Leopold Ferdinand Freiherr von Andrian zu Werburg , from 1919 Leopold Ferdinand Andrian (born May 9, 1875 in Berlin , † November 19, 1951 in Friborg ), was an Austrian writer and diplomat . Andrian was a member of the circle of poets around Stefan George and Hugo von Hofmannsthal .

Leopold Andrian (1918)

Life

Youth and Studies

Leopold Andrian (around 1900)

Leopold Andrian came from the noble family Andrian-Werburg and was born in Berlin as the son of the anthropologist and geologist Ferdinand Freiherr von Andrian zu Werburg and the daughter of the composer Giacomo Meyerbeer . From 1885 to 1887 he attended the Jesuit elite high school in Kalksburg ; From 1888 to 1890 Andrian was taught by his tutor Oskar Walzel and first attended the grammar school in Meran and then the Schotten grammar school in Vienna.

In 1894 Andrian's first poems appeared in Stefan George's sheets for art . In 1895 he published his main work, the Garden of Knowledge . At the University of Vienna he began to study law , which he completed with a doctorate in 1899, while also listening to lectures on history , philosophy and literature .

Since the age of fourteen he was aware of his homosexual tendencies, but tried to fight them all his life. The historian Manfried Rauchsteiner wrote in 1993 that a duel affair between Andrian and a baker provided his friend Arthur Schnitzler with the material for the novella Lieutenant Gustl . Schnitzler himself mentioned another source of inspiration.

Diplomat in the First World War

After completing his studies, Andrian became a concept candidate in the kuk Ministry of Foreign Affairs, passed the diplomatic examination a year later and was assigned to the Austrian embassy in Athens . In 1902 he was transferred as envoy to Rio de Janeiro , in 1905 to Buenos Aires for a short time and then to the embassy in Saint Petersburg . From 1907 to 1908 he was legation secretary at the embassy in Bucharest , then again in Athens, Bucharest and finally Vienna. In 1911 Andrian took over the management of the Consulate General in Warsaw , which he held until 1914.

War aims

Leopold Andrian (1911)

After the outbreak of World War I he was appointed to the Austro-Hungarian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. As Legation Councilor Leopold Freiherr von Andrian-Werburg, he was a key architect of Austria-Hungary's war target policy . In August 1914, on behalf of Foreign Minister Count Leopold Berchtold, he presented a detailed program on the question of Austrian territorial acquisition in the north-east in the event of a successful war between the central powers and Russia . This program envisaged the annexation of parts of Podolia and Volhynia , three-quarters of Congress Poland was to go to Austria-Hungary, the rest to Germany. The dualistic structure of the Danube Monarchy would remain with a Cisleithania split into Herbland - Bohemian and Polish - Ruthenian parts and a Hungary extended to include Dalmatia , Bosnia-Herzegovina and Serbian territories .

Andrian's second memorandum on the Austro-Hungarian war aims of December 6, 1914, the overview of the solution modalities to be considered for the peace treaty of the current crisis , envisaged as "minimal postulates" for an only partial victory: the cession of Serbian border areas to Austria and Macedonian Areas in Bulgaria in addition to Italian compensations in southern Albania , Corsica , Tunis , the French Riviera and Malta . Russia should recognize the Austrian right of disposal in the Western Balkans , Montenegro "possibly" cede to the Lovćen and enter into a personal union with Northern Albania under Austro-Hungarian sovereignty. The "poorer minimal solution" provided for an exchange of East Galicia and Bukovina for western Polish territories, whereby the numerically increased Ukrainians would supposedly convert Russia into a "weakened federal state". In the event of a victory, Andrian envisaged as “maximum demands”: Congress Poland with a border strip of Volhynia and Podolia, the Sanjak Novi Pazar and areas in Serbia and Montenegro, with the west Serbian strip with colonists being organized as a military border . The areas acquired in the south, along with Dalmatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina, would fall back to Hungary , while northern Albania and “remaining Serbia” would be under Austro-Hungarian sovereignty. In the event of a complete British defeat, an overseas acquisition was even planned for Austria-Hungary; - according to Manfried Rauchsteiner a dream image, to which nobody would have objected and perhaps pointed out the realities . Andrian-Werburg started from the assertion that the monarchy wages war for existence in a higher and broader sense , which amounts to a classical social Darwinism .

