List of socialist states

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This world map shows all the states that have called themselves socialist in the course of their history . The colors indicate the respective duration of the socialist period:
  • over 70 years
  • 60–70 years
  • 50–60 years
  • 40–50 years
  • 30-40 years
  • 20-30 years
  • under 20 years
    • Currently (after 2010):
  • States that describe themselves as Marxist-Leninist
  • States related to socialism in their constitution
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    The list of socialist states includes present and historical sovereign states that are classified as socialist in scientific literature . Characteristics of many of these states are a one-party rule of a communist or socialist party, the nationalization of the most important means of production and a socialist state ideology, which is usually based on Marxism-Leninism . The economic system is characterized by a planned economy or clearly planned economy elements. The self-image as a socialist state was usually reflected in a commitment to socialism at a central point in the constitution . The term real socialism is often used as an external and self-designation for these states .

    During the Cold War , many socialist states developed close ties to the Soviet Union , but their relationship with the USSR varied widely. Most of the Eastern European states had the character of satellite states of the Soviet Union. In contrast, at least at times, Yugoslavia under Tito , India under Nehru , Egypt under Nasser , each of which embodied their own models of socialism, represented the foreign policy of non-alignment , which, however, should not be understood as neutrality in the systemic competition between socialism and capitalism . Since the Sino-Soviet rift , late Maoist China rivaled the USSR for influence on the socialist states.

    Europe

    In 1949 and 1955, the European socialist states mainly joined forces in the Council for Mutual Economic Aid (Comecon) and in the Warsaw Pact military alliance , both of which were under the hegemony of the Soviet Union. At the political level, the Soviet- indoctrinated group of states was held together by the Communist Information Office (Kominform) founded in 1947 . Yugoslavia and Albania went their own ways . After 1989 converted all socialist countries to market economies.

    In the linguistic usage of the GDR a distinction was made between “ socialist brother countries ” and “ non-socialist foreign countries ”.

    Country Ideology, development Longevity
    Albania 1946People's Socialist Republic of Albania People's Socialist Republic of Albania Marxism-Leninism (1944–1968)
    Maoism (1968–1978)
    "Albanian Socialism" (until 1990/91)     		1943-1990
    Bulgaria 1971Bulgaria People's Republic of Bulgaria Marxism-Leninism 1944-1990
    Germany Democratic Republic 1949GDR German Democratic Republic Marxism-Leninism 1949-1990
    Yugoslavia Socialist Federal RepublicYugoslavia Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Marxism-Leninism (1945–1948)
    Titoism (from 1948)     		1945-1992
    Poland 1980Poland People's Republic of Poland Marxism-Leninism 1944 / 52-1989
    Flag of Romania (1965-1989) .svg Socialist Republic of Romania Marxism-Leninism 1948-1990
    Soviet UnionSoviet Union Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Leninism (1917–1924)
    Marxism-Leninism (1924–1991)
    Stalinism (1927–1953)     		1922-1991
    Flag of Transnistria (state) .svg Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic Marxism-Leninism , 1990 independence from the Moldovan SR, since then de facto regime in Moldova and support from Russia since 1990
    CzechoslovakiaCzechoslovakia Czechoslovak Socialist Republic Marxism-Leninism 1948-1990
    Hungary 1957Hungary People's Republic of Hungary Marxism-Leninism (" Goulash Communism " 1956–1989) 1949-1989

    Africa

    In the early 1960s, the decolonized countries of Africa tended almost unanimously to the movement of the non-aligned states , at the same time almost all rulers committed themselves to socialism in a differentiated program. However, most early proponents of “African socialism” are demarcated from Marxism-Leninism and do not necessarily refer directly to Karl Marx . Christian socialism partially influenced African socialism.

    From the mid-1960s onwards, the theory of African socialism of its own gradually faded, while Soviet influence grew at the same time. The two great socialist powers, the USSR and the People's Republic of China, competed for influence in Africa by investing in military and development aid . In Ethiopia , Angola and Mozambique , civil wars broke out from 1975 onwards, which at times assumed the character of proxy wars between the Eastern Bloc and the Western powers. The USSR and China partially supported different groups. Cuba was also militarily involved in the Angolan and Ethiopian civil wars .

