Athos

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Αυτόνομη Μοναστική Πολιτεία Άγιον Όρος ( gr. )

Aftonomi Monastiki Politia Agion Oros (gr., Transliterated )
Автономная монашеская республика священная гора ( ru. )
Автономна монашеска република свещена планина ( bg. )
Аутономна монашка република света планина ( sr. )
Autonomna monaška republika Sveta Planina (sr., Transliterated)
Republica autonomă monahală Sfântul Munte ( ro. )
Autonomous monastic republic of Holy Mountain
Autonomous monastic republic of Athos
Flag of Greece
Flag of Greece # Religious flags
Details Details
Official language Koine and Church Slavonic as languages ​​in the service as well as Greek , Russian , Romanian , Serbian , Bulgarian
Capital Karyes
Form of government Autonomous monastic republic
Head of state , also head of government Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Greece in political matters
and
Bartholomew I and the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople in religious matters
surface 336 km²
population 2262 (2001)
Population density 6.73 inhabitants per km²
currency Euro
National anthem Ymnos is tin Eleftherian
("Ode to Freedom")
National holiday Orthodox Easter
Time zone UTC + 2 EET
ISO 3166 GR-69
Internet TLD .gr
Telephone code +30
Location of the monastic republic of Athos in Greece
Location of the monastic republic of Athos in Greece

Mount Athos ( ancient Greek Ἄθως Áthōs , modern Greek Άθως Áthos ; since Byzantine times mostly Άγιον Όρος Ágion Óros , " Holy Mountain ") is an Orthodox monastic republic with autonomous status under Greek sovereignty in Greece .

geography

Mount Athos is located on the eastern finger of the same name on the Chalkidikí peninsula in the Central Macedonia region . The territory measures 43 kilometers from northwest to southeast and covers around 336 km²; it has 2262 (monastic) inhabitants plus administrative employees, police officers, business owners and a seasonally changing number of civilian workers. In common parlance, the term “(mountain) Athos” stands either for the entire Athos peninsula with the monastic state or just for the actual mountain at the southeast tip of the peninsula, which is 2033 meters high.

The maximum 8.5 km wide peninsula in the geographical sense extends around 6.9 to 9 kilometers further west to the isthmus , which was previously cut by the Xerxes Canal .

Sunrise to the west from the top of Mount Athos
Sunrise on the top of Mount Athos with a view of the peninsula and the silhouette of the mountain projected into the Aegean Sea

history

Even if the beginning of the history of the monasteries and monastic republics on Mount Athos is occasionally traced back well into early Christian times, the first reliable evidence of monastic life on Mount Athos can probably only be found at the beginning of the 9th century in Byzantine times.

The history of the Athos monasteries is closely connected with the dispute about the right monastic life, which flared up again and again in Orthodoxy - and on Mount Athos too : the hesychasm dispute between hesychasts and Byzantine humanists. The spokesman for the hesychastic side was the Athos monk Gregorios Palamas (1296 / 1297-1359), who saw perfect inner calm (Greek ἡσυχία, hēsychía) in hermitic solitude through constant prayer of Jesus as a prerequisite for the light of the transfiguration of Jesus to see the so-called " Taborlicht ". His theology gave hesychastic practice its theoretical foundation and justification. Palamas defended hesychasm against the criticism of Barlaam of Calabria , who criticized the mystical practice and its justification through the writings of Gregorios Palamas in the sense of a nominalistic humanism. At several councils in Constantinople from 1341 to 1351, the Byzantine Church decided to first condemn the opponents of hesychasm and then to make the theoretical justification of hesychasm by Gregorios Palamas ("palamism") binding church doctrine.

Since the 11th century, Mount Athos was also of great importance for the Christians of the Kievan Rus . Monasteries for monks from the Rus were built. From the 15th century on, the Moscow princes contributed to the financing of the monasteries and founded their own. They were subordinated to the Moscow Patriarchate from the 16th century .

