List of the greatest empires and empires

Development of various imperial states from 1492 to 2008

The following list sorts historical empires and empires according to their size. The Estonian historian Rein Taagepera has defined an empire “as any major sovereign political unit whose constituent parts are not sovereign”. The area of an empire consists of the territory over which it has military and political control.

The Mongol empires under Genghis Khan (from 1206 to 1227) and his heirs:

Mongol Empire

From 1260:

Golden Horde Territory (Southern Russia)

Chagatai Khanate (Central Asia)

Area of the Ilkhan (Persia)

Yuan Dynasty Empire (China)

This article provides a list of the greatest empires in world history , but the list is not and cannot be final as deciding which entities to consider empires is difficult and controversial. There are several size terms that can be used to rank empires. For each of these terms, only estimates can be made for most historical empires. Furthermore, there is usually no clear consensus among historians about the best estimate - if only because there is often no clear information about the historical borders or the population of an empire. Therefore, the values given here should only be interpreted as indicative and not as an exact ranking.

According to area

Empires at maximum expansion

Imperial size is defined in this list as control over land area.

Empire / State	Maximum expansion
Empire / State	Size in millions of km ²	% of the world area	time
British colonial empire	35.5	23.84%	1920
Mongol Empire	24.0	16.11%	1270 or 1309
Russian Empire	22.8	15.31%	1895
Soviet Union	22.3	14.97%	1945
Qing Dynasty	14.7	9.87%	1790
Spanish colonial empire	13.7	9.20%	1810
Portuguese colonial empire	13.4	9.19%	18201849
Second French colonial empire	11.5	7.72%	1920
Abbasid Caliphate	11.1	7.45%	750
Umayyad Caliphate	11.1	7.45%	720
Yuan Dynasty	11.0	7.39%	1310
United States of America	9.67	6.49%	1899
Xiongnureich	9.0	6.04%	176 BC Chr.
Japanese Empire	8.5	5.71%	1942
Empire of Brazil	8.337	5.60%	1889
Eastern Han Dynasty	6.5	4.36%	100
Ming Dynasty	6.5	4.36%	1450
Rashidun Caliphate	6.4	4.30%	655
Khanate of the Gök Turks	6.0	4.03%	557
Golden Horde	6.0	4.03%	1310
Western Han Dynasty	6.0	4.03%	50 BC Chr.
Achaemenid Empire	5.5	3.69%	500 BC Chr.
Tang Dynasty	5.4	3.63%	715
Macedonian Empire	5.2	3.49%	323 BC Chr.
Ottoman Empire	5.2	3.49%	1683
Maurya Empire	5.0	3.36%	250 BC Chr.
Roman Empire	5.0	3.36%	117
Tibetan Empire	4.6	3.09%	800
Empire of Mexico (1821–1823)	4,429	2.97%	1821
Timurid Empire	4.4	2.95%	1405
Fatimid Caliphate	4.1	2.75%	969
East Turkish Khanate	4.0	2.69%	624
Rich in Hephthalites	4.0	2.69%	470
Hunnenreich	4.0	2.69%	441
Mughal Empire	4.0	2.69%	1690
Seljuk Empire	3.9	2.62%	1080
Seleucid Empire	3.9	2.62%	301 BC Chr.
Italian colonial empire	3,798	2.55%	1938
Ilkhan	3.75	2.55%	1310
Khorezm Shahs	3.6	2.42%	1218
Chagatai Khanate	3.5	2.35%	1310 or 1350
Gupta Empire	3.5	2.35%	400
Sassanid Empire	3.5	2.35%	550
West Turkish Khanate	3.5	2.35%	630
Western Xiongnu	3.5	2.35%	20th
First French colonial empire	3.4	2.28%	1670
Ghaznavid Empire	3.4	2.28%	1029
Sultanate of Delhi	3.2	2.15%	1312
German colonial empire	3,199	2.15%	1912