    The appeal of the Eastern Bloc faded when the Council for Mutual Economic Aid Mozambique refused admission in 1981 because it would have been too much of a financial burden. When Mikhail Gorbachev became General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1985 , he also announced that he would reduce economic aid and military engagement in Africa. With the end of state socialism in 1989, the formerly socialist states in Africa almost completely lost the previous form of support.

    Country development Existence time
    Flag of Egypt (1972-1984) .svg Republic of Egypt 1952 land reform ; from 1955 movement of the non-aligned states , cooperation with Yugoslavia and India, recognition of the People's Republic of China; 1956 nationalization of the Suez Canal ; Planned economy from 1960, nationalization of the big banks and most of the modern sector of the economy; In 1962 the National Congress of People's Forces resolves the “total revolution” with the aim of a cooperative socialist society, but adherence to private property; since 1964 “democratic socialist state” ( Arab socialism , “ Nasserism ”) by constitution , Islam is the state religion, the Arab Socialist Union is the only political organization, increased Soviet aid; 1971 treaty of friendship with the USSR; 1972 expulsion of the Soviet military advisors, 1976 revocation of the friendship treaty with the Soviet Union
    Flag of Algeria.svg People's Democratic Republic of Algeria FLN only accredited political organization since 1963; from 1963 self-administration of factories and nationalized land (state farms) by workers' committees; 1966 nationalization of foreign mining companies, 1971 important oil plants and all oil pipelines; Planned economy from 1970
    Flag of Angola.svg People's Republic of Angola 1974 proclamation of the People's Republic of Angola; In 1976 the MPLA, supported by Cuba and the USSR, prevailed against the FNLA and UNITA and became a unity party; 1975–2002 civil war ; 1989–1991 withdrawal of the Cuban troops
    Flag of Ethiopia (1975-1987) (02) .svg

    Flag of Ethiopia (1987-1991) .svg     		Derg (Provisional Military Administrative Council of Ethiopia)

    People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia     		1975 nationalization of domestic and foreign industrial companies by the Derg military regime, land reform with the formation of cooperatives; 1978 treaty of friendship with the USSR; 1987 proclamation of the People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia; 1974–1991 civil war ; 1990 turning away from Marxism 1974-1990
    Flag of Benin (1975–1990) .svg People's Republic of Benin 1974 proclamation of a “ Marxist-Leninist state”, 1975 People's Republic ; numerous nationalizations; 1975–1989 the Communist People's Revolutionary Party was Benin's Unity Party; 1989 turning away from Marxism-Leninism 1974-1989
    Flag of Burkina Faso.svg Upper Volta
    Burkina Faso     		1983 Thomas Sankaras military coup , establishment of African socialism, 1987 overthrow of Sankara by Blaise Compaoré and conversion to an orthodox-Marxist course, 1991 turning away from socialism 1983-1991
    Flag of Eritrea.svg Eritrea Albanian-style Marxism-Leninism since 1993 Since 1993
    Flag of Ghana.svg Republic of Ghana 1957 independence from Great Britain, from 1960s based on the Soviet Union and conversion of the economy according to the real socialist model, collectivization of agriculture, military coup in 1966 1957-1966
    Flag of Guinea.svg Revolutionary People's Republic of Guinea African Socialism ; 1958 independence from France, break with France and alliance with the Soviet Union, establishment of a one-party system under the leadership of Ahmed Sékou Touré and his party the Democratic Party of Guinea (PDG), 1984 death of Touré and turning away from socialism 1958-1984
    Flag of Guinea-Bissau.svg Republic of Guinea-Bissau 1974 independence from Portugal and establishment of a one-party state under the leadership of the socialist PAIGC , based on the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China, 1980 military coup, 1984 conversion into a presidential republic , from 1989 gradually turning away from a socialist economic and one-party system, 1991 introduction of the multi-party system 1974-1991
    Flag of Cape Verde (1975-1992) .svg Republic of Cape Verde 1974 independence from Portugal in union with Guinea-Bissau, establishment of a one-party state under the leadership of the socialist PAIGC , socialist-oriented economic policy, 1980 end of union with Guinea-Bissau and renaming of PAIGC to PAICV, member of the movement of the non-aligned states , 1991 introduction of the Multi-party system 1974-1991
    Flag of the People's Republic of Congo.svg People's Republic of the Congo 1970 proclamation of the People's Republic of the Congo, the Unity Party is the Parti Congolais du Travail , which commits itself to Marxism-Leninism; 1974 nationalization of most oil companies and insurance companies; 1981 slight opening to the West despite the friendship treaty with the Soviet Union; 1990 introduction of the multi-party system; 1991 renamed the Republic of the Congo 1969-1991
    Flag of Libya (1969–1972) .svg