Envoy in Warsaw

From August 1915 to the beginning of 1917 Andrian was again the envoy of the monarchy in Warsaw, which is now under German rule. In this function he complained in October 1915 in Vienna that Kurt Riezler , the confidante of the German Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg in Warsaw, was making lively propaganda for the annexation of Poland to Germany. This was followed by an official complaint from the monarchy in Berlin. Like so many others, Andrian was of the opinion that after the establishment of the Polish buffer state Galicia could no longer be held. As a solution, he proposed Foreign Minister Stephan Burián to cede the so-called Grand Duchy of Krakow to the young kingdom as a morning gift , with the addition of some adjoining purely Polish district authorities (up to Dunajec , for example ) for financial and economic advantages . The rest of Galicia, in which the Ukrainians would then have a narrow majority, would then, in his estimation, be easy to maintain.

In 1917 he was again appointed advisor for Polish affairs in Vienna and in 1918 took part in the Brest-Litovsk peace negotiations . In July 18, 1918, he was awarded the title of Privy Councilor .

Freelance writer

From July 18, 1918 until the Burgtheater and Court Opera were taken over by the State of German Austria at the end of November 1918, Andrian was general director of the kk Hoftheater . With Hugo von Hofmannsthal, Richard Strauss , Franz Schalk , Alfred Roller and Max Reinhardt , he contributed to the concept for the Salzburg Festival . In 1919 he withdrew completely into private life and published frequently in newspapers and magazines. In 1920 he accepted Liechtenstein citizenship and married in 1923.

Emigration and return to Europe

After his writing Austria in the prism of the idea. Catechism of the Leaders (published 1937) after the "Anschluss" of Austria was banned by the Gestapo , Andrian emigrated to Nice and in June 1940 fled to Brazil via Spain and Portugal . He hoped to be able to use old connections from his time there as envoy. In Brazil he published parts of his political-literary memoirs, which appeared in fragments in the Correio da Manhã newspaper in Rio de Janeiro in late 1940 and early 1941 .

Upon his arrival in Rio de Janeiro, Andrian received a formal reception at the Brazilian Academy of Writers. Although he lived mostly withdrawn in Petrópolis , he managed to establish relationships with, for example, Georges Bernanos and Hermann Mathias Görgen . In December 1945 Andrian returned to Nice. After the death of his wife Andrée Wimpffen, who had stayed in Nice, in 1946, he married a second time in 1949. From 1950 to 1951 he made another trip to Rhodesia and South Africa and died after returning on November 19, 1951 in Friborg, Switzerland, at the age of 76.

His grave is now in the family crypt in Altaussee .

plant

Hugo von Hofmannsthal recognized Andrian's talent for formally perfect, melancholy Impressionist - symbolist poetry; on his mediation, his early poems were published in Stefan George's Blätter für die Kunst . In addition, Andrian u. a. friends with Hermann Bahr and Arthur Schnitzler .

Andrian's most important work is the Hofmannsthal-inspired lyric fairy tale The Garden of Knowledge , published in 1895 (original title: The Festival of Youth ). The search of the narcissistic prince's son Erwin is described for the secret of life , which he hopes to find in the form of women , motherly love, beauty or the mysteriously intertwined inner and outer world. His search fails; nothing can really be grasped, everything remains strange: this is how the prince died without having recognized , is the resigned final sentence of the book. Erwin lives in a solipsistic world of his own, his dreams are more real to him than external reality. In a typical dandy attitude, he watches his own life instead of actively shaping it.

The naive, dreamy content and mysterious, abstract style of the narrative were very much appreciated in the George circle. Influences of Andrian's prose can be demonstrated in Hofmannsthal's Andreas fragment and in Robert Musil's novel The Confusions of the Zöglings Törless . Karl Kraus ridiculed the story as a garden of ignorance .

In two later writings Andrian pleaded for strict morality, Christian order and a conservative-utopian Austria as its epitome. The fact that Andrian did not publish anything other than these texts and that a major work planned for his life did not materialize was due not least to his unsuccessful attempt to reconcile art and life and his homosexuality, which he could not reconcile with his strict religiousness.