Song Dynasty	3.1	2.08%	980
Uyghur kaganat	3.1	2.08%	800
Western Jin Dynasty	3.1	2.08%	280
Khazar Khanate	3.0	2.01%	850
Sui dynasty	3.0	2.01%	589
Samanid Empire	2.85	1.91%	928
Byzantine Empire	2.8	1.88%	450
Eastern Jin Dynasty	2.8	1.88%	347
Mederreich	2.8	1.88%	585 BC Chr.
Parthian Empire	2.8	1.88%	0
Rouran	2.8	1.88%	405
Indo-Scythian Kingdom	2.6	1.75%	20th
Liao Dynasty	2.6	1.75%	947
Greco-Bactrian Kingdom	2.5	1.68%	184 BC Chr.
Kushana	2.5	1.68%	200
Later Zhao	2.5	1.68%	329
Maratha	2.5	1.68%	1760
Belgian colonial empire	2,366	1.59%	1939
Almohad dynasty	2.3	1.54%	1150
Jin dynasty (1115-1234)	2.3	1.54%	1126
Qin Dynasty	2.3	1.54%	220 BC Chr.
First French Empire	2.1	1.41%	1813
Kievan Rus	2.1	1.41%	1000
Sultanate of the Mamluks	2.1	1.41%	1300 or 1400
Third Portuguese Colonial Empire	2.1	1.41%	1900
Cao Wei	2.0	1.34%	263
Previous Qin	2.0	1.34%	376
Former Zhao	2.0	1.34%	316
Inca Empire	2.0	1.34%	1527
Liu Song Dynasty	2.0	1.34%	450
Northern Wei Dynasty	2.0	1.34%	450
Dutch colonial empire	1,939	1.30%	1930
Buyid dynasty	1.6	1.07%	980
Eastern Wu Dynasty	1.5	1.01%	221
Northern Qi	1.5	1.01%	557
Northern Xiongnu	1.5	1.01%	60
Northern Zhou Dynasty	1.5	1.01%	577
Assyrian Empire	1.4	0.94%	670 BC Chr.
Eastern Maurya Empire	1.3	0.87%	210 BC Chr.
Liang Dynasty	1.3	0.87%	502 549 or 579
Aksumite Empire	1.25	0.84%	350
Shang dynasty	1.25	0.84%	1122 BC Chr.
Franconian Empire	1.2	0.74%	814
Srivijaya	1.2	0.74%	1200
Indo-Greek Kingdom	1.1	0.67%	150 BC Chr.
Mali Empire	1.1	0.67%	1380
Polish-Lithuanian Union	1.1	0.67%	1480 or 1650
Almoravid dynasty	1.0	0.67%	1120
Harshareich	1.0	0.67%	625 or 648
Pratihara dynasty	1.0	0.67%	860
Holy Roman Empire	1.0	0.67%	1050
Khmer Empire	1.0	0.67%	1290
New Egyptian Empire	1.0	0.67%	1450 BC BC or 1300 BC Chr.
Ptolemaic Empire	1.0	0.67%	301 BC Chr.
Shu Han	1.0	0.67%	221
Tahirid dynasty	1.0	0.67%	800
Western Xia Dynasty	1.0	0.67%	1100
Akkadian Empire	0.8	0.54%	2250 BC Chr.
Avars	0.8	0.54%	600
Chu	0.8	0.54%	300 BC Chr.
First Portuguese colonial empire	0.8	0.54%	1580
Songhaire empire	0.8	0.54%	1550
Hyksos	0.65	0.44%	1650 BC Chr.
26th Dynasty of Egypt	0.65	0.44%	550 BC Chr.
Austria-Hungary	0.625	0.42%	1905
Caliphate of Cordoba	0.6	0.40%	1000
Visigoth Empire	0.6	0.40%	580
Kosala	0.5	0.34%	543 BC Chr.
Lydia	0.5	0.34%	585 BC Chr.
Magadha	0.5	0.34%	510 BC Chr.
Middle Egyptian Empire	0.5	0.34%	1850 BC Chr.
New Babylonian Empire	0.5	0.34%	562 BC Chr.
Shatavahana	0.5	0.34%	150
25th Dynasty of Egypt	0.5	0.34%	715 BC Chr.
Kshaharatas	0.5	0.34%	100
Empire of the Sikhs	0.49	0.34%	1799
New Hittite Kingdom	0.45	0.30%	1250 BC Chr.
Xia Dynasty	0.45	0.30%	1800 BC Chr.
Middle Assyrian Empire	0.4	0.27%	1080 BC Chr.
Ancient Egyptian Empire	0.4	0.27%	2400 BC Chr.
Kathargo	0.3	0.20%	220 BC Chr.
Mitanni	0.3	0.20%	1450 BC Chr.
Old Babylonia	0.25	0.17%	1690 BC Chr.
Aztec Empire	0.22	0.15%	1520
Elam	0.2	0.13%	1160 BC Chr.
Phrygia	0.2	0.13%	750 BC Chr.
2nd dynasty of Isin	0.2	0.13%	1130 BC Chr.
Urartu	0.2	0.13%	800 BC Chr.
Middle Hittite Kingdom	0.15	0.10%	1450 BC Chr.
Old Assyrian Empire	0.15	0.10%	1730 BC Chr.
Old Hittite Kingdom	0.15	0.10%	1530 BC Chr.
Ashanti Empire	0.1	0.07%	1872
Larsa	0.1	0.07%	1750 BC Chr.
New Sumerian Empire	0.1	0.07%	2000 BC Chr.
Sumer	0.05	0.03%	2400 BC Chr.