    Flag of Libya (1977-2011) .svg

    		Arab Republic of Libya

    People's Socialist Libyan Arab Jamahiriya

    		1969 Revolution and proclamation of the Arab Republic of Libya as well as nationalization of most oil companies, banks and insurance companies; 1973 nationalization of the remaining oil companies; 1977 proclamation of the Socialist Libyan Arab People's Jamahiriya; from 2004 wave of privatization; 2011 civil war and end of Jamahiriya 1969-2011
    Flag of Madagascar.svg Democratic Republic of Madagascar 1973 nationalization of banks, insurance companies and companies, 1975 adoption of a socialist constitution, rapprochement with the socialist countries of the East and the People's Republic of China, close cooperation with North Korea , 1985–2009 also cautious opening to the West and limited liberalization, 1992 beginning of the Third Republic
    Flag of Mali.svg Republic of Mali 1960 Gaining independence from France and building a socialist society, collectivization of agriculture and industrialization with state-owned companies, close cooperation with Ghana and Guinea, based on the states of the Eastern Bloc and Asia, but also agreements with Western Europe, cooperation with France again in 1966, military coup in 1968 , Turning away from socialism and ties to the West 1960-1968
    Flag of Mozambique (1983) .svg People's Republic of Mozambique 1975 independence of the People's Republic of Mozambique, nationalization of the health and education system, later establishment of collective farms; the Marxist oriented FRELIMO is the leading party; 1977–1992 Civil War ; 1980 limited reprivatisation; In 1989 FRELIMO gave up its Marxist orientation in favor of a general socialist one; 1990 Introduction of the multi-party system 1975-1990
    Flag of Zambia (1964-1996) .svg Republic of Zambia African Socialism ; 1964 independence from Great Britain, 1967 establishment of the so-called " Zambian Humanism " as a state ideology in which a socialist development of the country is sought, 1973 introduction of the one-party system, 1991 departure from the one-party system and African socialism 1967-1991
    Flag of Zanzibar (January-April 1964) .svg People's Republic of Zanzibar and Pemba African socialism 1964
    Flag of Seychelles (1977-1996) .svg Republic of Seychelles 1976 achievement of independence from Great Britain, 1977 coup France-Albert Renés and establishment of a socialist one-party state based on the Tanzanian model, 1979 new constitution with the Seychelles People's Progressive Front (SPPF) as the sole state party, 1984 merger with Mauritius and Madagascar to form the Indian Ocean Commission (IOC ), from 1989 gradual liberalization, 1991 restoration of the multi-party system 1977-1991
    Flag of Sao Tome and Principe.svg Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe 1975 Achievement of independence from Portugal, creation of a one-party system under the socialist-oriented Movimento de Libertação de São Tomé e Príncipe (MLSTP), nationalization of the plantations, deterioration of the economic situation due to emigration of Europeans, 1980 series of failed coups, 1990 new constitution and transition to Multi-party system 1975-1990
    Flag of Senegal.svg Republic of Senegal African socialism 1960-1980
    Flag of Somalia.svg Somali Democratic Republic 1969 proclamation of the Somali Democratic Republic; 1970 nationalization of foreign property, rapprochement with the Soviet Union and the Arab states; 1974 Agreement on military cooperation with the USSR; 1976–1991 SRSP Unity Party; 1977 break with the Soviet Union, Ogaden War 1969-1991
    Flag of Sudan.svg Democratic Republic of the Sudan Arab socialism; 1969 military coup by Jafar Muhammad an-Numairi , establishment of a socialist one-party state under the leadership of the Sudanese Socialist Union (SSU), nationalization of all banks and companies, based on the Soviet Union, 1971 attempted coup by left forces, thereby deteriorating relations with the Soviet Union, 1972 rapprochement with the USA and the Federal Republic of Germany , 1973 adoption of a new constitution with the SSU as the state party and Islam as the state religion , 1976 termination of cooperation with Libya , assistance agreement with Egypt, radical Islamization and 1983 introduction of Sharia law throughout the country, 1985 overthrow Numairis through military coup, renewed rapprochement with the Soviet Union and Libya, diplomatic relations with Iran, since 1989 the Islamist dictatorship of Umar al-Bashir 1969-1983 / 89
    Flag of Tanzania.svg United Republic of Tanzania African Socialism ; since 1977 the constitution has placed the unity CCM above parliament and government; 1987–1988 Participation in the civil war in Mozambique against RENAMO ; 1992 Introduction of the multi-party system
    Flag of Uganda.svg Republic of Uganda African Socialism; 1966 Milton Obotes coup and proclamation of a one-party state, 1967 new socialist constitution, abolition of feudalism , nationalization of some financial, commercial and industrial companies, 1971 Idi Amin's military coup and turning away from socialism 1966-1971