At the turn of the 20th century, 550 years after the first major disputes, the fundamental theological dispute over hesychasm between realists and nominalists , between rationalist theorists and theologians who were oriented towards mystical practice, continued. It went down in the history of Athos and Orthodoxy as a dispute over the Imjaslavie movement, the worship of the name of God . The dispute contributed significantly to the decline of the "Russian Mount Athos". Since the monks opposed the Holy Synod , the state-controlled church leadership in the Tsarist Empire, the Russian ambassador in Istanbul had more than 1,000 monks expelled from their monasteries and deported to Russia with the help of soldiers and firefighters.

World Heritage

The 20 major monasteries of the Orthodox monastic republic are part of the UNESCO - World Heritage . The first monastery, the Great Lavra , was founded in 963 by the Byzantine monk Athanasios Athonites . Up to this point in time, monks had already settled on Mount Athos who were based on the models of the ascetic monks in ancient Egypt . Bulgarian , Romanian , Russian , Georgian and Serbian monks soon founded further large monasteries on Mount Athos. There were also Italian parishes, e.g. B. those of the so-called Amalfitans (after the city of Amalfi ) south of the Karakallou monastery, which were abandoned in the 12th century. Today there are 20 major monasteries, 17 of which are Greek, one Serbian (Chílandar Monastery), one Bulgarian ( Zografou Monastery ) and one Russian (Panteleímonos Monastery).

In addition to the monasteries, there is the form of settlement of the Skites (Greek σκήτες ) on Mount Athos , each of which depends on its mother monastery and therefore has no independent rights in the government and administration of the monastic republic. Skiten, built around a monastic central building that resembles the larger monasteries in terms of buildings and functions, are village settlements whose buildings in Kalívia (Greek καλύβια , huts ' ), residential buildings for several monks, and Kelliá (Greek κελλιά , cells' ), Huts for one resident. In addition, monks settle in hermitages (Greek ησυχαστήρια , Hesychasteries ), mostly small buildings and caves, on the difficult to access slopes of the actual Mount Athos .

The painting workshops of Athos, whose great tradition of icon painting goes back to the High Middle Ages, are famous .

Holy Mount Athos as a destination for East Slav pilgrims (picture from 1926 from the Slav epic by Alfons Mucha )
Map of the monasteries on Mount Athos Diamonitirion (entry permit)
Map of the monasteries on Mount Athos
Diamonitirion (entry permit)

Settlements, monasteries, skiing and their inhabitants

The following statistics ( 2001 census ) show that, after a long decline in recent years, increased influx of people to the Holy Mountain has been observed. In addition, shifts between monasteries and skiing can be seen .

Monasteries

Monastery (ordered by hierarchy) 1903 1959 1968 1978 1988 1992 2000
Megisti Lavra Monastery ( Μονή Μεγίστης Λαύρας ) 1187 459 406 348 309 345 362
Vatopedi Monastery ( Μονή Βατοπεδίου ) 966 129 83 60 55 75 142
Iviron Monastery ( Μονή Ιβήρων ) 456 101 68 52 53 61 78
Chilandar Monastery ( Μονή Χιλανδαρίου ) 385 63 55 69 45 50 75
Agiou Dionysiou Monastery ( Μονή Αγίου Διονυσίου ) 131 53 40 35 59 60 58
Koutloumousiou Monastery ( Μονή Κουτλουμουσίου ) 214 107 68 66 73 77 95
Pantokratoros Monastery ( Μονή Παντοκράτορος ) 548 118 84 63 57 50 70
Xiropotamou Monastery ( Μονή Ξηροποτάμου ) 106 43 36 22nd 38 34 40
Zografou Monastery ( Μονή Ζωγράφου ) 155 21st 15th 13 11 11 20th
Dochiariou Monastery ( Μονή Δοχειαρίου ) 60 29 16 11 31 32 27
Karakallou Monastery ( Μονή Καρακάλλου ) 130 42 30th 13 16 26th 37
Filotheou Monastery ( Μονή Φιλοθέου ) 133 44 36 81 82 74 70
Monastery of Símonos Petras ( Μονή Σίμωνος Πέτρας ) 108 27 18th 61 78 78 73
Agiou Pavlou Monastery ( Μονή Αγίου Παύλου ) 250 115 111 87 85 85 104
Stavronikita Monastery ( Μονή Σταυρονικήτα ) 219 35 26th 43 40 33 45
Xenofontos Monastery ( Μονή Ξενοφώντος ) 195 66 43 39 50 46 48
Osiou Grigoriou Monastery ( Μονή Οσίου Γρηγορίου ) 105 53 34 57 72 77 86
Esfigmenou Monastery ( Μονή Εσφιγμένου ) 91 46 25th 41 40 56 101
Agiou Panteleimonos Monastery ( Μονή Αγίου Παντελεήμονος ) 1928 61 27 30th 32 40 53
Konstamonitou Monastery ( Μονή Κωνσταμονίτου ) 65 29 17th 16 26th 27 26th
Total number 7432 1641 1238 1217 1255 1337 1610