Works

Single issues and collections

  • The garden of knowledge. Narrative. Schmidt-Dengler, Graz 1895. - archive.org .
  • Poems. De Zilverdistel, Haarlem 1913.
  • The festival of youth. The garden of knowledge first part and the youth poems. Fischer, Berlin 1919. - archive.org .
  • The status of the universe. Rational world view of a Catholic poet. Kösel & Pustet, Munich 1930.
  • Austria in the prism of the idea. Catechism of Leaders. Schmidt-Dengler, Graz 1937.
  • The festival of youth. The youth poems and a sonnet. Schmidt-Dengler, Graz 1948.
  • Leopold Andrian and the leaves for art. Poems, correspondence with Stefan George and other things. Ed. & Introduction Walter H. Perl. Hauswedell, Hamburg 1960.
  • Early poems. Ed. Walter H. Perl. Hauswedell, Hamburg 1972.
  • Fragments from "Erwin and Elmire". Ed., Introduction & Commentary by Joëlle Stoupy. Castrum-Peregrini, Amsterdam 1993.
  • The Garden of Knowledge and others (these are: 1. Preface to the 4th edition of the GdE; 2. Hannibal, Romances cycle; 3. Erwin and Elmire, fragments; 4. First prints in the Blätter für die Kunst; 5. Others First prints during his lifetime; 6th poems from the estate; 7th text references, 8th epilogue of the editor; as well as chronological table, secondary literature, index of poem titles and beginnings) poems. Ed. & Epilogue Dieter Sudhoff. Igel, Oldenburg 2003, ISBN 3-89621-158-7 .

Correspondence

  • Correspondence. Hugo von Hofmannsthal, Leopold von Andrian. Edited by Walter H. Perl. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 1968.
  • Correspondences. Letters to Leopold von Andrian. 1894-1950. Edited by Ferruccio DelleCave. Deutsche Schillergesellschaft, Marbach, 1989 (= Marbacher Schriften 29) ISBN 3-7681-9984-3 .
  • Leopold von Andrian (1875–1951). Correspondence, notes, essays, reports. Edited by Ursula Prutsch and Klaus Zeyringer. Böhlau, Vienna 2003 (= Publications of the Commission for Modern History of Austria 97) ISBN 3-205-77110-9 .