    America

    Country Ideology, development Existence time
    Flag of Chile.svg Republic of Chile Democratic socialism; 1970 election of the Marxist Salvador Allende as president, nationalization of key industries and expropriation of foreign corporations, land reforms, 1973 military coup of Augusto Pinochet with the support of the CIA 1970-1973
    Flag of Guyana.svg Cooperative Republic of Guyana moderate socialism since 1970
    Flag of Grenada.svg Grenada state Democratic socialism; 1979 coup of Maurice Bishop and the socialist New Jewel Movement , cooperation and military agreements with Cuba and the Soviet Union, socialist reforms, 1983 overthrow of Bishop and US invasion 1979-1983
    Flag of Jamaica.svg Jamaica Democratic socialism 1972-1980
    Flag of Cuba.svg Republic of Cuba 1959 Revolution and land and agrarian reform; 1960 nationalization of the oil refineries; 1961 proclamation of the Socialist Republic and expropriation of foreign property without compensation; 1972 COMECON accession; 1976 Adoption of the Marxist-Leninist constitution and implementation of the planned economy since 1959
    Flag of Nicaragua.svg Republic of Nicaragua moderate socialism ; 1979 Anastasio Somoza Debayle is overthrown by the socialist Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional (FSLN), building a democratic socialism: land reforms, literacy campaigns and the creation of a national health care system, 1981 to 1990 Contra-War , 1991 end with defeat in parliamentary elections 1979-1991
    Flag of Suriname.svg Republic of Suriname 1980 Dési Bouterses military coup , 1981 declaration of Suriname as a socialist republic, 1990 renewed military coup and departure from socialism 1980-1990
    Flag of Venezuela.svg Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela Bolivarian socialism since 1999
    Flag of Bolivia.svg Plurinational State of Bolivia Bolivarian socialism , 2019 overthrow of Evo Morales 2006-2019

    Asia

    After the PR China was proclaimed in 1949, which allied itself directly with the Soviet Union, a huge " Eurasian Eastern Bloc" emerged with Mongolia , North Korea and North Vietnam . In the Korean War 1950–1953, the Cold War became a proxy war . This was repeated in the Vietnam War in 1964–1975 and in the Soviet-Afghan War 1979–1989 .

    Country Ideology, development Existence time
    Flag of Afghanistan (1974–1978) .svg

    Flag of Afghanistan (1980–1987) .svg

    		Republic of Afghanistan

    Democratic Republic of Afghanistan

    		moderate socialism (1973–1978 and 1987–1992)

    Marxism-Leninism (1978–1987)     		1973-1992
    Flag of Bangladesh.svg People's Republic of Bangladesh moderate socialism since 1971
    Flag of Myanmar (1974-2010) .svg Socialist Federal Republic of Burma "Burmese Socialism" 1974-1988
    Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg People's Republic of China Maoism (until 1976)
    Dengism (since 1976), " Socialism with Chinese characteristics "     		since 1949
    Flag of India.svg Republic of India moderate socialism
    Flag of Indonesia.svg Republic of Indonesia "Indonesian Socialism" (" Nasakom ")

