Court gardener
The court gardeners were a separate professional group at the princely courts and with the imperial nobility . Ideally, their skills combined those of the gardener and today's landscape architect .
Job description and history
The term, which originated in the 18th century, denotes the head of a garden area that was owned by the emperor or a nobleman who was immediately part of the empire (from the imperial count upwards). The court gardeners set themselves apart from other gardeners like a guild . Often the son was able to take over the position of the father, so court gardener dynasties such as those of the Sello and Lenné families were formed .
The training of court gardeners included, among other things, educational trips to the gardens at home and abroad that were regarded as particularly topical or important at the time. Until the horticultural schools were established in the 19th century, such educational trips were essential for a good training of court gardeners. Her tasks included laying out and maintaining the gardens, especially the production of fruit and vegetables for the farm. Often they also took on the design of new systems or redesigns.
Court gardening has been particularly well researched in Prussia . Prussia's rulers liked to bring the best gardeners and creative minds of garden and landscape designers from everywhere, and a multi-level administration developed. Friedrich Wilhelm II. Founded a garden inspection in Potsdam in 1787 - corresponding to the Oberhofbauamt in Berlin. An Oberhofbaurat created plans for the respective garden areas and the associated budget , which had to be approved by the king. In 1798 Friedrich Wilhelm III. the garden inspection to a garden management and subordinated it to the court marshal in Berlin. The respective court marshal was now responsible for the management of the gardens as gardening manager. The garden director was subordinate to him as the superior of the court gardeners and their territories (e.g. in Potsdam, Berlin, Rheinsberg , Kassel - Wilhelmshöhe and Königsberg ).
As a rule, the leading court gardeners also lived directly in the supervised gardens in their own court gardener's house, built by the court architect and furnished to a high standard. Some contained guest apartments, others developed into a social meeting place. Court gardeners usually had service personnel available, and sometimes a carriage for their travels. In some cases they also had direct access to the king or prince for special concerns. This shows the prominent position of these leading gardeners (and not least the position of garden art as a whole). However, the court gardeners also had to be on hand at all times in order to fulfill the employer's wishes immediately.
Court gardeners are not to be confused with garden directors, head gardeners, horticulturists, horticulturists and gardeners who did the practical work under their supervision.
With the end of the monarchy, the castles passed into state ownership, and the successor authority to the Court Marshal's Office became the Crown Estate Administration in 1920, which in 1927 became the administration of the State Palaces and Gardens. The heads of the garden districts were now called garden inspectors or garden chief inspectors.
Important court gardener dynasties
Prussia
Saxony
Others
- Franz Boos (Belvedere / Schönbrunn, Vienna) and others
- Effner (Bavaria)
- Köllner (Saarbrücken)
- Mollet (Paris, including Claude Mollet and André Mollet )
- Petri (Pfalz-Zweibrücken)
- Schnittspahn (Darmstadt, Dieburg)
- Schoch (Dessau-Wörlitz, including Johann Gottlieb Schoch )
- Sckell (Palatinate-Bavaria, Hesse, Thuringia)
- Johann Christoph Wendland (1755–1828), his son Heinrich Ludolph Wendland (1791–1869) and the grandson Hermann Wendland (1825–1903) - all in Herrenhausen
- Josef Clemens Weyhe (1749–1813), uncle of Peter Joseph Lenné , his son Maximilian Friedrich Weyhe (1775–1846) and his son Joseph Clemens Weyhe (1807–1871), both (Düsseldorf and others)
Individual important court gardeners
- Christian Bode , Aschaffenburg
- Christian Ludwig Bosse and Julius Friedrich Wilhelm Bosse , Oldenburg
- Franz Anton Danreiter (1695–1760), Salzburg
- Mattias Diesel (1675–1752), Bavaria, Salzburg
- Heinrich Christian Eckstein (1719–1796), 1765–1795 court gardener at the New Palais in Sanssouci