The monastery Zographou is Bulgarian-orthodox, the monastery Agiou Panteleimonos Russian Orthodox, the monastery Hilandar Serbian Orthodox.

Skiing and settlements

Skiti / settlement 2001
(registered)
2001
(real)
1991
(registered)
1991
(real)
Karyés ( Καρυές , also: caries or high-level language Karyä , Καρυαί ) 242 233 223 216
Vígla - Agios Nílos ( Βίγλα - Άγιος Νείλος ) 12 12 0 0
Vouleftiria ( Βουλευτήρια ) 11 11 0 0
Dafni ( Δάφνη ) 33 38 11 16
Karoúlia ( Καρούλια ) 4th 4th 0 0
Katounákia ( Κατουνάκια ) 36 36 0 0
Kapsála ( Καψάλα ) 19th 19th 0 0
Kerasiá - Agios Vasílios ( Κερασιά - Άγιος Βασίλειος ) 27 27 0 0
Metóchion Chourmítsa ( Μετόχιον Χουρμίτσης ) 10 12 9 11
Néa Skíti (also: Skiti Theotokou) ( Νέα Σκήτη ) 44 48 0 0
Prováta-Morfonoú ( Προβάτα-Μορφονού ) 29 29 0 0
Skiti Agías Annis ( Σκήτη Αγίας Άννης ) 87 94 126 126
Skiti Agías Triádos ( Σκήτη Αγίας Τριάδος ) 40 40 29 29
Skiti Agíou Andréou Vatopedíou ( Σκήτη Αγίου Ανδρέου Βατοπεδίου ) 87 89 0 0
Skiti Agíou Dimitríou Vatopedíou ( Σκήτη Αγίου Δημητρίου Βατοπεδίου ) 16 16 0 0
Skiti Agíou Dimitríou ( Σκήτη Αγίου Δημητρίου ) 9 9 0 0
Skiti Agíou Panteleímonos ( Σκήτη Αγίου Παντελεήμονος ) 12 16 23 24
Skiti Evangelismós tis Theotókou ( Σκήτη Ευαγγελισμός της Θεοτόκου ) 9 10 14th 26th
Skiti Theotókou ( Σκήτη Θεοτόκου ) 1 1 35 35
Skiti Profítou Ilíou ( Σκήτη Προφήτου Ηλίου ) 0 0 2 2
Skiti Timíou Prodrómou Ivíron ( Σκήτη Τιμίου Προδρόμου Ιβήρων ) 7th 7th 6th 6th
Skiti Timíou Prodrómou Megístis Lávras ( Σκήτη Τιμίου Προδρόμου Μεγίστης Λαύρας ) 15th 15th 13 13

Life form

Dochiariou monastery
Monk with motorboat and mobile phone ... fetches a delivery of provisions from the excursion boat (2002) Monk with motorboat and mobile phone ... fetches a delivery of provisions from the excursion boat (2002)
Monk with motorboat and mobile phone ... fetches a delivery of provisions from the excursion boat (2002)

While most of the monasteries used to be organized in an idiorhythmic way, since 1980 the last monasteries have returned to the coinobitic lifestyle, as have the monastery-like Skites ( e.g. Skíti Prophíti Ilíou , Skíti Agíou Andréou, etc.). In contrast, the monks in the village-like Skiten (for example Néa Skíti , Skíti Agías Annis, etc.) live idiorhythmically.