    1954 dissolution of the union with the Netherlands, 1957 establishment of an “Indonesian socialism” with Sukarno's principle “Nasakom”, which combines communist, national and religious elements, 1957/58 expropriation of Dutch property and nationalization of Dutch companies, from 1960s agricultural reforms, 1966 fall Sukarnus and turning away from Nasakom; Founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement

    		1949-1966
    Flag of Iraq (1963-1991); Flag of Syria (1963–1972) .svg Republic of Iraq Arab socialism (" Baathism "); 1971 “People's Democratic-Socialist Unified State”, the Baath Party forms a National Front with the Communist Party; from 1972 nationalization of the entire oil sector; 1972 Treaty of friendship with the USSR, military and economic support from the Soviet Union; from 1978 deterioration in relations with the Soviet Union and break between the Ba'ath Party and the Communist Party 1971-2001
    Flag of South Yemen.svg People's Democratic Republic of Yemen 1967 proclamation of the independent People's Republic of South Yemen; In 1969 the radical wing of the National Liberation Front (NLF) came to power and promoted the transformation of South Yemen according to the socialist model, close cooperation with the USSR, China, the GDR, North Korea and Cuba; 1970 new constitution, renamed People's Democratic Republic of Yemen, emphasis on the secular character of the state; after 1975 pro-Soviet orientation and decline of Chinese influence; Nationalization of foreign banks, insurance companies and companies; since 1978 the Yemeni Socialist Party has been a unity party ; 1989 economic liberalization and introduction of the multi-party system; Unification of North and South Yemen to form the Republic of Yemen in 1989
    Flag of Democratic Kampuchea.svg

    Flag of the People's Republic of Kampuchea.svg

    		Democratic Kampuchea

    People's Republic of Kampuchea

    		Maoism (1975–1979)

    Marxism-Leninism (1979–1989)

    		1975-1989
    Flag of North Korea.svg Democratic People's Republic of Korea Marxism-Leninism (until 1977)
    Chuch'e ideology (since 1977)
    Sŏn'gun ideology (since 2009)     		since 1948
    Flag of Laos.svg Laos People's Democratic Republic Marxism-Leninism since 1975
    Flag of the Mongolian People's Republic (1945–1992) .svg Mongolian People's Republic Marxism-Leninism 1921-1990
    Flag of Pakistan.svg Islamic Republic of Pakistan Islamic Socialism ; 1971 Zulfikar Ali Bhutto took over the presidency , land reform, nationalization of banks and industrial companies, schools and universities, 1973 new constitution and departure from the presidential system of government, Bhutto then became prime minister, Fazal Elahi Chaudry new president, 1977 military coup Zia ul-Haqs and extensive Islamization , 1979 assassination of Bhutto 1971-1977
    Flag of Sri Lanka.svg Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka moderate socialism since 1948
    Flag of Syria.svg Syrian Arab Republic Arab socialism (" Baathism "); the Ba'ath Arab Socialist Party becomes the strongest political force in competition with the Communist Party in the 1950s; 1958–1961 union with Egypt to form the United Arab Republic ; Planned economy since 1961; A military coup brought the Ba'ath Party to power in 1963, followed by land reform and extensive nationalization; 1966 The radical left wing of the Ba'ath Party took power after a coup, the transformation of Syria into a socialist society is pushed ahead, increased cooperation with the USSR; by 1969 nationalization of around 20% of the agricultural area, but only hesitant collectivization; Planned economy from 1961, industrialization led by the public sector; Development aid almost exclusively from Eastern bloc countries; A new constitution declares Syria in 1973 a "democratic-socialist sovereign people's state"
    Flag of the Tuvan People's Republic (1943-1944) .svg Tuvinian People's Republic Marxism-Leninism , heavily dependent on the Soviet Union , incorporated into the Soviet Union in 1944 1921-1944
    Flag of Vietnam.svg Democratic Republic of Vietnam

    Socialist Republic of Vietnam

    		Marxism-Leninism (1945-1976)

