Nam Trung Bộ

South-central coastal region (including the Paracel Islands and Spratly Islands)

Nam Trung Bộ ( Vietnamese for south-central part of the country , also Duyên hải Nam Trung Bộ for south-central coastal region ) is an area in Vietnam . It consists of the independent municipality of Da Nang and seven other provinces. The two southern provinces of Ninh Thuan Province and Binh Thuan are sometimes as part of Đông Nam Bộ viewed. The controversial Paracel ( Hoàng-Sa district ) and Spratly Islands ( Trường-Sa district ) are also formally part of this region.

The region is traditionally one of the most important starting points for neighboring Tây Nguyên . It has a complex geography with mountain ranges reaching to the coast. This makes transport and infrastructural development more difficult, but the region is very attractive for tourism. The most notable places are Phan Thiet , Nha Trang, and Da Nang . Tourism is particularly favored by the cultural heritage of the Champa , including its architecture and its historical processing in museums. In general, industrial development in this region is less advanced than in the Đông Nam Bộ or on the delta of the Red River ( Đồng Bằng Sông Hồng ), but it has some regional industrial centers in Đà Nẵng, around Nha Trang and in Quy Nhơn .

Provinces

No.	Province / municipality	Area (km²)	Population (2011)	Population density (inhabitants / km²)	GDP per capita (million VND , 2007)
1	Đà Nẵng	1,256	951,700	740	18.98
2	Quảng Nam	10,438	1,435,000	137	8.76
3	Quảng Ngãi	5,153	1,221,600	237	7.82
4th	Bình Định	6,040	1,497,300	247	9.57
5	Phu Yen	5,061	871,900	172	8.43
6th	Khanh Hòa	5,218	1,174,100	225	16.1
7th	Ninh Thuận	3,363	569,000	169	6.66
8th	Bình Thuận	7,837	1,180,300	151	11
9	Total	44,367	8,900,900	201	10.76

history

Banh It Cham towers in Bình Định

The region was founded by members of the Sa Huynh culture between 1000 BC. Inhabited BC and AD 200. Remnants of this civilization have been found in Sa Huỳnh in Quảng Ngãi Province . The empire Lâm Ấp (Chinese: 林邑, Lin Yi) developed from this region in AD 192 . Its political center was north of the Nam Trung Bộ near Huế . Lâm Ấp was culturally influenced by India. According to Chinese sources, people from this region have often attacked Jiaozhi (Vietnamese: Giao Chỉ ). Jiaozhi was a name for different provinces, coming , prefectures and districts of northern Vietnam ( Miền Bắc ), which was a decisive factor in the fact that from the 3rd to the 5th century several wars between the inhabitants of Jiaozhi with Chinese colonizers and those of Lâm Ấp have taken place.

The historical territory of the Champa corresponds roughly to that of the southern coastal region, although it can even extend to the Đông Nam Bộ and exert an influence on the Central Highlands ( Tây Nguyên ). With the exception of the first capital, all the political centers of the Champa are in Nam Trung Bộ. Some of the earlier capitals, as well as the religious center Mỹ Sơn and the port city Hội An are located in what is now Quảng Nam . Probably due to defeats in the wars against the Đại Việt, the political center was shifted further south to Vijaya , today's Bình Định province . After the fall of Vijaya in Vietnam in 1471, the Champa had to retreat to the principality of Panduranga (today Phan Rang-Tháp Chàm in Ninh Thuận ), while a large part of the occupied Champa continued as a kind of protectorate in Vietnam for some time. Relationships with residents of the Tây Nguyên and traders from abroad were vital. The Champa trade was focused on the procurement of luxury goods such as agarwood from the central highlands and the trade even reached as far as Attapeu in southern Laos, where the purchase and sale then took place at the port of Hội An and Thị Nại .

geography

Hai Van Pass

topography

In contrast to other near-artificial regions in Vietnam, the terrain of Nam Trung Bộ is mainly uneven. It has different topographies with ridges and mountains that not only extend along the entire border region with the Tây Nguyên, but also along the coast, which form some passes , bays, peninsulas and landscapes with beaches and mountain backdrops. Many of Vietnam's mountains are at or near the border with the Tây Nguyên. The highest mountain of the Nam Trung Bộ is the Ngọc Linh with 2598 m height. There are some peaks near the coast of Da Nang (up to 696 m on the Sơn Trà peninsula ), in the Bình Định province (up to 874 m), in the Phú Yên province (up to 814 m), in the Province of Khánh Hòa (up to 978 m) and in the province of Ninh Thuận (up to 1040 m). Some mountain passes act as geographic boundaries between the provinces of the region with one or two provinces between two main mountain passes.