According to population

List of different empires according to their maximum percentage of the world population. All data are to be regarded as estimates. The Guinness Book of Records shows the Achaemenid Empire to be the greatest empire of all time with a share of approx. 44% of the world population. Other sources assume a share of 20% of the world population.

Empire / State	Share of world population	time
Achaemenid Empire	20.0% - 44.0%	480 BC Chr.
Sassanid Empire	37.1%	7th century
Qing Dynasty	36.6%	1820
Roman Empire	35.6%	2nd century
Umayyad Caliphate	29.5%	approx. 720
Mughal Empire	29.2%	circa 1700
Ming Dynasty	28.8%	circa 1600
Tang Dynasty	28.0%	about 850
Gupta Empire	26.4%	about 400
Han dynasty	26.0%	2nd century BC Chr.
Mongol Empire	25.6%	13th Century
British colonial empire	23.1%	1938
Song Dynasty	22.0%	about 1000
Abbasid Caliphate	20.0%	850
Rashidun Caliphate	19.1%	7th century
Kushana	19.0%	140
Sultanate of Delhi	18.9%	1330
Yuan Dynasty	17.1%	1290
Spanish colonial empire	12.3%	17th century
Russian Empire	9.8%	1913
Ottoman Empire	7.1%	17th century
Japanese Empire	5.9%	1942
Second French colonial empire	5.1%	1938
German colonial empire	3.7%	1910
Dutch colonial empire	3.5%	1907
Austria-Hungary	2.9%	1910
Italian colonial empire	2.3%	1938

cards

British Empire 1921
Largest extension of the Mongol Empire
Russian Empire 1867
Spanish colonial empire 1790
Qing Dynasty 1820
Yuan Dynasty 1294
Umayyad Caliphate 750
First (green) and second (blue) French colonial empire
Largest expansion of the Portuguese colonial empire
Japanese Empire 1942
Ming Dynasty 1415
Roman Empire 117
Achaemenid Empire 486 BC Chr.
Golden horde 1389
Macedonian Empire approx. 380 BC Chr.
Tibetan Empire around 800
Xiongnu 250 BC Chr.
Maurya Empire 250 BC Chr.
Ottoman Empire 1683
Khanate of the Gök Turks 572
Seleucid Empire approx. 300 BC Chr.
Timurid Empire 1405
Byzantine Empire 555
German colonial empire 1914