- Jakob Friedrich Ehrhart (1742–1795), in Herrenhausen
- Carl von Effner (1831–1884), Oberhofgärtner Bayern, including Linderhof Palace and Herrenchiemsee Palace
- Johann Friedrich Eyserbeck (1734-1818), HG in Anhalt-Dessau
- Johann August Eyserbeck (1762–1801), 1788–1801 court gardener in Charlottenburg
- Martin Göttler , Dresden
- Martin Ludwig Heydert (1656–1728), 1686–1713 court gardener and planner at the Glienicke hunting lodge
- Joachim Ludwig Heydert (1716–1794), 1759–1794 court gardener in the pleasure garden in Potsdam
- Hermann Jäger (1815–1890), Eisenach and Wilhelmsthal
- Friedrich Ferdinand Gustav Jancke (1841–1888), 1870–1888 court gardener in Monbijou and Brühl
- Hans Oskar Jancke (1850–1920), 1884–1916 court gardener in Bellevue
- Christoph Ferdinand Kindermann (1805–1865), 1837–1865 court gardener in Babelsberg Park
- Otto Ferdinand Kindermann (1843–1918), 1865–1868 court gardener i. V. and then from 1868 to 1898 court gardener in Babelsberg Park
- Max Kolb (1829–1915), Bavaria
- Johann Jacob Krutisch (1749–1817), 1773–1817 court gardener in the Sanssouci Melonerie
- Friedrich Dietrich Jacob Krutisch (1778–1833), 1817–1833 court gardener in the Sanssouci Melonerie
- André Le Notre , Versailles
- Johann Prokop Mayer , Würzburg
- Ludwig Mayer (1804–1876, called Louis), 1835–1876 court gardener in Monbijou
- Otto Meermann (1863–1957), 1898–1918 court gardener in the Sanssouci Melonerie
- Gustav Meyer (1816–1877), Prussia
- Eduard Petzold , Weimar and Ettersberg
- Georg Wilhelm August Potente (1876–1945), 1909–1911 court gardener in Charlottenburg and Monbijou, 1911–1920 New Palace and Charlottenhof , 1927–1938 garden director
- Jacob Heinrich Rehder , Muskau, Eutin
- Hermann Rudolph Reinecken (1846–1928), Greiz
- Adolf Reuter (1825–1901), 1868–1901 court gardener in Charlottenhof and on Pfaueninsel
- Friedrich Leo von Rottenberger (1872–1938) Austrian court gardener
- Johann Royer (1574–1655), court gardener of the Princely Brunswick
- Joachim Arndt Saltzmann (1691–1771), 1729–1771 court gardener in the pleasure garden in Charlottenburg
- Friedrich Zacharias Saltzmann (1731–1801), 1767–1801 court gardener of the Sanssouci terraces
- Johann Zacharias Saltzmann (1777–1810), 1801–1810 court gardener of the Sanssouci terraces
- Heinrich Wilhelm Schott
- Carl August Sckell (1793–1840), director of the Hofgarten, Bavaria
- (Clarus) Friedrich Ludwig von Sckell (1750–1823), Director of the Hofgarten, Bavaria
- Mattias Sckell (1760–1816), Palatinate and Bavaria
- Georg Steiner (1774–1834), 1801–1834 court gardener in Charlottenburg
- Johann Georg Steiner (1739–1807), 1769–1786 court gardener of the banana forcing (pisang forcing) in Sanssouci, 1794–1807 HG in the pleasure garden of the Potsdam City Palace . Later, as the successor to Johann August Eyserbeck, head of the royal garden administration in Charlottenburg .
Bust of Gustav Meyer in Treptower Park
Johann Royer (1574–1655), court gardener to the royal Brunswick
Court gardeners' houses
In the 19th century, Karl Friedrich Schinkel and Ludwig Persius in particular designed court gardeners' houses based on the model of northern Italian tenants as groups of buildings with towers and extensions, the balanced arrangement of which offered a picturesque sight.
- Handmannsche Meierei am Kuhtor: Hofgärtnerhaus in Sanssouci .
- Villa Sello: below the Great Orangery, built by Persius in 1841 for his brother-in-law Hermann Sello , implemented in 1912.
- Roman baths : court gardener's apartment and assistant house near Charlottenhof Palace .
- Villa Illaire: 18th century home of court gardener Voss, rebuilt around 1845 for the cabinet councilor Illaire according to plans by Persius .
- Hofgärtnerhaus in Babelsberg Park : built by Johann Heinrich Strack as a cottage-style country house for Christoph Ferdinand Kindermann (in the last year of his tenure).
At the eastern end of the gardens on the famous Brühl Terrace in Dresden, a court gardener's house with an orangery wing was built before 1761 . It burned out in 1945, after the war it was rebuilt as an evangelical-reformed parish hall according to a design by Heinrich Rettig , reconstructed in 1999 and a café set up there.
The oldest gardener's house in Thuringia is located in the Arnstadt Castle Garden.
The Hofgärtnerhaus Düsseldorf was built according to plans by Nicolas de Pigage .