    Marxism-Leninism (since 1976)

    		since 1945

    Short-lived socialist states and state-like structures

    Country Ideology, development Longevity
    Azerbaijan people's government flag.svg Azerbaijan Autonomous Republic Marxism-Leninism 12/12/1945–12/12/1946
    Socialist red flag.svg Bessarabian Soviet Socialist Republic Leninism 1919-1924
    Socialist red flag.svg Bremen Soviet Republic Council communism January 10, 1919– February 9, 1919
    Flag of the Bukharan People's Soviet Republic.svg Bukhara People's Socialist Republic Leninism , incorporated into the Soviet Union in 1925 1920-1924
    National Flag of Chinese Soviet Republic.svg Chinese Soviet Republic Marxism-Leninism 1931-1937
    Red flag.svg Donetsk-Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic Leninism February 12, 1918– March 19, 1918
    Red flag.svg Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic Leninism January 29, 1918– May 5, 1918
    Flag of Persian Socialist Soviet Republic.svg Soviet Socialist Republic of Iran Council communism
    Leninism     		1920-1921
    Flag of the Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic (1918–1920) .svg Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic Leninism February 17, 1919– July 17, 1919
    Flag of the Lithuanian-Byelorussian SSR.svg Lithuanian-Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic Leninism 1918-1920
    Flag of the Republic of Mahabad.svg People's Republic of Mahabad Marxism-Leninism January 22, 1946– December 16, 1946
    Red flag.svg Soviet Republic of Mughan Leninism May 15, 1919-06, 1919
    Socialist red flag.svg Munich Soviet Republic Council communism April 6, 1919– May 3, 1919
    Petropavlovsk-Krondstadt flag.svg Soviet Republic of Nargen Council communism 1917-1918
    Red flag.svg Soviet Republic of Odessa Council communism January 18, 1918– March 13, 1918
    Socialist red flag.svg Paris Commune Council communism 03/18/1871– 05/28/1871
    Socialist red flag.svg Slovak Soviet Republic Council communism June 16, 1919– July 7, 1919
    Flag of the Transcaucasian Federation.svg Transcaucasian Democratic-Federal Republic Democratic Socialism
    ( Menshevism )     		April 22, 1918– April 28, 1918
    Flag of the Second East Turkestan Republic.svg Republic of East Turkestan Marxism-Leninism 1944-1949
    Socialist red flag.svg Federal Hungarian Socialist Council Republic Council communism March 21, 1919– August 1, 1919

    literature

    • Franz Ansprenger: Political History of Africa in the 20th Century. 3. Edition. CH Beck, Munich 1999, ISBN 3-406-44468-7 , pp. 114-131 (chapter “Socialist options”).
    • Robert K Furtak: The Political Systems of the Socialist States: An Introduction to Marxist-Leninist Regimes. St. Martin's Press, New York 1986, ISBN 978-0-312-62527-6 .

