Nemanjić

Family tree of the Nemanjids, Visoki Dečani Monastery , around 1335

The Nomocanon Savas from 1219 represents the first code of law and first constitution of the Serbian Middle Ages, a copy from Tivat, 1262

The dynasty of Nemanjić , even Nemanjić ( Serbian Немањићи Nemanjici ) called, was the most significant Serbian dynasty of the Middle Ages. Under their reign, Serbia not only achieved the rank of a sovereign kingdom, but also became the militarily, politically and culturally dominant power of the Western Balkans in the 14th century.

history

Founded by Stefan Nemanja , the dynasty ruled medieval Serbia from 1167 to 1371 . It produced two Großžupane , eight kings and two tsars . The most important rulers were Stefan Uroš I (1233–1276), Stefan Uroš II. Milutin (1282–1321) and Stefan Uroš IV. Dušan (1331–1355). Saint Sava of Serbia , who is still considered the national saint of Serbia today, also came from the dynasty . In the Nomocanon , Sava established the first constitution of the Serbian Empire.

Stefan Nemanja and his sons Sava of Serbia and Stefan Nemanjić (the first to be crowned) laid the foundation stone for the state structure of Church Slavonic cultural and political orientation and ensured him church and state independence through a clever rocking policy between Byzantium and Rome.

The Kingdom (1217-1346)

Stefan Nemanjić received in 1217 from Pope Honorius III. the royal insignia. There were repeated throne disputes and deposition of kings among his successors. After his brother was deposed, Milutin came to the throne in 1282 , whose marriage, contrary to church law, to the five-year-old daughter Simonida Palaiologina of the Byzantine emperor Andronikos II. Was approved by him in 1299 in order to consolidate the union with Serbia. Thereupon Milutin not only took over the Byzantine court ceremony, but also reinforced the Graecization of all state institutions. He built more churches and monasteries than all the Nemanjids before him put together. His buildings with the monastery churches Staro Nagoričane , Banjska and Gračanica at the top are today among the most important testimonies of Serbian medieval architecture; their fresco decorations are highlights of fresco painting. He built, renewed and enlarged u. a. also the Treskovac Monastery near Prilep , the Bishop's Church ( Bogorodica Ljeviška ) in Prizren , the Church of Our Lady (Trojeručica) in Skopje , the Church of St. George in Serava and the so-called King's Church in Studenica . On Mount Athos , Milutin had the Katholikon rebuilt in Hilandar Monastery and expanded the fortifications. He also endowed churches and monasteries in Thessaloniki , Jerusalem , Sinai and Bari with donations and foundations.

The high point of the Nemanjiden power was the Serbian Empire , founded by Tsar Dušan , which gave the Serbian crown a dominant position in south-eastern Europe . The Dušan's code of law of 1349/54 (first publication on the Diet in Skopje, second version in Serres ) combined traditional Serbian customary law with codified Byzantine law in order to link the Serbian and Greek population groups under constitutional law. It gave tsarism a permanent legal basis.

The Tsarist Empire (1346–1371)

After Dušan had conquered large parts of the Byzantine Empire, he was proclaimed "Emperor of Serbs and Greeks" on the Serbian Imperial Council in 1345. With that he laid claim to the empire and the establishment of a Serbian-Greek empire instead of the old Byzantine one. At the same time he established the Patriarchate of Peć . On Easter Sunday, April 16, 1346, the Serbian Patriarch in Skopje performed the solemn imperial coronation on him. The coronation act, which the Emperor in Constantinople refused to approve, was attended by the Patriarch of Trnovo , the autocephalous Archbishop of Ohrid and the representatives of the Athos monasteries. At the height of its validity, the power of Tsar Stefan Dušan extended from the Danube to the Gulf of Corinth and from the Adriatic to the Aegean coast. It was, however, a half-Greek empire, which consisted for the most part of Greek and half-Greek countries and found its focus here.

As the bearers of Serbian culture, the Nemanjids are of paramount historical importance. Numerous magnificent mausoleums in the Byzantine and Byzantine-Romanesque style led to the development of a separate church architecture ( Serbian-Byzantine style ). The Romanesque and Gothic influences, as shown in the Venetian architecture of the Dečani Monastery , clearly differ from the Byzantine models, from which essentially only the dome was adopted ( Raška school ). With the stronger orientation towards the east, the palaeological renaissance under Stefan Uroš II. Milutin experienced its climax in the monastery church Gračanica .

The dynasties of Lazarević and Branković, under which the Morava school , which marks the end of medieval Serbian art, flourished in the succession of the Nemanjids .