The region also includes some islands. Some of the larger islands include Lý Sơn , the Chàm Islands, and Phú Quý . The Paracel Islands and the Spratly Islands are officially administered by Đà Nẵng and the province of Khánh Hòa. However, the sovereignty of the islands is disputed, although Vietnam is taking control of some of the Spratly Islands.

Hydrography

There are several rivers that flow along the Nam Trung Bộ; the most important are the Thu Bồn River in Quảng Nam and the Đà Rằng River in Phú Yên (most of the river systems are in the Tây Nguyên). Other larger rivers are for example the Trà Khúc in Quảng Ngãi, the Côn in Bình Định, the Kỳ Lộ in Phú Yên, the Cái Nha Trang in Khánh Hòa and the Dinh in Ninh Thuận.

climate

Mostly summer temperatures averaging over 28 ° C prevail on the coast with slightly lower temperatures inland. Winters are much cooler with average temperatures that can range from 20-25 ° C. The region includes some of the arid (e.g. in Ninh Thuận and Bình Thuận) and wettest (e.g. in Đà Nẵng, parts of Quảng Nam and Quảng Ngãi) climates in Vietnam. While annual rainfall exceeds 2800 mm, in many parts of the three provinces in the northern region it is less than 800 mm.

Economy

Agriculture, forestry, fishing

Farmer in Bình Định

Farmers in Quảng Ngãi

	in billions VND (2007)	National income in%
Primary sector GDP	22,557	9.7
Agriculture	23,949.1	10.1
forestry	1325.1	12.35
fishing	12,410.8	14.21

The performance of the primary sector in Nam Trung Bộ can be viewed as average in the national context. With its contribution to the gross domestic product it is comparable with the population share (9.7 and 9.5%). The production of rice is below average, but the production of other crops (see table below) and forestry and fishing are above average.

The province with the largest primary sector is Bình Định (a total of 22.9% of the primary sector of Nam Trung Bộ) due to its relatively large production in agriculture, forestry and fishing. Bình Định as the main producer is followed by Quảng Nam with 15%, Bình Thuận with 14.6%, Quảng Ngãi and Khánh Hòa with 13% each. Forestry production is concentrated in Quảng Nam and Bình Định with 25% each; Quảng Ngãi and Bình Thuận contribute a percentage of 15%, while Đà Nẵng and especially Ninh Thuận have a relatively small forestry sector. Production in the fishery is mainly carried out in Khánh Hòa (22.3%) and Bình Định (19.6%), followed by Phú Yên and Quảng Ngãi with 12% each, and Quảng Nam and Bình Thuận with 9 to each 10%.

2.52 million tons of rice were harvested in Nam Trung Bộ in 2007, which is 7% of the total rice harvest in Vietnam. The main producers are Bình Định (580  kt in 2007), Bình Thuận (434 kt), Quảng Nam (395 kt), Quảng Ngãi (381 kt) and Phú Yên (321 kt). The maize harvest from Nam Trung Bộ accounts for 7.5% of total production.