    Individual evidence

    1. ↑ So z. B. Alexander Brand, Introduction to International Politics , Oldenbourg, 2003, p. 257 f .; Klaus Ziemer: Really existing socialism. In: Dieter Nohlen and Rainer Olaf Schultze (ed.): Lexicon of political science. Theories, Methods, Concepts , 3rd Edition. CH Beck, Munich 2005, p. 823 f.
    2. ↑ a b c d e Franz Ansprenger: Political History of Africa in the 20th Century , CH Beck, Munich 1999, p. 115.
    3. ↑ Michael Schmidt-Neke (Hrsg.): Albanische Forschungen 28. The Constitutions of Albania , Wiesbaden 2009, p. 49 ( online in the Google book search)
    4. ^ Constitution of the VR Bulgaria 1971, Article 1 (German translation)
    5. ^ Constitution of the GDR from 1968 in the amended version of October 7, 1974, Article 1
    6. ^ Constitution of the SFR Yugoslavia from 1963, Article 1 (English translation)
    7. ^ Constitution of VR Poland from 1952 as amended on February 16, 1976, Article 1 (German translation)
    8. ^ Gerhard Leibholz: Yearbook of the Public Law of the Present. New episode (vol. 24), Tübingen 1975, p. 232 ( online in the Google book search)
    9. ↑ Constitution of the USSR from 1977, Article 1 (German translation) ( Memento of the original from June 30, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.verfassungen.net
    10. ^ Constitution of the CSSR from 1960, Article 1 (German translation)
    11. ^ Gerhard Leibholz: Yearbook of the Public Law of the Present. New episode (vol. 8), Tübingen 1959, p. 391 ( online in the Google book search)
    12. ^ Franz Ansprenger: Political history of Africa in the 20th century. 3. Edition. CH Beck, Munich 1999, p. 115 f.
    13. ^ Franz Ansprenger: Political history of Africa in the 20th century. 3. Edition. CH Beck, Munich 1999, p. 117.
    14. ^ Franz Ansprenger: Political history of Africa in the 20th century. 3. Edition. CH Beck, Munich 1999, p. 119.
    15. ↑ a b c Franz Ansprenger: Political history of Africa in the 20th century. 3. Edition. CH Beck, Munich 1999, p. 120.
    16. ↑ Constitution of the Republic of Egypt, Article 1 (English translation)
    17. ↑ The great Ploetz. 35th edition. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Freiburg i.Br. 2008, ISBN 978-3-525-32008-2 , pp. 1889 ff.
    18. ^ Country Studies Series (Library of Congress): People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, Structure of the National Government: Constitution
    19. ↑ The great Ploetz. 35th edition. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Freiburg i.Br. 2008, ISBN 978-3-525-32008-2 , pp. 1899 ff.
    20. ↑ Country Studies Series (Library of Congress): People's Republic of Angola, Structure of the Government 1988: The Constitution ; Franz Ansprenger: Political History of Africa in the 20th Century. 3. Edition. CH Beck, Munich 1999, p. 120.
    21. ↑ The great Ploetz. 35th edition. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Freiburg i.Br. 2008, ISBN 978-3-525-32008-2 , pp. 1951 ff.
    22. ↑ Country Studies Series (Library of Congress): Chapter 4. Government and Politics: The 1987 Constitution ; Franz Ansprenger: Political History of Africa in the 20th Century. 3. Edition. CH Beck, Munich 1999, p. 120.
    23. ↑ The great Ploetz. 35th edition. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Freiburg i.Br. 2008, ISBN 978-3-525-32008-2 , pp. 1911 ff.
    24. ↑ The great Ploetz. 35th edition. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Freiburg i.Br. 2008, ISBN 978-3-525-32008-2 , pp. 1946 ff.
    25. ↑ Wissen.de: Burkina Faso
    26. ^ A b Franz Ansprenger: Political history of Africa in the 20th century. 3. Edition. CH Beck, Munich 1999, p. 130.
    27. ^ Google Books: Jürgen Hartmann, State and Regime in the Orient and in Africa , VS Verlag, Wiesbaden, 2011, pp. 340–341.
    28. ↑ goruma.de ( Memento of the original from February 26, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Goruma: History of Guinea @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.goruma.de
    29. ↑ International information on Guinea-Bissau from the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung (PDF; 1 MB)
    30. ↑ Country information Cape Verde of the Austrian Research Foundation for International Development ( Memento of the original from October 23, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.oefse.at
    31. ↑ The great Ploetz. 35th edition. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Freiburg i.Br. 2008, ISBN 978-3-525-32008-2 , pp. 1963 ff.
    32. ↑ priori.ch
    33. ↑ Wissen.de: Mali ( Memento of the original from February 3, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.wissen.de
    34. ↑ Joseph Hanlon: Mozambique. Revolution in the crossfire. (= edition southern Africa. 21). Bonn 1986, ISBN 3-921614-25-2 , p. 279.