The monasteries continue to follow the Julian calendar , which is now 13 days behind the Gregorian calendar introduced in Western Europe in 1582 and in Greece in 1923 . The division of hours is also based on the Byzantine model: the day begins with sunset (zero o'clock); only the monastery of Iviron counts the hours from sunrise.

Pilgrimages

Hermit dwellings on the cliffs
Border with Athos near Ouranoupolis

For a long time, getting around on the mountain was only possible on foot or with mules. In 1963 the first gravel road was built between Dafni, the port of Athos, which can be reached by boat from Ouranopolis , and the capital Karyes to mark the 1000th anniversary . All 20 monasteries of Athos are now connected to the road network and are regularly approached by off-road vehicles or buses. Some skis in the mountainous southern part of the peninsula are still only accessible via mule tracks or by boat. The peninsula is open to male pilgrims , but not to tourists . If you follow certain rules and the maximum number of visitors allowed has not yet been exhausted, you will be recognized as a "pilgrim" without any problems.

Entry ban for women ("Ávaton")

"Woman is cast out of this paradise so that man does not lose that paradise."

“The Athonites deny women access to the Holy Mountain because they truly love women. All women are absent on Athos, and yet again, through the Mother of God, Mary, all are present. "

- Father Mitrophan

Athos is also called to perivóli tis Panagías 'the garden of the Mother of God' , and in the theological sense is reserved solely for the chief saint of the Orthodox Church, Mary. Access to Mount Athos is forbidden to women. A pragmatic reason for this is probably the desire of the monks to live unaffected by optical sexual stimuli and thus to be able to devote themselves to worship without being disturbed.

The woman on Mount Athos was a popular literary motif in the 19th century, for example in the opera Der Heilige Berg (1914) by the Norwegian composer Christian Sinding . When Greece was admitted to the European Community in 1981, the special political and legal status of the monastic republic was recognized, but in recent times the Ávaton has repeatedly led to controversies with the European Union ; the last time the European Parliament demanded its abolition in a non-binding decision with a narrow majority.

Again and again the Avaton was violated by women. In 1969 five Greek vacationers entered the area of ​​Athos without authorization; In 1989 a German tourist got lost in the monk's territory. The latest headlines were six Greek women who, in front of the camera, crossed the border to the monastic state in January 2008 to protest the monks' claims to territory outside of Athos.

Farm animal husbandry

Even female pets are affected by the ban. Apart from the ubiquitous cats, which provide a certain protection from mice, rats and snakes and the numerous colonies of bees, no cattle are farmed on Mount Athos. As pack animals, (male) donkeys, horses and mules are brought in from outside if necessary. The recurring story of the chickens that provide egg yolks for icon painters is obsolete in today's well-organized and motorized movement of goods on Mount Athos.

administration

Simonos Petras Monastery

The monastic republic belongs to Greece under international law, but enjoys an autonomous status under constitutional law. As a result, some domestic political decisions and the administration of the mountain are incumbent on her. Likewise, Mount Athos does not belong to the tax area of ​​the European Union . Each monastery is autonomous within the monastic republic and is headed by an abbot elected for life . Power rests with the 20 large monasteries, on which small monasteries ( Metóchia ), monastic villages (Skiten) and hermitages ( Kelliá ) depend.