	Production (2007)	National income in%	Main producers
cotton	3000 tons	18.63	Bình Thuận (2 kt, 12.4%), Phú Yên (800 t, 5%), Ninh Thuận (200 t, 1.2%)
tobacco	5000 tons	15.67	Ninh Thuận (3.3 kt, 10.3%), Quảng Nam (900 t, 2.8%), Phú Yên (700 t, 2.2%)
Sugar cane	2,643,600 tons	15.21	Phú Yên (1 Mt, 6%), Khánh Hòa (738 kt, 4.25%), Quảng Ngãi (390 kt, 2.25%)
coconuts	126,696 tons	12.1	Bình Định (95 kt, 9%), Quảng Ngãi (13.7 kt, 1.3%)
Cashews	33,391 tons	11.06	Bình Thuận (17.5 kt, 5.8%), Khánh Hòa (5.2 kt, 1.74%), Bình Định (4.2 kt, 1.4%)
peanuts	51,900 tons	10.28	Quảng Nam (16.9 ct, 3.35%), Bình Định (13.7 ct, 2.71%), Quảng Ngãi (11.1 ct, 2.2%), Bình Thuận (6.8 ct, 1.35%)
pepper	3445 tons	3.82	Bình Thuận (2.3 kt, 2.6%)
rubber	12,996 tons	2.16	Bình Thuận (12.3 kt, 2%)

Tea and coffee were also grown in this region, but their production does not play a particular role in the national context.

Industry

The Nam Trung Bộ is the most industrialized region of Central Vietnam, which has been mainly influenced by industrial centers in Đà Nẵng and Khánh Hòa. Industrialization in this region is still lagging behind the national average and it is way behind the two major industrial hubs around Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi . The region's GDP was VND 35,885.4 billion in 2007, which is 37.35% of Nam Trung Bộ's GDP and 7.54% of Vietnam's GDP. More than 40% of it was produced in Khánh Hòa (21.8%) and Đà Nẵng (20%) and the other 13 to 14% can be attributed to Quảng Nam and Bình Định. Bình Thuận was able to increase its share up to 12% with growth rates averaging 21.6% from 2000 to 2007. Most other provinces achieved growth between 15 and 20%, but with slow growth in the established industrial centers of Đà Nẵng (14th , 8%) and Khánh Hòa (13%). The regions with the average industrial growth rate was 16.3% per year from 2000 to 2007, which are a driving force in the economy of Vietnam.

Rural brick factory in Quảng Ngãi

Đà Nẵng has a relatively diverse industrial sector that specializes primarily in textiles, fabrics, fertilizers, cement, soap, paper, pharmaceuticals, etc. The Khánh Hòa industrial sector still relies on basic industries such as food, seafood processing and beverages. The province benefited primarily from investments in connection with the former Russian naval base in Cam Ranh , which resulted in the construction of 30 factories. Quy Nhơn is the third largest industrial center in the region. The capitalization was only possible because Quy Nhơn enjoyed access to the Tây Nguyên in order to develop industries based on natural resources (wood processing and stone processing) and a large furniture production cluster. Other industries are more fragmented, such as building materials and the processing of basic foodstuffs.

New industrial centers are currently being developed in the following economic zones: The Chu Lai economic zone in southern Quảng Nam, near the Dung Quất economic zone (with the Dung Quất refinery) in northern Quảng Ngãi, and the Nhơn Hội economic zone in Quy Nhơn and the Vân Phong economic zone in northern Khánh Hòa. All four zones have huge floor areas, large infrastructures and industrial projects. In contrast to the smaller industrial parks, they are not limited to industrial sectors.

Infrastructure

transport

1A in Bình Định

Vietnam's primary north-south transport corridor runs through the whole of Nam Trung Bộ. The Hanoi – Ho Chi Minh City railway runs along this region. The trains, also known as the “Reunification Express”, stop in Đà Nẵng, Diêu Trì and Nha Trang. Stops with less frequent service are Tam Kỳ Station, Quảng Ngãi Station, Quy Nhơn Station, Tuy Hòa Station, Tháp Chàm Station, Mương Mán Station and some local train stations. The two-lane national road 1A connects all major cities in the region with the rest of the country (Quy Nhơn and Nha Trang by expanding the national roads 1D and 1C ). The Ministry of Transport is planning the construction of a 139.5 km four-lane motorway from Đà Nẵng to Quảng Ngãi in cooperation with foreign donors.