literature
- Gerd Alpermann u. a .: The Fintelmann family of court gardeners in Potsdam and Berlin . In: Central German family studies . Volume X, Volume 33, 1992, Issue 2, p. 250
- Sonja Dümpelmann (Red.), Foundation Prussian Palaces and Gardens Berlin-Brandenburg (Ed.): Prussian Green: Court Gardeners in Brandenburg-Prussia. Accompanying volume for the exhibition “Prussian Green. From the royal court gardener to the garden monument conservator “Schloß Glienicke, Berlin, from July 18 to October 17, 2004 . Henschel, Leipzig 2004, ISBN 3-89487-489-9
- included contributions:
- P. 32–40: Rainer Herzog: Court gardener in Bavaria. A contribution to the professional history of gardeners in Germany
- P. 41–105: Clemens Alexander Wimmer : On the history of the administration of the royal gardens in Prussia
- P. 106–119: Jörg Wacker: The difficult way to the museum gardens . The organization of the former royal court garden administration and the state garden administration from 1918 to 1945
- P. 120–134: Clemens Alexander Wimmer: Between court crafts and guilds. On the social position of court gardeners
- P. 135–163: Clemens Alexander Wimmer: The training of court gardeners
- Pp. 164–173: Clemens Alexander Wimmer and Michael Seiler: How court gardeners traveled
- P. 174–186: Clemens Alexander Wimmer: The activities of court gardeners
- P. 302–339: Clemens Alexander Wimmer: Directory of court gardeners and senior officials of the Prussian garden administration until 1945
- E. Fintelmann: The Prussian court gardener family Fintelmann . In: Genealogy . Volume XXIV, 47./48. Volume, 1998/99, p. 628
- Jutta Fulsche (edit.), Thuringian Main State Archives Weimar (Ed.): Sckell Family Estate , (Repertories of the Thuringian Main State Archives Weimar, Volume 3), Thuringian Main State Archives, Weimar 1996, ISBN 3-930969-02-5
- Harri Günther: On the history of the gardener family Schoch . Dessau Culture Mirror, No. 5, Dessau, 1958
- Mustafa Haikal : The camellia forest. The story of a German nursery . Gustav Kiepenheuer Verlag, 2000, ISBN 3-378-01043-6 [about the Saxon court gardener and commercial gardener family Seidel]
- Rainer Herzog: The gardener in the historic garden. Comments on practice-related specialist training, in: Historical Gardens. A location assessment, reports on research and practice in the preservation of historical monuments in Germany, issue 11, Berlin (Landesdenkmalamt Berlin and Schelzky & Jeep) 2003, (pp. 22–32).
- Rainer Herzog: "... make wise and skilled people". For the qualification of gardeners and gardening masters in the maintenance of garden monuments, in: garden art and garden monuments. On the current situation of garden monument preservation in the state of Brandenburg, monument preservation in Berlin and Brandenburg, workbooks 2/2004, Brandenburg State Office for Monument Preservation (ed.), Petersberg (Michael Imhof Verlag) 2004, (pp. 66–73).
- Peter Lack: The gardener and artist family Sckell . In: The garden art . Volume 14, 2002, issue 2, p. 195
- Iris Lauterbach (ed.): Friedrich Ludwig von Sckell (1750–1823). Garden artist and city planner . Wernersche Verlagsanstalt, Worms 2002, ISBN 3-88462-190-4 (based on the lectures at a symposium on September 13, 2000 at the Central Institute for Art History in Munich; also contains the articles by Lack and Woudstra contained in "Die Gartenkunst")
- Karl Lohmeyer: Southwest German gardens of the baroque and romanticism with their domestic and foreign models based on the working material of the Saarland and Palatinate court gardener family of Koellner , (Saarbrücker Abhandlungen zur Südwestdeutschen Kunst und Kultur, Volume 1), Saarbrücken, 1937 [contains family trees of the court gardeners Families Koellner, Petri and Sckell]
- Gisela Langfeldt: Plantör on Ihro Majestaet the Queen Lust Schönhausen Castle. The court gardener family Nietner . In: Herold, quarterly . Volume 16, Issue 4, IV quarter, 2001, pp. 77-89
- Heike Palm and Hubert Rettich: The orangery gardener Georg Ernst Tatter and his sons. The working and living environment of a Hanoverian court gardener family of the 18th century . In: Arbeitskreis Orangerie in Deutschland (Ed.): "From the orangery ..." and other garden stories. Festschrift for Heinrich Hamann . Potsdam 2002, pp. 140-175
- Wolf Dietrich Penning: The Cologne court gardener dynasties Lenné and Weyhe. Documents and materials on their history (1665–1866) . In: Bonner Geschichtsblätter . Volume 53/54, 2004, pp. 153-202
- Clemens Alexander Wimmer (texts), General Directorate of the Prussian Palaces and Gardens Foundation Berlin-Brandenburg (ed.): The Prussian Court Gardeners . General Directorate of the Prussian Palaces and Gardens Foundation Berlin-Brandenburg, Berlin 1996, pp. 44–52
- Jan Woudstra: The Sckell Family in England (1770-1830) . In: The garden art . Volume 14, 2002, issue 2, p. 211
- Inge Zacher: Your most devoted servant: The Benrath court gardeners in the 18th and 19th centuries. A contribution to the start of construction on the new Benrath Palace 250 years ago . In: Düsseldorfer Jahrbuch . Volume 75, 2005, pp. 187-220
- Court gardeners and scholars. A contribution to the history of the Coburg hemp . In: Archives for kin research . Volume 41/42, 1975/76, pp. 377–384
Web links
- Hofgärtnermuseum Glienicke in Berlin
- Prussia's court gardener , press report on the opening of the court gardening museum in Glienicke Palace on April 22, 2006
- Information about the Prussian dynasties of court gardeners ( memento from September 13, 2005 in the web archive archive.today )
- Court gardener family Nietner ( Memento from May 17, 2005 in the web archive archive.today )
- The court gardeners in Eutin
- The Hofgärtnerhaus in Düsseldorf
- Court gardener exhibition in Potsdam, 2004
- Entries on court gardeners in the ADB / NDB