Maria Immaculata (Büren)
The Church Mary Immaculate (dt .: Immaculate Mary ) in the Westphalian Mittelstadt Buren , popularly known Jesuit church called, was in the late Baroque style from 1754 to 1773 according to plans by Franz Heinrich Roth , the architect of the paderbornischen Prince Bishop and Elector of Cologne Clemens August , in Order of the Jesuit order built. It is considered to be one of the few churches in the southern German, Italian-influenced style north of the Main .
The church is located at the foot of the ridge between Afte and Alme , on which the historical core of the city of Büren is located. Together with the former Jesuit college, now Mauritius-Gymnasium , and the economy, the college's former farm building, it forms an ensemble that has shaped the view of the place for over 250 years.
The castle of the noble lords of Büren , whose last descendant, Moritz von Büren , bequeathed his fortune to the Jesuit order in a will from 1640 and later entered the order, stood roughly at the site of this ensemble .
Building history
prehistory
Moritz von Büren had already decreed in his will in 1640 that a college (study house) and a church should be built from his estate in Büren. After his death on November 7, 1661, it took over 50 years until the foundation stone for the college building could be laid on June 13, 1717, which was then completed by 1728. The original plan was to place the church in the south wing of the building. However, this project was abandoned and the south wing was designed as a normal part of the building, so that a separate, new location had to be found for the church. When construction work had rested for over 20 years after the college was completed, it was decided in 1751 to build the church. It was decided on a location south of the college building, which was to be connected to the church by a transverse wing. The construction management was entrusted to the chamber councilor and engineer Franz Christoph Nagel from Paderborn and his representative, the Jesuit Christoph Seeberger , on July 3, 1754 .
Building the church
The excavation work for the foundation began just one day after the contract was signed with Nagel , after building material had been brought in from the area, mainly sandstone from the Hegensdorf area , and according to other information from wines and limestone from the immediate vicinity of Büren . The foundations of the church were in place by the winter of 1754 and by the spring of 1756 the building was completed up to the cross cornice, so that the statues of St. Ignatius of Loyola and St. Francis Xavier could already be placed in the facade niches on the second floor. The stonemasonry was carried out by stonemason Valentin Springer from Neuhaus and Johann Urbanus from Königswinter .
On May 2 of the same year, Elector Clemens August, who was both Bishop of Cologne and Paderborn, laid the foundation stone. Clemens August had already followed the preparatory construction work with great interest - but the laying of the foundation stone had waited until he was at his Hirschberg Castle near Warstein in order to save him the long journey to Büren.
Despite the disturbances by French soldiers who marched through the city, the construction of the church could be continued quickly in the following years. In 1757 the facade was almost completed, so that the statues of St. Aloisius and St. Stanislaus Kostka were placed on the upper corners, which, like the other statues, were made in Büren, but whose stone came from the Rüthen quarries. where it had already been roughly shaped. The sculptural work on the facade was carried out by master Johann Theodor Axer and master Johann Jakob Pütt . Part of the roof was also erected in 1757, which was completed the following year, 1758. The facade was also finished in 1758, the tower of the church grew to the spire. The roof of the church was covered with slate. At the same time, the vaults were drawn in in the confessional chapel (today sacristy) and in the tower.
In 1759 the dome over the crossing was completed and the vaults in the nave and side aisles were completed. Outside, the limestone between the sandstone pillars was plastered. In 1760 the work was completed on the roof of the Church and under the choir lying crypt provided with vaults. At the same time, the Jesuits began negotiations with the painter Joseph Gregor Winck , who had already worked on the design of the Mannheim Jesuit Church for the order . After the contract was signed in 1761, he began painting work in 1762. He used the " fresco secco technique ". The painting work lasted until 1765. Around Pentecost 1764 the brothers Johann Nepomuk and Bernhard Mez began with the stucco work , which was completed in 1770. A year earlier, the construction of the crypt had been completed, the windows glazed, the doors inserted and the gallery built for the organ. In 1771 the magnificent high altar was completed as the last central element.
After a construction period of over 16 years, the church was completed. The side connecting wing to the college, which should also house the sacristy, was still missing. This wing was no longer built because the Jesuit order had been dissolved by Pope Clement XIV in 1773 .
After the dissolution of the Jesuit order
After the extinction bull of the Pope also became effective for the colleges in Paderborn and Büren, the Paderborn prince-bishop Wilhelm Anton commissioned his vicar general Dierna and the court judge Meyer with the formation of the so-called ex-Jesuit commission, which took over the possession and administration of the goods of the dissolved order in the Paderborn region, including church and college.
