Bear moss

Bear moss
	Moss snake ( Lycopodium annotinum )
Systematics
	Lycophytes
Subdivision :	Lycopodiophytina
Class :	Bear moss plants (Lycopodiopsida)
Order :	Bear moss (Lycopodiales)
Family :	Bear moss family (Lycopodiaceae)
Genre :	Bear moss
Scientific name
	Lycopodium
	L.

Club mosses ( Lycopodium called), also snake Moss, pentagram, Wolfsfuß, are a genus of plants from the family Clubmosses (Lycopodiaceae) in the order of Bärlappartigen (Lycopodiales).

description

Illustration of A lobe Bärlapp ( Lycopodium clavatum ) and B Snake Bärlapp ( Lycopodium annotinum )

Microscopic image of the cross section of the stem axis: A xylem, B phloem, C endodermis, D cortex. Scale = 0.1 mm

Characteristic of the genus Lycopodium s. st. is as for the flat bear lobe ( diphasiastrum ) the differentiation of the shoot into an above or below ground crawling main axis and ascending or upright, shorter side branches. The basic axis can reach lengths of several meters.

All rungs are dichotomously branched, but both anisotomic (the two branches are different) and isotomous (the two branches are designed in the same way) branches can occur both in the area of the base axis and in the area of the side rungs, which can result in very different growth forms.

In contrast to the flat bear lobes ( Diphasiastrum ), the leaves are in the genus Lycopodium s. st. needle-shaped with lengths of several millimeters. They are arranged in a spiral on all sides around the stems of the side shoots. This makes them round in cross-section with a diameter of 5 to 12 millimeters (including the leaves).

In all Lycopodium species, the sporophylls are located in clearly separated, ear-shaped or club-shaped, terminal sections. They are usually much smaller, but always different from the leaves .

Occurrence

The approximately 40 to 50 species are distributed in the temperate to tropical areas and tropical mountain regions almost worldwide. There are 14 species in China, two of them only there. There are only a few species in Central Europe , for example: Club club moss or piston club moss ( Lycopodium clavatum ) with long-stalked, usually once fork-shaped, branched sporophyll stands and snake club moss or sprouting club moss ( Lycopodium annotinum ) with sessile sporophyll stands.

Most of the Lycopodium species are found in the temperate and subarctic regions. They often thrive in open forests, especially coniferous forests, rocky slopes, moors, or in heaths . The club moss ( Lycopodium clavatum ) is even found in the mountainous regions of tropical Africa.

Systematics and distribution

The genus Lycopodium was established by Carl von Linné . As lectotype species was Lycopodium clavatum L. fixed. The generic name Lycopodium is made up of the Greek words λὐκος lykos for wolf and πὀδιον podion for little feet, as the leaf sprouts of the club moss resemble the legs of a wolf. Synonyms for Lycopodium L. are: Lycopodion Adans. orth. var., Austrolycopodium Holub , Clopodium Raf. nom. inval., Copodium Raf. nom. superfl., Lepidotis Mirbel nom. superflat., Oxynemum Raf. , Pseudodiphasium Holub , Pseudolycopodium Holub nom. inval., Lycopodiastrum Holub ex Dixit , Diphasium C. Presl ex Rothm. , Diphasiastrum Holub .

There are different broad views in this genre, which differ widely among the various authors. The taxonomic classification and subdivision of the club moss family (Lycopodiaceae) and thus also the genus Lycopodium is still fraught with a lot of uncertainty. In 1975 Josef Holub separated the flat bear lobe ( Diphasiastrum ) from the genus Lycopodium . For example, in the Flora of China 2013 and Euro + Med 2013, among other things, the flat bear lobe ( Diphasiastrum ) is reintegrated into Lycopodium as the Complanata section . On the other hand, there is broad agreement about the independence of the genus Lycopodiella (with the swamp club moss ); the species classified here are classified when the genus Lycopodium s. l. is understood in a broader sense, summarized as Section Clavata .