literature

  • Hermann Bahr, Arthur Schnitzler: Correspondence, records, documents. Edited by Kurt Ifkovits, Martin Anton Müller, Wallstein Göttingen 2018, ISBN 978-3-8353-3228-7 ( A letter from Andrian to Robert Michel, February 27, 1900 ).
  • Hermann Dorowin: Savior of the West. Cultural criticism in the run-up to European fascism. Metzler, Stuttgart 1991, ISBN 3-476-00747-2 .
  • Karl Johann Müller: The problem of decadence in Austrian literature at the turn of the century, presented using texts by Hermann Bahr, Richard von Schaukal, Hugo von Hofmannsthal and Leopold von Andrian. Heinz, Stuttgart 1977 (= Stuttgart works on German studies 28) ISBN 3-88099-027-1 .
  • Ursula Renner: Leopold Andrian's “Garden of Knowledge”. Literary paradigm of an identity crisis in Vienna around 1900. (= literature and psychology 3) Lang, Frankfurt am Main 1981, ISBN 3-8204-6150-7 .
  • Günter Riederer: The last Austrian. Leopold von Andrian and his estate in the German Literature Archive in Marbach. (= From the archive . Issue 4). German Schiller Society, Marbach am Neckar 2011, ISBN 978-3-937384-80-1 .
  • Horst Schumacher: Leopold Andrian. Work and worldview of an Austrian poet. Bergland, Vienna 1967.
  • Cathrine Theodorsen: Leopold Andrian, his story “The Garden of Knowledge” and amateurism in Vienna around 1900. Wehrhahn, Hannover-Laatzen 2006, ISBN 3-86525-032-7 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ The title was made bourgeois on the basis of the "Law on the Abolition of the Nobility, Secular Knights and Ladies Orders and Certain Titles and Dignities" of the Republic of Austria (Nobility Repeal Act ) of April 3, 1919 with effect from April 10, 1919.
  2. ↑ Ursula Prutsch, Klaus Zeyringer (ed.): Leopold von Andrian (1875–1951). Correspondence, notes, essays, reports. Böhlau, Vienna / Cologne / Weimar 2003, ISBN 3-205-77110-9 , p. 27f.
  3. ↑ Manfried Rauchsteiner: The death of the double-headed eagle. Austria-Hungary and the First World War. Böhlau, Vienna / Graz / Cologne 1993, ISBN 3-222-12454-X , p. 193.
  4. ↑ Arthur Schnitzler: Lieutenant Gustl. External destinies. Typescript, German Literature Archive Marbach, A: Schnitzler, 85.1.70. Printed as: The truth about ›Leutnant Gustl‹ in the Neue Freie Presse, December 25, 1959, p. 9 u. ö., including: Arthur Schnitzler: Lieutenant Gustl. Text and comment. Ed. And come. v. Ursula Renner. Suhrkamp, ​​Frankfurt am Main 2007, p. 57 and Irène Lindgren: "You see, getting famous is not that easy!" Peter Lang 2002, p. 253.
  5. ↑ Wolfdieter Bihl : On the Austro-Hungarian war aims 1914. In: Year books for the history of Eastern Europe. NF 16 (1968), pp. 505-530, here: pp. 508 and 512ff. As well as Imre Gonda: Decline of the empires in Central Europe. The dual alliance in the last years of the war (1916–1918) . Budapest 1977, ISBN 963-05-1084-7 , p. 37f.
  6. ↑ a b Wolfdieter Bihl: On the Austro-Hungarian war aims of 1914. In: Year books for the history of Eastern Europe. NF 16 (1968), pp. 505-530, here: pp. 509f.
    Imre Gonda: Decline of the empires in Central Europe. The dual alliance in the last years of the war (1916–1918). Budapest 1977, ISBN 963-05-1084-7 , pp. 309ff.
  7. ↑ Manfried Rauchsteiner: The death of the double-headed eagle. Austria-Hungary and the First World War. Böhlau, Vienna / Graz / Cologne 1993, ISBN 3-222-12454-X , p. 197.
  8. ↑ Andrej Mitrovic: The Balkan plans Ballhaus bureaucracy in World War I (1914-1916). In: Ferenc Glatz, Ralph Melville (eds.): Society, politics and administration in the Habsburg monarchy. Verlag Steiner, Stuttgart 1987, ISBN 3-515-03607-5 , pp. 343-371, here: p. 357.
  9. ^ Heinz Lemke: Georg Cleinow and the German Poland Policy 1914–1916. In: Politics in the war 1914–1918. Studies on the politics of the German ruling classes in the First World War. Berlin / GDR 1964, pp. 134–166.
  10. ^ Heinz Lemke: Alliance and rivalry. The Central Powers and Poland in the First World War. Böhlau, Vienna / Cologne / Graz 1977, ISBN 3-205-00527-9 , p. 320.
  11. ↑ a b Official part. In:  Wiener Zeitung , No. 167/1918, July 24, 1918, p. 1, top left. (Online at ANNO ). Template: ANNO / Maintenance / wrz.
  12. ↑ Takeover of the court theaters by the German-Austrian state. In:  Neue Freie Presse , morning edition, No. 19482/1918, November 19, 1918, p. 6 middle. (Online at ANNO ). Template: ANNO / Maintenance / nfp.
  13. ↑ Ludwig Berger Kline:  Wiener The new general manager. In:  Prager Tagblatt , morning edition, No. 178/1918 (XLIII. Volume), August 3, 1918, p. 2 below. (Online at ANNO ). Template: ANNO / Maintenance / ptb.
  14. ↑ Ursula Prutsch, Klaus Zeyringer (ed.): Leopold von Andrian (1875–1951). Correspondence, notes, essays, reports. Böhlau, Vienna 2003 (= Publications of the Commission for Modern History of Austria 97) ISBN 3-205-77110-9 , p. 565.
  15. ↑ Dieter Sudhoff (ed.), Leopold Andrian: The garden of knowledge and other stories. Hamburg 2013, ISBN 978-3-86815-542-6 , p. 227.
  16. ^ Biography ( memento of September 27, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) in Microsoft Encarta
  17. ↑ Biography ( memento from June 2, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) in the Lexicon of Literature in Vienna Modernism.
  18. ^ Dieter Sudhoff : Review of Ursula Prutsch, Klaus Zeyringer (ed.): Leopold von Andrian (1875-1951). Correspondence, notes, essays, reports. Böhlau, Vienna / Cologne / Weimar 2003, ISBN 3-205-77110-9 .
  19. ↑ Review note on the new edition of The Garden of Knowledge and Other Poems.
personal data
SURNAME Andrian, Leopold
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Andrian zu Werburg, Leopold Freiherr Ferdinand von
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Austrian writer and diplomat
DATE OF BIRTH May 9, 1875
PLACE OF BIRTH Berlin
DATE OF DEATH November 19, 1951
Place of death Freiburg in Üechtland