On August 3, 1802, the State of Prussia took over the rule of the Prince Diocese of Paderborn. Contrary to the usual policy of Prussia, the former property of the Jesuit order was not secularized , but remained under the administration of the Ex-Jesuit Commission.
When Prussia lost its left Elbe territories to Napoleon in the Peace of Tilsit , the Principality of Paderborn and with it the administration of the former Jesuit properties fell to the Kingdom of Westphalia under Jérôme Bonaparte , the brother of Napoleon Bonaparte . In 1811 the Büren house was placed under the Crown domains, but the income from the fund continued to be used for the purposes set out in the will; only any surpluses were offset against the domains. This ended the activity of the ex-Jesuit commission.
When Westphalia fell back to Prussia, the Büren house initially remained a state property, but was then returned as a Büren'scher fund at the endeavor of Franz Egon von Fürstenberg and the Oberpräsident von Vincke .
Since then, this has taken on the administration and financing of the former properties of the Jesuit order in the Büren area.
Restorations
The first restorations were carried out in the middle of the 19th century, with some ceiling frescoes being painted over. The lack of further measures in the following years, as well as damage caused by the war, required extensive construction and security measures on facades and roofs in the 1970s, and from 1980 to 1983 restoration and securing of the organ loft. In the following years a concept for a restoration of the entire church building was worked out, which was then carried out for three years from 1988. On September 8, 1991, on the feast of the birth of Mary , the church was consecrated again with a solemn pontifical mass. The entire restoration cost around seven million Deutschmarks .
Moisture damage
After an inspection on July 11, 2012, construction defects and moisture damage were found on the stucco ceilings. After the church was initially completely closed to visitors, it has been open to visitors again since the end of December 2012. A protective tunnel and a safety net protect visitors from falling parts. The actual renovation work should be carried out in 2013. In the summer of 2013, however, the financing of the renovation work, which cost around 500,000 euros, was still not secured because the Detmold district government had to wait for the approval of the state of North Rhine-Westphalia. At the end of September 2013, the construction of the external scaffolding began.
Architecture and equipment
Building
The church was built from rough plastered quarry stone masonry and decorated sandstone elements. Contrary to the Jesuit tradition, all four sides of the facade were designed extensively, especially the east facade with the main entrance.
The east facade of the church is divided into three floors and is supported by a three meter high statue of St. Mary, to whom the church is consecrated, as the inscription in the frieze proclaims: "SINE LABE CONCEPTAE VIRGINI ANNO MDCCLV" (translated: "Consecrated to the Blessed Virgin Consecrated in 1755").
The substructure is made in a simple rustic construction, the middle section protrudes by 1.57 m. The frame of the main portal between the central pilasters bears the Latin inscription in a cartouche :
(Translated: “Church of the Society of Jesus for the greater glory of God donated by Moritz, Baron and Noble Lord von Büren, Mr. zu Ringelstein, Vollbrexen and Geist, President of the Imperial Court of Justice, then priest of the Society of Jesus”).
The superstructure is twice as high as the substructure and is divided into three fields by pilasters with Corinthian capitals. The pilasters are connected to each other by festoons (fruit hangings). The middle field has a large arched window, the left field contains the larger than life statue of St. Ignatius of Loyola , the founder of the Jesuit order, the right field the statue of St. Franz Xaver . The end of the superstructure is formed by an entablature with a frieze on which the above-mentioned inscription for the consecration of the church is located. The cornice runs around the whole church.
Instead of a gable, an attic joins the superstructure above . It shows the following motifs on fields divided by the pilasters:
- Links: Practices of Worship vestments for blessing devotions (monstrance, cope, etc.)
- Middle: coat of arms of the city of Büren with crown
- Right: Religious paraments for mass (chalice, chasuble, etc.)
The end of the attic is again formed by an entablature. There is a balustrade with three statues on it: on the left the statue of St. Aloisius von Gonzaga , in the middle the statue of the Virgin Mary and on the right the statue of St. Stanislaus Kostka .
On the northern front of the transept there is no plaster on the quarry stone masonry, here the approach of the planned but never built connecting wing to the Jesuit college located next door can be seen.