List of the Nemanjid rulers of Serbia (1166-1371)

No.	Ruler	Reign	title	Remarks
1	Stefan Nemanja	1166-1196	Großžupan	Founder of the dynasty
2	Stefan Nemanjić	1196-1228	Großžupan, king (from 1217)	First Serbian King
3	Stefan Radoslav	1228-1233	king	Son of Stefan Nemanjić
4th	Stefan Vladislav	1233-1243	king	Son of Stefan Radoslav
5	Stefan Uroš I.	1233-1276	king	Youngest son of Stefan Nemanjić
6th	Stefan Dragutin	1276-1282	king	Eldest son of Stefan Uroš I.
7th	Stefan Uroš II Milutin	1282-1321	king	Youngest son of Stefan Uroš I.
8th	Stefan Uroš III. Dečanski	1321-1331	king	Son of Stefan Milutin
9	Stefan Uroš IV. Dušan	1331-1355	King, Tsar (from 1346)	Son of Stefan Uroš III.
10	Stefan Uroš V.	1355-1371	Tsar	Son of Stefan Dušan

Family relationships

Stefan Nemanja to Stefan Lazarević

Stefan Nemanja (around 1113–1200), Großžupan of Serbia ⚭ Anna († 1200)
1. Vukan (? –After 1208), King of Dioclitia
  1. Đorđe
  2. Stefan
  3. Dimitrije, as the monk David
    1. Vratislav
      1. Vratko
        
        Nikola († 1379?)
        
        Milica (around 1335–1405) ⚭ 1353 Lazar Hrebeljanović , Prince of Serbia († 1389)
        
        Mara ⚭ 1371 Vuk Branković , Serbian prince († 1397)
        
        Dragana ⚭ Ivan Schischman , Emperor of the Bulgarians († 1395)
        
        Theodora ⚭ Nikolaus II. Garay from a Hungarian noble family († 1433)
        
        Jelena ⚭ 1) 1386 Đurađ II. Balšić , prince of Zeta († 1403), 2) 1411 Sandalj Hranić , prince of Zachlumien († 1435)
        
        Olivera ⚭ 1390 Bayezid I , Ottoman Sultan († 1403)
        
        Stefan Lazarević (1377–1427), Despot of Serbia ⚭ 1405 Helena, daughter of Francesco II. Gattilusio , Prince of Lesbos
        
        Vuk († 1410)
        
        Dobrivoje
  4. Vladin
  5. Rastko
2. Stefan (? –1227), King of Serbia ⚭ 1) Eudokia, daughter of Alexios III. , Emperor of Byzantium 2) Anna Dandolo , granddaughter of the Venetian doge Enrico Dandolo
  1. Stefan Radoslav (1192 – after 1235), King of Serbia ⚭ Anna, daughter of Theodoros I Komnenos Dukas , despot of Epirus
  2. Komnina ⚭ 1) Dmitar Progoni , Serbian prince († 1216?), 2) Grigor Kamona , Albanian prince († 1253?)
  3. Stefan Vladislav (? –After 1264), King of Serbia ⚭ Beloslava, daughter of Ivan Assen II , Emperor of the Bulgarians
    1. Stefan
    2. Desa
    3. one daughter, name not passed down ⚭ Đura Kačić
  4. Predislav, as Archbishop Sava II of Serbia (around 1200–1271)
  5. Stefan Uroš I (? –1277), King of Serbia ⚭ Helene of Anjou († 1314)
    1. Stefan Dragutin (? –1316), King of Serbia ⚭ Katalina, daughter of Stefan V , King of Hungary
      1. Jelisaveta (1270–1331) ⚭ 1284 Stefan I. Kotromanić , Ban of Bosnia († 1314)
        Stefan II. Kotromanić , Ban of Bosnia ⚭ 1) 1314 a daughter of Meinhard II. ?, 2) around 1329 the daughter of a Bulgarian emperor, 3) 1335 Elisabeth, daughter of Casimir III. , Duke of Kuyavia
        Tvrtko I (1338–1391), King of Bosnia ⚭ 1374 Doroslava, daughter of Ivan Strazimir , Emperor of the Bulgarians
      2. Stefan Vladislav II. (1280 – after 1326), King of Syrmia ⚭ Constanza Morosini, sister of Andreas III. , King of Hungary
      3. Urošic, as a monk Stefan
    2. Stefan Uroš II. Milutin (1253–1321), King of Serbia ⚭ 1) Jelena, a Serbian noblewoman, 2) 1282 Helena Dukaina, daughter of Johannes I Dukas Komnenos , Sebastokrator of Thessaly , 3) Erzsébet, daughter of Stefan V. , King of Hungary, 4) Anna from the Bulgarian ruling family of the Terter , 5) 1299 Simonida , daughter of Andronikos II , Emperor of Byzantium
      1. Stefan Uroš III. Dečanski (around 1285–1331), King of Serbia ⚭ 1) Theodora, daughter of Smilez , Emperor of the Bulgarians, 2) 1324 Maria Palaiologina from the Byzantine ruling family of palaeologists
        