Individual evidence

↑ Rein Taagepera: Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 BC to 600 AD . In: Social Science History . 3, No. 3/4, 1979, p. 117. doi : 10.2307 / 1170959 .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq ^br ^bs ^bt ^bu ^bv ^bw ^bx ^by ^bz ^ca ^cb ^cc ^cd ^ce ^cf ^cg ^ch ^ci ^cj ^ck ^cl ^cm ^cn ^co ^cp ^cq ^cr ^cs ^ct ^cu ^cv ^cw ^cx ^cy ^cz ^da ^db Rein Taagepera : Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia . In: International Studies Quarterly . 41, No. 3, September 1997, pp. 492-502. doi : 10.1111 / 0020-8833.00053 .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq ^br ^bs ^bt ^bu ^bv ^bw ^bx ^by ^bz ^ca ^cb ^cc ^cd ^ce ^cf ^cg ^ch ^ci ^cj ^ck ^cl ^cm ^cn ^co ^cp ^cq ^cr ^cs ^ct ^cu ^cv ^cw ^cx ^cy ^cz ^da ^db ^dc ^dd Peter Turchin, Jonathan M. Adams, Thomas D. Hall: East-West Orientation of Historical Empires . In: Journal of world-systems research . 12, No. 2, December 2006, ISSN 1076-156X , pp. 222-223. Retrieved August 25, 2016.
^ ^A ^b Cesare Marchetti and Jesse H. Ausubel: Quantitative Dynamics of Human Empires. Accessed August 31, 2020 .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq ^br ^bs ^bt ^bu ^bv ^bw ^bx ^by ^bz ^ca ^cb ^cc ^cd ^ce ^cf ^cg ^ch ^ci ^cj ^ck ^cl ^cm ^cn ^co ^cp ^cq ^cr ^cs ^ct ^cu Rein Taagepera: Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 BC to 600 AD . In: Social Science History . 3, No. 3/4, 1979, pp. 121-122, 124-129, 132-133. doi : 10.2307 / 1170959 .
↑ ^a ^b ^c David H. James: The Rise and Fall of the Japanese Empire ( en ). Routledge, November 1, 2010, ISBN 978-1-136-92546-7 : "by 1942, this 'Empire' covered about 3,285,000 square miles"
↑ ^a ^b Área Territorial Brasileira ( pt ) Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics . Retrieved on October 16, 2016: “A primeira estimativa oficial para a extensão superficial do território brasileiro data de 1889. O valor de 8,337,218 km ² foi obtido a partir de medições e cálculos efetuados sobre as folhas básicas da Carta do Império do Brasil , publicada em 1883. [The first official estimate of the surface area of the Brazilian territory dates from 1889. A value of 8,337,218 km ² was obtained from measurements and calculations made on drafts of the Map of the Empire of Brazil, published in 1883. ] "
^ ^A ^b Jaime E. Rodriguez, Jaime E. Rodríguez O, Kathryn Vincent: Myths, Misdeeds, and Misunderstandings: The Roots of Conflict in US-Mexican Relations . Rowman & Littlefield, 1997, ISBN 978-0-8420-2662-8 , pp. 47 (English, google.com [accessed on June 14, 2020]): “When it was founded in 1821, the Mexican Empire extended over 4,429,000 km2 (not including the 445,683 km2 temporarily added by the short-lived union of the Central American provinces). "
^ ^A ^b Mark Harrison: The Economics of World War II: Six Great Powers in International Comparison . Cambridge University Press, 2000, ISBN 978-0-521-78503-7 , p. 3 (Accessed October 2, 2016).
^ Encyclopædia Britannica: Germany from 1871 to 1918 . Accessed on September 29, 2016: "At its birth Germany occupied an area of 208,825 square miles (540,854 square km) and had a population of more than 41 million, which was to grow to 67 million by 1914."
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d
Statistical information on the German colonies ( German ) Deutsches Historisches Museum . Accessed on September 29, 2016: "Unless otherwise noted, all information relates to the year 1912."
- German South West Africa : 835,100 km²
- Cameroon : 495,000 km²
- Togoland : 87,200
- German East Africa : 995,000
- German New Guinea : 240,000
- Marshall Islands : 400
- Kiautschou : 515
- Caroline Islands , Palau , and Northern Mariana Islands : 2,376
- German Samoa : 2 570
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Backpack-des-Oberkommandos-der-Wehrmacht-Soldiers-Atlas . ( archive.org [accessed June 14, 2020]).
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au Size and duration of empires growth-decline curves, 3000 to 600 bc In: Social Science Research . tape 7 , no. 2 , June 1, 1978, ISSN 0049-089X , p. 180–196 , doi : 10.1016 / 0049-089X (78) 90010-8 ( sciencedirect.com [accessed October 23, 2018]).
^ ^A ^b Various: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, "Austria, Lower" to "Bacon" Volume 3, Part 1, Slice 1 . October 12, 2008 (English, gutenberg.org [accessed June 14, 2020]): “It occupies about the sixteenth part of the total area of Europe, with an area (1905) of 239,977 sq. m. "
↑ Empire of the Sikh . In: Wikipedia . March 6, 2020 ( wikipedia.org [accessed April 18, 2020]).
↑ Empire of the Sikh . In: Wikipedia . March 6, 2020 ( wikipedia.org [accessed April 18, 2020]).
^ ^A ^b Obeng, J. Pashington: "Asante Catholicism: Religious and Cultural Reproduction Among the Akan of Ghana", p. 20. BRILL, 1996
↑ Largest empire by percentage of world population . In: Guinness World Records . ( guinnessworldrecords.com [accessed October 26, 2018]).
↑ ^a ^b McEvedy and Jones (1978).
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Maddison, op cit. Para estimativos alternos, ver la herramienta de búsqueda de USA / UK Economic History Services. ( Memento of the original from January 18, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / eh.net
↑ Existen distintos valores estimados para el Imperio romano. Scheidel (2006, p. 2) estima 60. Goldsmith (1984, p. 263) estima 55. Beloch (1886, p. 507) estima 54. Maddison (2006, p. 51, 120) estima 48. Roman Empire Population estima 65.
↑ Thomlinson (1975, Tabla 1).
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Maddison, USA / UK Economic History Services. ( Memento of the original from January 18, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / eh.net
↑ Harrison (1998, p. 3.7).
↑ Jean-Noël Biraben: Essai sur l'évolution du nombre des hommes . In: Population (French Edition) . tape 34 , no. 1 , 1979, p. 13-25 , doi : 10.2307 / 1531855 , JSTOR : 1531855 .
↑ Harrison (1998, p. 3.7).