The region is with the Tây Nguyên through some national roads at Phan Rang-Tháp Chàm (national road 27 to Đà Lạt ), Ninh Hòa , Khánh Hòa (national road 26 to Buôn Ma Thuột ), Tuy Hòa (national road 25 to Pleiku via Ayun Pa ), Quy Nhơn (National Road 19 to Pleiku) and the western part of Quảng Nam (National Road 14 from Ho Chi Minh City to Kon Tum ).

The largest airport in this region is Da Nang Airport , which has flights to various cities in Vietnam, Singapore , Siem Reap , Guangzhou , Shanghai and seasonal flights to other cities in mainland China and Taiwan. The second international airport at Cam Ranh only operates seasonal international flights. The Phu Cat Airport and Dong Tac Airport perform domestic flights the only airports. The Chu Lai airport in southern Quang Nam has an international airport, but performs only domestic flights.

The port of Đà Nẵng and the port of Quy Nhstenn are the most important ports in the region. Another important port, Van Phong Port in Khánh Hòa, is currently under construction.

energy

Nam Trung Bộ has limited potential for hydropower plants and therefore does not play a decisive role for the electricity supply company Vietnam Electricity (EVN). Therefore, Vietnam tries to diversify from hydropower to electrical sources . Vietnam's first nuclear power plant is currently under construction in Ninh Thuận. A project for a second nuclear power plant is already being planned by Japanese partners and is also to be built in Ninh Thuận.

Demographics

The Nam Trung Bộ had about 8.93 million inhabitants. The three northern provinces of Quảng Nam, Quảng Ngãi and Bình Định have the largest population of this region and together they make up almost half of the population of this region (approx. 47.7%)

2.82 million inhabitants (31.6%) of the population live in cities and municipalities. More than half of the urban population is located in the cities of Đà Nẵng and the provinces of Khánh Hòa and Bình Thuận, while more than half of the rural population is located in the provinces of Quảng Nam, Bình Định and Quảng Ngãi.

The average annual population growth between 2000 and 2007 was 1.22%, with the fastest population growth in the city of Đà Nẵng with a value of 1.95%. With a population growth of 1%, the three northern provinces Quảng Nam, Quảng Ngãi and Bình Định are the slowest. The other provinces in this region have average growth rates between 1.26% (Khánh Hòa) and 1.59% (Ninh Thuận).

The population of this region is predominantly dominated by the Vietnamese (Kinh). On the other hand, there are also ethnic minorities, such as the Cham , the descendants of the Champa . They mostly live in the lowlands around Phan Rang – Tháp Chàm and the northern province of Bình Thuận, but also in smaller communities in southern Bình Định. Other minorities live mainly in the western mountainous part of the region.

Web links

Wikivoyage: Vietnam's southern central coast  travel guide

Individual evidence

1. ↑ General Statistics Office (Ed.): Statistical Yearbook of Vietnam 2011 . Statistical Publishing House, Hanoi 2011 (English).
2. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n} General Statistics Office: Socio-economical Statistical Data of 63 Provinces and Cities . Statistical Publishing House, Hanoi 2009.
3. ^ Keith Weller Taylor: The Birth of Vietnam . University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-07417-0 .
4. ↑ Andrew Hardy: Eaglewood and the Economic History of Champa and Central Vietnam . Hardy, Andrew et al., Singapore 2009.
5. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} Atlat Dia li Viet Nam . NXB Giao Duc, Hanoi 2010.
6. ↑ ^{a b c} Viet Nam Administrative Atlas . Cartographic Publishing House, Hanoi 2010.
7. ↑ Construction of Da Nang-Dung Quat high-speed road ( Memento from March 5, 2014 in the web archive archive.today )
8. ↑ Vietnam Road Atlas (Tập Bản đồ Giao thông Đường bộ Việt Nam) . Cartographic Publishing House, Vietnam 2004.
9. ↑ M Goonan: Vietnam stays the nuclear course. Asia Times, May 13, 2011, accessed October 30, 2016 . 
10. ^ Thuy Trieu: Gov't: Nuclear power project to move ahead. The Saigon Times, March 11, 2011, accessed October 30, 2016 . 

Coordinates: 15 ° 25 '  N , 108 ° 15'  E