Club moss ( Lycopodium clavatum )

Lycopodium dendroideum

Lycopodium hickeyi

Lycopodium juniperoideum

Lycopodium obscurum

There are 40 to 60 species of Lycopodium :

Lycopodium aberdaricum Chiov. : It is common in Angola , the Democratic Republic of the Congo , Uganda , Ethiopia , Sudan , Cameroon , Kenya , Zambia , Zimbabwe , Malawi , Mozambique , South Africa , Swaziland, Lesotho as well as São Tomé and Príncipe .
Lycopodium alboffii Rolleri : It occurs in the Argentine provinces of Rio Negro and Santa Cruz and on Tierra del Fuego and the Falkland Islands .
Alpine club moss ( Lycopodium alpinum L. ): It is widespread in the northern hemisphere .
Snake Bärlapp or shoot Ender club moss ( Lycopodium annotinum L. , syn .: Lycopodium Bryophyllum C.Presl , Lycopodium juniperifolium Lam. ): It is widely distributed in the northern hemisphere.
Lycopodium arcturi (Herter) CVMorton
Lycopodium assurgens Fée : It occurs in the Brazilian states of Minas Gerais and Santa Catarina .
Lycopodium × bartleyi Cusick
Lycopodium berggrenii (nettle) Herter
Lycopodium × buttersii Abbe
Lycopodium castoris (Herter) CVMorton
Lycopodium cernuum L .: It iswidespreadin tropical to subtropical Asia , Central to South America , and the Pacific islands.
Lycopodium chrysocaulos Hook. & Grev.
Club moss or piston moss ( Lycopodium clavatum L. ): It is widespread in North to South America , the Caribbean islands, China, Japan , Korea , Africa , Europe and the Pacific islands.
Flat club moss ( Lycopodium complanatum L. , Diphasiastrum complanatum (L.) Holub , Lycopodium veitchii sensu Mandal & Sen , Lycopodium zanclophyllum J.Wilce , Diphasiastrum zanclophyllum (JHWilce) Holub ): It is widespread in temperate to subtropical areas.
Lycopodium confertum Willd. : It occurs in Chile and Argentina.
Lycopodium cryptomerianum Maxim.
Lycopodium dacrydioides Baker
Lycopodium dendroideum Michx. : It is widespread in North America.
Lycopodium dubium Zoëga : It is common in northern Eurasia .
Lycopodium echinatum Spring
Lycopodium erectum Phillipi
Lycopodium erubescens Brack.
Lycopodium gayanum J.Rémy & Fée : It occurs only on the Juan Fernández Islands , on the Chiloé Archipelago , the Chilean regions of Concepcion and Aisén and in the Argentine province of Santa Cruz.
Lycopodium goudotii Herter
Lycopodium hainanense (CYYang) Li Bing Zhang (Syn .: Palhinhaea hainanensis C.Y.Yang ): This is a new combination from 2013. It occurs in Indonesia , Vietnam and in the Chinese Hainan .
Lycopodium helleri Herter
Lycopodium helveticum L.
Lycopodium hickeyi W.H.Wagner, Beitel & RCMoran : It is widespread in North America.
Lycopodium hildebrandtii Herter
Lycopodium innocentium (Herter) CVMorton
Lycopodium interjectum Ching & HSKung
Lycopodium japonicum Thunb. : It is widespread in southern Asia.
Lycopodium juniperistachyum Hayata
Lycopodium juniperoideum Sw. : It occurs in Siberia, Japan and maybe Taiwan.
Lycopodium jussiaei Desv. ex Poir.
Lycopodium lagopus (Laestadius ex C. Hartman) G. Zinserling ex Kuzeneva-Prochorova
Lycopodium lawessonianum B. Øllg.
Lycopodium magellanicum (P.Beauv.) Sw. : It iswidespreadfrom Costa Rica to southernmost South America and occurs on Hispaniola .
Lycopodium minchegense Ching
Lycopodium montanum Underw. & FELloyd
Lycopodium multispicatum J.H.Wilce : It is common in the Philippines , Thailand , Vietnam , Taiwan, Tibet and in the Chinese provinces of Guangdong , Guangxi and southern Yunnan .
Lycopodium neopungens H.S. Kung & LBZhang : It is common in North America , Russia and Heilongjiang, China .
Lycopodium nutans Brack.
Lycopodium obscurum L .: It iswidespreadin North America, Russia, Japan , Korea and the Chinese provinces of Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning .
Lycopodium paniculatum Desv. ex Poir. : It occurs in southern Chile and southern Argentina.
Lycopodium phyllanthum Hook. & Arn.
Lycopodium polycladum Sodiro
Lycopodium portoricense Underw. & FELloyd
Lycopodium repens (P.Beauv.) Sw.
Lycopodium rimbachii Sodiro
Lycopodium sabinaefolium Willd.
Lycopodium schwackei (Christ) Herter
Lycopodium sintenisii (Herter) Maxon ex C.Chr.
Lycopodium sitchense Rupr. : It is widespread in North America.
Lycopodium staudtii C.D. Adams & Alston
Lycopodium suffruticosum (Alderw.) Herter
Lycopodium tenuicaule Underw. & FELloyd
Lycopodium thyoides Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. : It is distributed from Mexico to Central and South America.
Lycopodium veitchii Christ : It is common in India , Bhutan , Myanmar , Nepal and in the Chinese provinces of western Hubei , western Sichuan , northwestern Yunnan, Tibet and Taiwan.
Lycopodium venustulum Gaudich. : It occurs in Savaii , Hawaii , Tahiti and Rapa Iti .
Lycopodium verticale Li Bing Zhang : It was first described in 2013. It is common in the Chinese provinces of Anhui , Chongqing , Guizhou , Hubei, Hunan , Jiangxi , Shaanxi (only in Qin Ling ), Shanxi , Sichuan, Zhejiang , northeastern Yunnan, eastern Tibet, Taiwan, and Japan.
Lycopodium vestitum Desv. ex Poir.
Lycopodium volubile G. Forst. : It occurs in northeast Queensland , in Penang , Borneo , New Guinea , New Zealand , New Caledonia and on the molluccas and on the Pacific islands .
Lycopodium yueshanense C.M.Kuo : It thrives on alpine mats at altitudes of 2700 to 3200 meters only in Taiwan.
Lycopodium zanclophyllum J.H.Wilce
Lycopodium zonatum Ching : It occurs in the Chinese provinces of Shaanxi , Sichuan, Yunnan as well as Tibet and maybe in India.