[1] Rein Taagepera: Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 BC to 600 AD . In: Social Science History . 3, No. 3/4, 1979, p. 117. doi : 10.2307 / 1170959 .

[Taagepera1997-2] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq ^br ^bs ^bt ^bu ^bv ^bw ^bx ^by ^bz ^ca ^cb ^cc ^cd ^ce ^cf ^cg ^ch ^ci ^cj ^ck ^cl ^cm ^cn ^co ^cp ^cq ^cr ^cs ^ct ^cu ^cv ^cw ^cx ^cy ^cz ^da ^db Rein Taagepera : Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia . In: International Studies Quarterly . 41, No. 3, September 1997, pp. 492-502. doi : 10.1111 / 0020-8833.00053 .

[uconn-3] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq ^br ^bs ^bt ^bu ^bv ^bw ^bx ^by ^bz ^ca ^cb ^cc ^cd ^ce ^cf ^cg ^ch ^ci ^cj ^ck ^cl ^cm ^cn ^co ^cp ^cq ^cr ^cs ^ct ^cu ^cv ^cw ^cx ^cy ^cz ^da ^db ^dc ^dd Peter Turchin, Jonathan M. Adams, Thomas D. Hall: East-West Orientation of Historical Empires . In: Journal of world-systems research . 12, No. 2, December 2006, ISSN 1076-156X , pp. 222-223. Retrieved August 25, 2016.

[:6-4] A ^b Cesare Marchetti and Jesse H. Ausubel: Quantitative Dynamics of Human Empires. Accessed August 31, 2020 .

[Taagepera1979-5] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq ^br ^bs ^bt ^bu ^bv ^bw ^bx ^by ^bz ^ca ^cb ^cc ^cd ^ce ^cf ^cg ^ch ^ci ^cj ^ck ^cl ^cm ^cn ^co ^cp ^cq ^cr ^cs ^ct ^cu Rein Taagepera: Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 BC to 600 AD . In: Social Science History . 3, No. 3/4, 1979, pp. 121-122, 124-129, 132-133. doi : 10.2307 / 1170959 .

[:0-6] David H. James: The Rise and Fall of the Japanese Empire ( en ). Routledge, November 1, 2010, ISBN 978-1-136-92546-7 : "by 1942, this 'Empire' covered about 3,285,000 square miles"

[IBGE-7] Área Territorial Brasileira ( pt ) Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics . Retrieved on October 16, 2016: “A primeira estimativa oficial para a extensão superficial do território brasileiro data de 1889. O valor de 8,337,218 km ² foi obtido a partir de medições e cálculos efetuados sobre as folhas básicas da Carta do Império do Brasil , publicada em 1883. [The first official estimate of the surface area of the Brazilian territory dates from 1889. A value of 8,337,218 km ² was obtained from measurements and calculations made on drafts of the Map of the Empire of Brazil, published in 1883. ] "

[:3-8] A ^b Jaime E. Rodriguez, Jaime E. Rodríguez O, Kathryn Vincent: Myths, Misdeeds, and Misunderstandings: The Roots of Conflict in US-Mexican Relations . Rowman & Littlefield, 1997, ISBN 978-0-8420-2662-8 , pp. 47 (English, google.com [accessed on June 14, 2020]): “When it was founded in 1821, the Mexican Empire extended over 4,429,000 km2 (not including the 445,683 km2 temporarily added by the short-lived union of the Central American provinces). "

[Harrison3-9] A ^b Mark Harrison: The Economics of World War II: Six Great Powers in International Comparison . Cambridge University Press, 2000, ISBN 978-0-521-78503-7 , p. 3 (Accessed October 2, 2016).