The central building is reflected in the external appearance , the crossing building as a central element rises above the roof of the main and side aisles. The tent roof of the crossing building has four bay windows that let the light fall through large windows into the interior of the dome. At the end there is a Welsche hood with a star knob . The nave has a simple gable roof , the transept a mansard roof . The side aisles are closed off by simple monopitch roofs .
Dimensions and floor plan
The three-aisled Immaculata Church is a central building, the focal point is the crossing under the central dome. The longitudinal arms each have two yokes , the transverse arms each have one yoke.
The clear length of the central nave is 32.2 m, the clear width in the transept 23.1 m. The height of the vaults in the main and transepts is 15.62 m each, and 7.0 m in the side aisles. The dome extends to a height of 24.7 m above the crossing and is slightly oval, it measures about 11.0 m in the longitudinal direction and 11.5 m in the transverse direction.
The central pillars on which the dome rests are 4 m wide and 3.25 m deep. The four pillars in the choir and nave are 1.8 m wide and 2.05 m deep. The pilasters on these pillars have Corinthian capitals and Attic bases . The pilasters that support the entrance and transverse arches have simple Tuscan capitals and simple bases made of bulge, plate and ramp.
Interior and equipment
Ceiling frescoes
The ceiling frescoes by Joseph Gregor Winck within the church represent important moments in the life of St. Mary . They are arranged as follows:
Above the choir: Birth of Mary , above the nave: Marriage of Mary with Joseph, above the north aisle: Annunciation and above the south aisle: Visitation (Mary meets Elisabeth).
- In the dome there are four paintings: The Temple Walk, Presentation of Jesus in the Temple , Death of Mary and Assumption of Mary into Heaven .
Between the paintings there are Grisai depictions of verse 6.9 of the Song of Songs , which is traditionally related to Mary (who is this one who emerges there, like the rising dawn, beautiful like the moon, chosen like the sun, terrible like a huge army ?) . The medallions show Mary surrounded by a sun, sitting on the crescent moon, floating in a star and above an army camp.
- The coronation of Mary is depicted in the lantern .
- In the dome there are paintings of the Old Testament models of Mary: Esther , Judith , Abigail and Jahel .
All frescoes are kept in warm, pastel tones and are perspective, which should create the impression that the church is open to the top.
High altar
The high altar consists of two parts: the altar table and the rear structure.
The altar has a sarcophagus-like cafeteria , which is flanked by two seated female figures. The altar retable rises behind the altar table and is framed by six small columns. In the middle of the reredos is the tabernacle . The openwork top is crowned by two kneeling angel figures, next to the columns there are two candle-bearing, standing angel figures. Originally there was a statue of the Virgin Mary on top of the top, this is now on the roof of the pulpit .
The rear structure is framed by four free-standing pillars, between which the surrounding beams step forward. Between the pillars is an oil painting showing Mary among the saints of the Jesuit order. The connection between the picture and the pillars is created by a flower garland that extends from the picture frame and is held on the pillars by free-floating angels.
Further equipment
In the church there are two paintings by the Paderborn painter Anton Joseph Stratmann : "Maria Immaculata with the Jesuit saints Ignatius, Franz Xaver, Stanislaus and Aloysius" and "The Holy Trinity in anticipation of Maria Immaculata ascending to heaven".
The four three-aisled confessionals in the side wings were made by Johann Leonhard Falter around 1775 . They are simple rococo pieces with no large decorations. Four other, more elaborately designed confessionals, which were originally also in the church, were sold to Brilon at the end of the 18th century , where they were placed in St. Nicholas Church .
The prayer stools, which are in the side wings next to the choir, were formerly in the main room of the church on the pillars and are therefore richly decorated with carvings on only one side, including the coats of arms of the Jesuits and the house of Büren.
Since the 250th anniversary in the summer of 2004, there is a new altar with a design adapted to the style of the church and a new reading desk in the same style in the anteroom to the choir. Before that there was only two simple wooden pieces of furniture.
The pulpit by the Paderborn sculptor Philipp Reichmann with its 18th century statue of Mary was installed in another church in 1916 and, with its rococo style, does not quite fit into the room. The figure of Mary from the late 18th century placed on the sound cover is attributed to Johann Leonhard Falter.