In the small main town of Karyes there is the Protaton Church and the Hierá Sýnaxis (Holy Assembly) building, which consists of the abbots of the 20 monasteries and performs legislative and judicial functions. In Karyes there are 19 kellia ('cells') in which the abbots are housed. The Koutloumousiou monastery is an exception to this, as it is located near Karyes and therefore does not need its own cell. Karyes is the seat of the Hierá Koinótis (“Holy Gathering ”), the “Parliament”, to which each major monastery sends a representative ( Antiprósopos , nominative). The Prótos ('the first'), the annually newly elected chairman of the executive branch , also has his seat there.

The state governor of Greece on Mount Athos is subordinate to the Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs and, together with some officials and police officers, is responsible for observing the constitution of Athos and maintaining security and order.

post Office

In terms of mail , Athos belongs to Greece, and there are two post offices in the area, which are operated by the Greek Post Office (ELTA). With authorization by the Universal Postal Union , own postage stamps have been issued for Athos since 2008, which are only valid for items that are posted there.

License Plate

Since 1983 Athos has issued license plates for the few vehicles that were in use within their area. However, these were not valid or recognized outside. Since 2004 there is a new series. These markings have the Greek banner with GR marking on the left, but their own nomenclature (AO 999 99) and the FE script, which is not used in Greece . They are valid worldwide and differ from the other Greek plates, as the monastic republic does not belong to the tax area of ​​the EU.

Internal conflicts

In December 2005, the occupation of Konáki (seat of the board of the monastic republic) by 20 monks from the Esfigménou monastery made international headlines . In doing so, they protested against the decision of the other 19 monasteries to no longer recognize the representation of their monastery in the committees of the monastic republic. The scandal was triggered after decades of smoldering crisis in 2003 when the monks of Esfigménou accused the head of the Orthodox Church, Patriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinople, of “betraying Orthodoxy” because he had started talks with the Roman Catholic Church. Thereupon the patriarch asked the rebels to leave the monastic republic. The monks of Esfigménou ignored the request. A violent confrontation erupted in December 2006 when moderate monks tried to evacuate the occupied administrative complex. There were a handful of injuries, but the occupation continues. The Greek government offered police and military aid, which the monks refused. In August 2008, the monks threatened to blow up themselves and their monastery if the police tried to evacuate it.

The monks had not given up, at least until 2016, and continued to occupy the premises.

Monastery fire on 3rd / 4th March 2004

Chiliandarí Monastery

In a fire in the night of March 3rd to 4th, 2004 in the Serbian monastery of Chiliandarí (Serbian Hilandar ), two thirds of the monastery complex was destroyed by flames. The cause of the fire was possibly a smoldering fire in a chimney of a monk's cell, from where the fire first spread to the guest wing and then to the living area of ​​the monks. The entire guest wing (the so-called Archondaríki), the magazines, storage rooms of the monastery and around 100 monk cells were destroyed. The fire came to a standstill in front of the fortified tower of the monastery, in which all valuable manuscripts, icons and liturgical devices are housed. The central monastery church (the so-called Katholikón ) and the dining room (the so-called Trápeza) were spared the fire. Other causes of fire, including arson, were also discussed in media reports. The material damage was estimated at over 20 million euros .

Although the fire brigades still had to fight smaller fires, the monks were able to celebrate their services again in the Katholikón from the evening of March 5th. Just a few weeks after the fire, pilgrims could be accommodated again. The former Serbian Prime Minister Vojislav Koštunica called for donations in his country for the restoration of the monastery and the Serbian Orthodox Church also raised funds for the restoration .

Mount Athos from an alpine perspective

The highest elevation of the Athos peninsula is Mount Athos in the narrower sense, a conical and steep mountain range on all sides with only one clearly pronounced peak ( 2033  m ). It rises directly from the sea at the southeastern end of the Athos peninsula and thus reaches a height difference of over 2000 meters, which is remarkable for non-volcanic mountain ranges, at a very short horizontal distance.