[Britannica:_Germany-10] Encyclopædia Britannica: Germany from 1871 to 1918 . Accessed on September 29, 2016: "At its birth Germany occupied an area of 208,825 square miles (540,854 square km) and had a population of more than 41 million, which was to grow to 67 million by 1914."

[Statistische_Angaben_zu_den_deutschen_Kolonien-11] Statistical information on the German colonies ( German ) Deutsches Historisches Museum . Accessed on September 29, 2016: "Unless otherwise noted, all information relates to the year 1912."

German South West Africa : 835,100 km²

Cameroon : 495,000 km²

Togoland : 87,200

German East Africa : 995,000

German New Guinea : 240,000

Marshall Islands : 400

Kiautschou : 515

Caroline Islands , Palau , and Northern Mariana Islands : 2,376

German Samoa : 2 570

[12] German South West Africa : 835,100 km²

[13] Cameroon : 495,000 km²

[14] Togoland : 87,200

[15] German East Africa : 995,000

[16] German New Guinea : 240,000

[17] Marshall Islands : 400

[18] Kiautschou : 515

[19] Caroline Islands , Palau , and Northern Mariana Islands : 2,376

[20] German Samoa : 2 570

[:4-12] Backpack-des-Oberkommandos-der-Wehrmacht-Soldiers-Atlas . ( archive.org [accessed June 14, 2020]).

[:2-13] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au Size and duration of empires growth-decline curves, 3000 to 600 bc In: Social Science Research . tape 7 , no. 2 , June 1, 1978, ISSN 0049-089X , p. 180–196 , doi : 10.1016 / 0049-089X (78) 90010-8 ( sciencedirect.com [accessed October 23, 2018]).

[:5-14] A ^b Various: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, "Austria, Lower" to "Bacon" Volume 3, Part 1, Slice 1 . October 12, 2008 (English, gutenberg.org [accessed June 14, 2020]): “It occupies about the sixteenth part of the total area of Europe, with an area (1905) of 239,977 sq. m. "

[15] Empire of the Sikh . In: Wikipedia . March 6, 2020 ( wikipedia.org [accessed April 18, 2020]).

[16] Empire of the Sikh . In: Wikipedia . March 6, 2020 ( wikipedia.org [accessed April 18, 2020]).

[:1-17] A ^b Obeng, J. Pashington: "Asante Catholicism: Religious and Cultural Reproduction Among the Akan of Ghana", p. 20. BRILL, 1996

[18] Largest empire by percentage of world population . In: Guinness World Records . ( guinnessworldrecords.com [accessed October 26, 2018]).

[McEvedy2-19] McEvedy and Jones (1978).

[Maddison-20] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Maddison, op cit. Para estimativos alternos, ver la herramienta de búsqueda de USA / UK Economic History Services. ( Memento of the original from January 18, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / eh.net

[21] Existen distintos valores estimados para el Imperio romano. Scheidel (2006, p. 2) estima 60. Goldsmith (1984, p. 263) estima 55. Beloch (1886, p. 507) estima 54. Maddison (2006, p. 51, 120) estima 48. Roman Empire Population estima 65.

[Thomlinson-22] Thomlinson (1975, Tabla 1).

[Maddison2-23] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Maddison, USA / UK Economic History Services. ( Memento of the original from January 18, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / eh.net

[Harrison2-24] Harrison (1998, p. 3.7).

[25] Jean-Noël Biraben: Essai sur l'évolution du nombre des hommes . In: Population (French Edition) . tape 34 , no. 1 , 1979, p. 13-25 , doi : 10.2307 / 1531855 , JSTOR : 1531855 .

[Harrison-26] Harrison (1998, p. 3.7).