Spores of the club moss ( Lycopodium clavatum )

use

The spores of the club moss are used in homeopathy . Bear moss are also a traditional remedy for primitive peoples and were also traditionally used in Central Europe. Areas of application were and still are in some cases: as wound remedies, especially for poorly healing wounds, for cramps of all kinds, gout and rheumatism.

In traditionally produced pills , bear moss spores were used as a separating agent to prevent them from sticking together.

Bear moss contain essential oils and alkaloids (especially lycopodine ). It is also of high concentration of aluminum - ions in the cell sap .

Bear moss spores have been used worldwide to produce pyrotechnic effects since the Neolithic shamanism . Fire breathers like to use them instead of flammable liquids. The effect is based on a deflagration, similar to a flour dust explosion , since the spores have a large particle surface in the atomized and dry state.

In the chemical-physical oil stain test to estimate a molecule diameter, bear moss spores are used to better identify the spreading edge of the oil stain.

Trivia

The band Rammstein used about 4 tons of Lycopodium from Chinese harvest for their American tour in 2012 , whereby the Chinese annual harvest was only about 11 tons.

literature

Henning Haeupler, Thomas Muer: picture atlas of the fern and flowering plants of Germany . Ed .: Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (= The fern and flowering plants of Germany . Volume 2 ). Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3364-4 .

Werner Rothmaler (greeting), Rudolf Schubert, Klaus Werner, Hermann Meusel (ed.): Excursion flora for the areas of the GDR and the FRG. Volume 2: Vascular Plants. 14th edition. People and knowledge, Berlin 1988, ISBN 3-06-012539-2 .

Franz Fukarek: Department of Fern Plants, Vascular Spore Plants, Pteridophyta. In: Urania plant kingdom in four volumes. Volume 2. Mosses, ferns, naked plants. Urania, Leipzig / Jena / Berlin 1992, ISBN 3-332-00495-6 .

Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora . With the collaboration of Theo Müller. 7th, revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 1994, ISBN 3-8252-1828-7 .

Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald, Raimund Fischer: Excursion flora of Austria . Ed .: Manfred A. Fischer. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart / Vienna 1994, ISBN 3-8001-3461-6 .

Walter Meusel, Joachim Hemmerling: The Bärlappe Europe. In: The New Brehm Library. Volume 401, Westarp, Hohenwarsleben 2003, ISBN 3-89432-785-5 .

Li-Bing Zhang, Kunio Iwatsuki: Lycopodiaceae. : Lycopodium. , P. 4. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China. Volume 2-3: Lycopodiaceae through Polypodiaceae . Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis, 2013, ISBN 978-1-935641-11-7 .

Warren H. Wagner Jr., Joseph M. Beitel: Lycopodium. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 2: Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms . Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 1993, ISBN 0-19-508242-7 , pp. 25 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search). efloras.org

Web links

Commons : Bärlappe ( Lycopodium ) - Collection of images, videos and audio files

The bear moss as medicinal plants. awl.ch
Bärlapp in folk medicine. Heilpflanzenkatalog.net
Entries about Lycopodium in Plants For A Future

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Bärlappigem. In: Lexicon of Biology. Volume 2. Arctic to Blast Cells. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg 1999, ISBN 3-8274-0327-8 , p. 237.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r Li-Bing Zhang, Kunio Iwatsuki: Lycopodiaceae. : Lycopodium. , P. 4. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China. Volume 2-3: Lycopodiaceae through Polypodiaceae . Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis, 2013, ISBN 978-1-935641-11-7 .
^ Lycopodium at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed August 21, 2015.
↑ Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. 3rd, completely revised and expanded edition. Birkhäuser, Basel / Boston / Berlin 1996, ISBN 3-7643-2390-6 .
↑ ^a ^b ^c data sheet. In: M. Christenhusz, E. von Raab-Straube: Lycopodiophytina. 2013. Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ Michael Hassler, Brian Swale: Family Lycopodiaceae, genus Lycopodium; world species list. Status 2002 ( Memento from February 27, 2009 in the Internet Archive ).
^ Josef Holub : Diphasiastrum, a new genus in Lycopodiaceae. In: Preslia , Volume 47, 1975, pp. 97-110.
↑ ^a ^b Bärlapp-like. In: Lexicon of Biology. Volume 2. Arctic to Blast Cells. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg 1999, ISBN 3-8274-0327-8 , p. 236.
↑ Whoever is good on earth during his lifetime: Rammstein - With Germany's largest cultural export on tour in America . In: Süddeutsche Zeitung Magazin , July 6, 2012, p. 21.

[LdB-Bd2-S237-1] Bärlappigem. In: Lexicon of Biology. Volume 2. Arctic to Blast Cells. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg 1999, ISBN 3-8274-0327-8 , p. 237.

[FoC2013-2] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r Li-Bing Zhang, Kunio Iwatsuki: Lycopodiaceae. : Lycopodium. , P. 4. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China. Volume 2-3: Lycopodiaceae through Polypodiaceae . Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis, 2013, ISBN 978-1-935641-11-7 .

[Tropicos-3] Lycopodium at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed August 21, 2015.

[Genaust1996-4] Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. 3rd, completely revised and expanded edition. Birkhäuser, Basel / Boston / Berlin 1996, ISBN 3-7643-2390-6 .

[Euro+Med2013-5] ta sheet. In: M. Christenhusz, E. von Raab-Straube: Lycopodiophytina. 2013. Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity .

[HasslerSwale2002-6] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ Michael Hassler, Brian Swale: Family Lycopodiaceae, genus Lycopodium; world species list. Status 2002 ( Memento from February 27, 2009 in the Internet Archive ).

[Holub1975-7] Josef Holub : Diphasiastrum, a new genus in Lycopodiaceae. In: Preslia , Volume 47, 1975, pp. 97-110.

[LdB-Bd2-S235-8] Bärlapp-like. In: Lexicon of Biology. Volume 2. Arctic to Blast Cells. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg 1999, ISBN 3-8274-0327-8 , p. 236.

[SZ-9] Whoever is good on earth during his lifetime: Rammstein - With Germany's largest cultural export on tour in America . In: Süddeutsche Zeitung Magazin , July 6, 2012, p. 21.