        Stefan Uroš IV. Dušan (around 1308–1355), emperor of the Serbs and Greeks ⚭ 1332 Jelena, sister of Ivan Alexander , emperor of the Bulgarians
        Stefan Uroš V. (1337–1371), Emperor of the Serbs and Greeks ⚭ Anna, as a nun Jelena, daughter of Nicolae Alexandru , Prince of Wallachia ,
        
        Dušica († 1318)
        
        Jelena ⚭ Mladen III. Šubić Bribirski , Croatian - Dalmatian prince († 1348)
        
        Simeon Uroš Palaiologos (around 1326–1371), Emperor of Thessaly ⚭ Thomais, daughter of John II Orsini , despot of Epirus
        Jovan Uroš (? –1422/23), Emperor of Thessaly, as a monk Josaphat
        
        Theodora (1330-after 1380) ⚭ Dejan , governor of Macedonia
      2. Anna Neda (? - around 1346) ⚭ 1292 Michael III. , Emperor of the Bulgarians († 1330)
      3. Zorica
      4. Jelena, beatified as Jelena Dečanska by the Orthodox Church
      5. Constantine († 1323)
    3. Brnča
    4. Stefan
3. Sava of Serbia (1175–1236), first Orthodox Archbishop of Serbia
4. Eufemia ⚭ Manuel Komnenos Dukas Angelos , Emperor of Thessalonike († 1241)
5. a daughter, name has not been passed down ⚭ unknown member of the Bulgarian ruling family Assen

literature

Stanislaus Hafner (Ed.): Stefan Nemanja after the Viten des St. Sava and Stefans the First Crowned. (= Serbian Middle Ages - Old Serbian rulers' biographies I; = Slavic historians. 2). Styria, Graz 1962, DNB 458934194 .
Stanislaus Hafner (ed.): Danilo II. And his pupil: The royal biographies. (= Serbian Middle Ages - Old Serbian rulers' biographies II; = Slavic historians. 9). Styria, Graz 1976, ISBN 3-222-10553-7 .

General representation

Robert Weege: The Nemanjiden. Beginning, size and end of a state . Velhagen & Klasing 1939 (2 vol.)
Georg Ostrogorsky 1952: History of the Byzantine State .

Individual studies

Eva Haustein: The Nemanjiden family tree. Studies on medieval Serbian rulers' iconography . Dissertation . University of Bonn, 1984.

Individual evidence

^ Stanislaus Hafner: Stefan Nemanja after the Viten des hl. : Sava and Stefans the First Crowned. 1962.
^ Stanislaus Hafner: Stefan Nemanja after the Viten des hl. : Sava and Stefans the First Crowned. 1962, pp. 35-36.
^ Stanislaus Hafner: Danilo II. And his pupil: The royal biographies. 1976, p. 13.
^ Stanislaus Hafner: Danilo II. And his pupil: The royal biographies. 1976, p. 20.
^ Stanislaus Hafner: Danilo II. And his pupil: The royal biographies. 1976, p. 20.
^ Stanislaus Hafner: Danilo II. And his pupil: The royal biographies. 1976, p. 24.
^ Stanislaus Hafner: Danilo II. And his pupil: The royal biographies. 1976, pp. 24-25.

[1] Stanislaus Hafner: Stefan Nemanja after the Viten des hl. : Sava and Stefans the First Crowned. 1962.

[2] Stanislaus Hafner: Stefan Nemanja after the Viten des hl. : Sava and Stefans the First Crowned. 1962, pp. 35-36.

[3] Stanislaus Hafner: Danilo II. And his pupil: The royal biographies. 1976, p. 13.

[4] Stanislaus Hafner: Danilo II. And his pupil: The royal biographies. 1976, p. 20.

[5] Stanislaus Hafner: Danilo II. And his pupil: The royal biographies. 1976, p. 20.

[6] Stanislaus Hafner: Danilo II. And his pupil: The royal biographies. 1976, p. 24.

[7] Stanislaus Hafner: Danilo II. And his pupil: The royal biographies. 1976, pp. 24-25.