Organ and organ stage
The organ stage rests on four expansive consoles and protrudes a little in the middle. The stage can be reached via a spiral staircase in the facade wall. The first organ of the church was brought to Büren in 1837/38 from the church of the abolished Franciscan monastery in Geseke . It was built in 1741/42 by Johann Patroclus Möller . From 1884 to 1886, at the instigation of the director of the school teachers' seminar, this first organ was replaced by a new building by the Eggert Orgelbau-Anstalt , but its structure and structure fit very well into the church. The disposition of the organ consists of main work , positive and pedal :
.jpg)
|
|
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Doors in the aisles
Towards the sacristy there are two wooden, two-winged false doors in the head ends of the side aisles, which are particularly characterized by their delicate and magnificent inlay work. They depict scenes from the Bible, the door in the north wing, the parable of the prodigal son , as well as a representation of John the Baptist . The door in the south wing shows two representations of the Good Shepherd . The door frames come from the workshop of Johann Leonhard Falter, the inlay work is attributed to the Gesek master carpenter Christoph Vollmer. The relationship between the representations and the sacraments of penance also suggests that they were originally planned as the entrance doors to a penitential chapel that was to be located in place of the sacristy.
use
The church was never used as a college church in its original sense, as the Jesuit order was dissolved before the church was completed. Instead, the Catholic parish of Sankt Nikolaus in the city of Büren included the church in parish life and used it as a place for worship alongside the parish church of Sankt Nikolaus . The school services of the educational institutions housed in the former college (teacher college, advanced school, Mauritius grammar school) were and are also held there.
The church is often used for weddings and concerts and is one of the most important tourist attractions in the city of Büren.
literature
- Norbert Assmuth: The former Jesuit church Maria Immaculata in Büren. Documentation and contributions to interior restoration 1986–1991 . (= Preservation of monuments and research in Westphalia; Vol. 27). Habelt, Bonn 1994, ISBN 3-7749-2660-3
- Siegfried Rudigkeit: College and Church of the Jesuits in Büren. Planning and construction history . (= Art History: Form and Interest; Vol. 27). Lit, Münster 1989, ISBN 3-88660-527-2 (also dissertation from the University of Münster, 1989)
- Siegfried Rudigkeit: The former Jesuit church Maria Immaculata zu Büren ( Westfälische Kunststätten , issue 74). Munster 1995
DVD
- "Moritz von Büren - His life and work" and "The sky from Büren". 2 video DVDs of the slide lectures by Bruno Bange. A DVD video documentation by Werner Niggemann and Rolf Kühr (sound editing) on behalf of the Heimatverein Büren eV, Büren 2004.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c Bruno Bange: 800 years of the city of Büren - 1195–1995 in: Heimatverein Büren: Büren - Insights into the historical development , Bonifatius Paderborn, 1994. p. 99
- ↑ Tanja Loer: Living in and with monuments in: Heimatverein Büren: Wir an Alme und Afte - series of publications by Heimatverein Büren eV , p. 119
- ↑ Tanja Loer: Living in and with monuments in: Heimatverein Büren: Wir an Alme und Afte - series of publications by Heimatverein Büren eV , p. 107
- ↑ a b c Bruno Bange: 800 years of the city of Büren - 1195–1995 in: Heimatverein Büren: Büren - Insights into the historical development , p. 100
- ↑ Erhard Schwarz: The Büren Fund as the legal successor to the Büren Jesuit College in: Heimatverein Büren: Büren - Insights into the historical development , p. 434f.
- ↑ Erhard Schwarz: The Büren Fund as the legal successor to the Büren Jesuit College in: Heimatverein Büren: Büren - Insights into the historical development , p. 442f
- ↑ BÜREN: Water penetrates into the Jesuit church , nw-news.de, July 21, 2012
- ↑ Press release of the Detmold district government from December 12, 2012: Jesuit Church Maria Immaculata in Büren will be reopened ( Memento of the original from December 23, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ BÜREN: Bürener are waiting for money for the church , nw-news.de, June 20, 2013
- ↑ Short texts on the preservation of monuments: The Jesuit Church of St. Maria Immaculata in Büren at: baufachinformationen.de, accessed: October 16, 2013
- ↑ a b c d e Siegfried Rudigkeit: College and Church of the Jesuits in Büren. Planning and construction history. P. 40
- ↑ Tanja Loer: Living in and with monuments in: Heimatverein Büren: Wir an Alme und Afte - series of publications by Heimatverein Büren eV , p. 111
- ↑ Church music in the Archdiocese of Paderborn, organs in Büren , as of February 1, 2011
- ↑ bueren.de: Sights , accessed: December 22, 2015
_alternative.svg){kind=small}
Coordinates: 51 ° 33 ′ 17 ″ N , 8 ° 33 ′ 28 ″ E