While Mount Athos breaks off with rugged walls to the north, the southern flank offers a good ascent opportunity. Coming from one of the skis in the southern part of the peninsula or from the monastery of Megistis Lavras, a clearly recognizable path leads from the Stavrós crossroads over the bunker-like chapel Panagía (1,500 m) up to the summit. It offers no technical difficulties and is varied and very scenic due to the different vegetation zones and the wide views of the sea. Despite the modest height of 2033 m, Mount Athos offers quite alpine requirements, as it captures every change in weather very exposed, can surprise you with sudden snowfall even in summer, is often shrouded in clouds during the day and the thermometer at the summit is often below zero in the early morning hours Celsius falls. This weather peculiarity has been known since antiquity, as it is historically transmitted that the Persian fleet got caught in a heavy storm during the first campaign under Darius I while circumnavigating Mount Athos, which caused considerable losses. This is also the historical background for the construction of the so-called Xerxes Canal in the north of Mount Athos near Ouranopoulos during the second invasion attempt by the Persians under Xerxes .

On the summit there is a small chapel, Metamórfosis Sotíros (“Transfiguration of the Savior”), in which once a year, on the feast day of the Transfiguration of Christ (on August 6th according to the Julian calendar, on August 19 according to the Gregorian calendar) a vigil ( Agrypnía ) is celebrated.

Pilgrims who want to climb the mountain can find emergency accommodation both in the Panagía and in the summit chapel. The ascent of Mount Athos does not require any special mountaineering skills. In the summer of 2018 the summit chapel was closed for construction work. The entire summit plateau is currently (2018) being renovated and paved. At the summit, a stone vein of a pristine white so-called Carrara marble emerges, which is partly used for the renovation. If you want to experience the spectacular sunrise that pilgrims or mountaineers can enjoy when the weather is good, you should spend the night in the unattended Panagia chapel until the construction work is complete and use a headlamp to climb to the summit (approx. 1–1 12 h) Make daybreak. The last drinking water supply is provided by a cistern (the only reliable drinking water supply above Stravós  !) Within the Panagia , where there is also a mattress dormitory with around 30 beds. Unfortunately, the hostel, generously offered by the monks, is sometimes in a desolate condition, as carelessly left rubbish and equipment, as well as leftover food, are waiting for committed mountaineers who, in addition to climbing the mountain, also want to ensure its cleanliness. Coordinates: 40 ° 9 ′  N , 24 ° 20 ′  E