    35. ^ Federal Agency for Civic Education: Political Ideas of the Independence Movement in Africa
    36. ↑ Seychelles ( Memento of the original from November 21, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.issa-bonn.org
    37. ↑ Country encyclopedia: São Tomé and Príncipe ( Memento of the original of December 5, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.laender-lexikon.de
    38. ↑ ORF knowledge: Radiocolor - 50 years of independence in Senegal ( memento of the original from November 23, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / oe1.orf.at
    39. ↑ The great Ploetz. 35th edition. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Freiburg i.Br. 2008, ISBN 978-3-525-32008-2 , pp. 1914 ff.
    40. ↑ Goruma: Sudan ( Memento of the original from May 14, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.goruma.de
    41. ↑ Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania from 1977, Chapter 1 (English translation) ( Memento of the original from September 28, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 379 kB) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.issafrica.org
    42. ↑ The great Ploetz. 35th edition. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Freiburg i.Br. 2008, ISBN 978-3-525-32008-2 , pp. 1918 ff.
    43. ↑ David Alobo: Africa in the Age of Globalization, Münster a. a. 2002, p. 16 ff.
    44. ↑ KLaus Esser: through free elections to socialism Chile's way out of poverty or. Rowohlt, 1972, ISBN 3-499-11554-9 .
    45. ↑ Fernando Diego García et al. a .: Salvador Allende: the end of an era. Aufbau-Verlag, 1998, ISBN 3-351-02483-5 .
    46. ^ Constitution of KR Guyana 1980 in the version from 1996, preamble (English translation)
    47. ↑ Dietmar Dirmoser: Prospects for the future: Latin America. Analyzes and Reports, Vol. 10. Junius-Verlag, 1986, ISBN 3-88506-210-0 , p. 206 f.
    48. ↑ Wissen-digital.de: History of Grenada
    49. ↑ Peter Bosshard: Finally we have a government of love! Democratic socialism in Jamaica under Michael Manley (1972–1980). Z-Verlag, 1987, ISBN 3-85990-079-X .
    50. ↑ Constitution of the Republic of Cuba from 1992 (English translation)
    51. ↑ Christoph Links: Sandinismus. Edition Der Andere Buchladen, 1992, p. 39.
    52. ↑ kalenderblatt.de
    53. ↑ tsj.gov.ve ( Memento from November 10, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
    54. ↑ The great Ploetz. 35th edition. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Freiburg i.Br. 2008, ISBN 978-3-525-32008-2 , p. 1616 f.
    55. ↑ Gerlinde Gerber: The new constitution of Afghanistan. Constitutional tradition and political process , Berlin 2007, p. 40.
    56. ↑ Constitution of VR Bangladesh (1971), preamble (English translation) (PDF; 874 kB)
    57. ↑ Constitution of the SFR Burma from 1974, Article 1 (English translation) ( Memento of the original from July 25, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.blc-burma.org
    58. ↑ Constitution of the People's Republic of China from 1982 (English translation)
    59. ↑ Constitution of the Republic of India from 1950, preamble (English translation)
    60. ↑ From Wissen.de: Sukarno und der Sozialismus ( Memento of the original of March 22, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.wissen.de
    61. ↑ Constitution of the Republic of Iraq from 1970, Article 1 (English translation)  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.niqash.org  
    62. ^ Johannes Berger, Friedemann Büttner , Bertold Spuler: Nahost-Ploetz , Würzburg 1987, ISBN 3-87640-321-9 , p. 139 ff.
    63. ^ Johannes Berger, Friedemann Büttner, Bertold Spuler: Nahost-Ploetz , Würzburg 1987, ISBN 3-87640-321-9 , p. 169 f.
    64. ↑ The great Ploetz. 35th edition. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Freiburg i.Br. 2008, ISBN 978-3-525-32008-2 , pp. 1670 ff.
    65. ^ Country Studies Series (Library of Congress): People's Republic of Kampuchea. The Constitution
    66. ↑ Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea from 1972 (English translation)
    67. ↑ Constitution of the Laos DPR (1991), preamble (English translation) ( Memento of the original of December 11, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.undplao.org
    68. ^ William B. Simons: The Constitutions of the Communist world , Alphen aan den Rijn 1980, p. 263.
    69. ↑ suedasien.info.de: Pakistan, history since independence
    70. ↑ Constitution of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (English translation)
    71. ↑ Constitution of the Syrian Arab Republic, Article 1 (English translation)
    72. ↑ The great Ploetz. 35th edition. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Freiburg i.Br. 2008, ISBN 978-3-525-32008-2 , pp. 1647 ff.
    73. ^ Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, Preamble (English translation)