See also

literature

  • Efraim Archimandrite: The Great Vatopedi Monastery. A manual for the pilgrim. Edition Hagia Sophia, Straelen, 2010.
  • Costas Balafas: A photographic itinerary on Mount Athos. 1969-2001 . Agion Oros u. a. 2006.
  • Ernst Benz : Patriarchs and Hermits. Düsseldorf 1964.
  • Rudolf Billetta: Holy Mount Athos in testimonies from seven centuries. Five volumes, Mosaic-Publications, Vienna-New York-Dublin 1992–1994.
  • Rudolf Billetta: Athos. Select Europe. Wieser Verlag, Klagenfurt / Celovec 2000.
  • Heinrich Brockhaus: The art in the Athos monasteries. Leipzig 1924.
  • Robert Byron : Phoenix: The Station: Athos: Treasures and Men . Weidenfeld & Nicholson history, 2000.
  • Massimo Capuani, Maurizio Paparozzi: Athos. The foundations of the monastery; a millennium of spirituality and orthodox art . Munich 1999.
  • Dimitri E. Conomos: Mount Athos, the sacred bridge. The spirituality of the Holy Mountain . Oxford et al. a. 2005.
  • Freddy Derwahl, Hans-Günther Kaufmann: Athos. Touch the sacred . Augsburg 1997.
  • Franz Dölger: Monastic land of Athos . Munich 1943.
  • Franz Dölger: From the treasure chambers of the Holy Mountain . Munich 1948.
  • Hartmut Engel, Ulrike Engel: Chalkidiki with the island of Thasos. 40 selected hikes and a special section to Mount Athos . Ottobrunn 2000.
  • Paul Evdokimov: The Prayer of the Eastern Church . Graz 1986.
  • Jakob Philipp Fallmerayer: The Holy Mount Athos . Bolzano 1978.
  • Samir Girgis, Andreas Knoche, Karl-Heinz Knoche: Athos - Pilgrimages to the Holy Mountain , Bingen 2014, ISBN 978-3-939154-10-5 .
  • Alexander Golitzin: The living witness of the Holy Mountain. Contemporary voices from Mount Athos . South Canaan, Pa. 1996.
  • René Gothóni, Graham Speake (Eds.): The monastic magnet. Roads to and from Mount Athos. Oxford 2008. Table of Contents
  • Johann Günther: Athos impressions . Unterweitersdorf 1996, ISBN 3-901279-53-9 . With a contribution from Father Mitrophan.
  • Ellen Hastaba et al. a .: The holy Mount Athos . Bolzano 2002.
  • Paul Huber: Athos . Zurich 1969.
  • Antonis Iordanoglou: Mount Athos . Road Editions, Greece 2005.
  • Emil Ivanov: The pictorial program of the narthex in the Rila monastery in Bulgaria with special consideration of the water consecration cycles. Dissertation. Erlangen 2002 (with comparative examples to the Athos monuments).
  • Erhard Kästner: The hour drum from St. Mount Athos . Frankfurt / Main 1956.
  • Werner Köppen: Where the world is forgotten . Mainz 1981, ISBN 978-3-7867-0869-8 .
  • Rolf Kuhlmann: The Athos. On the trail of a fascination . Frankfurt am Main 1998.
  • Jean-Yves Leloup: Words from Mount Athos . Munich 1981.
  • Philip Meyer: The main documents for the history of the Athos monasteries . Amsterdam 1965 (reprint)
  • Andreas A. Müller: Mount Athos. History of a monastic republic . Munich 2005.
  • Paul M. Mylonas: Atlas of Athos . Berlin / Athens 2000. ISBN 3-8030-1047-0 .
  • Volker Reichert: Athos. Journeys to the Holy Mountain 1347–1841 . Stuttgart 2001.
  • Günter Spitzing : Athos. The Holy Mountain of Eastern Christianity. Cologne 1990.
  • (without indication of author): Ritual Book of the Holy Mountain. Athos Typikon . Evangelical Publishing House, Leipzig 2005.
  • Kurt Weitzmann: From the libraries of Athos . Hamburg 1963.
  • Tasos Zembylas : The monastic republic of Athos. A spiritual limited company . Passagen Verlag, Vienna 2010.

Web links

Commons : Athos  - album with pictures, videos and audio files
Wikisource: Berlin Treaty, Article 62  - Sources and full texts

Individual evidence

  1. 2001 census, source: National Statistical Service of Greece (ΕΣΥΕ), ( statistics.gr ( memento of April 18, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) PDF; 875 kB)
  2. See Andreas Müller: Mount Athos: History of a Monk Republic. CH Beck, Munich 2005, p. 12.
  3. Palomičestvo na Afon website of the Kiev Metropolis of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church, accessed on February 29, 2016.
  4. Ep. Profirij (Uspenskij): Istorija Afona. Moscow 2007, T. I, S. IX-XV.
  5. Rolf Wörsdörfer, Paradise of the Mother of God, in: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , February 24, 2016, p. N3.
  6. Fredrich 1915, p. 10.
  7. Father Mitrophan in: Günther 1996th
  8. Arrests: Women storm the monastic republic of Athos. on: Spiegel online. January 9, 2008.
  9. ^ Report on the t-online news portal, August 31, 2008
  10. Greece with Simon Reeve, Episode 2. (Video) BBC, February 14, 2016, accessed on March 1, 2020 (English, see note in description, video itself can only be viewed in Great Britain).
  11. andreas-bote.de