Rauher Kulm (Upper Palatinate)

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Rough Kulm
The Rauhe Kulm from the northwest

The Rauhe Kulm from the northwest

height 681  m above sea level NHN
location Upper Palatinate , Bavaria
Coordinates 49 ° 49 '44 "  N , 11 ° 50' 58"  E Coordinates: 49 ° 49 '44 "  N , 11 ° 50' 58"  E
Map of Rauher Kulm
Type Kegelberg
rock basalt
particularities Observation tower

The Rauhe Kulm is 681  m above sea level. NHN high prominent mountain near Neustadt am Kulm in the Upper Palatinate , 23 kilometers southeast of Bayreuth and 5 kilometers south of Kemnath .

geology

The Rauhe Kulm is a volcano that never erupted. Deep cracks in the earth's crust, which arose in connection with the unfolding of the Alps , enabled its formation. The dark magma does not come from the earth's crust, but from the upper zone of the earth's mantle from a depth of around 50 kilometers. On the way up, the magma froze before reaching the surface of the earth. After the surrounding rock layers, consisting mainly of Keuper , had eroded , the exposed basalt columns broke into a field of rubble around the summit. The Rauhe Kulm is around 21 million years old. Its current shape resembles that of a stratovolcano . The mountain is 682 m high and offers an impressive panoramic view of the Fichtelgebirge , the Franconian Alb and the northern Upper Palatinate from its 25 meter high observation tower .

The mountain is one of the most imposing basalt mountains in Bavaria. It has geological , nature conservation, historical and tourist significance. At the western foot of the Rauhen Kulm is the small town of Neustadt am Kulm , on the edge of which the rock formation Kleiner Kulm rises up to 563  m above sea level. NHN raises. From the summit it is about the same distance to 511  m above sea level. NHN high Kühhübel in the east. The Rauhe Kulm has been protected as a natural monument since 1949 and is part of the Northern Upper Palatinate Forest Nature Park .

Geotope

The basalt dome has been designated as a particularly valuable geotope (geotope number: 374R001) and natural monument by the Bavarian State Office for the Environment .

Flora and fauna

The basalt block heap and the historic rock cellars around the mountain offer a habitat for rare animal and plant species. This is due to the following peculiarities: If the ambient temperature in summer is significantly higher than that inside the pile, cold air escapes at the bottom of the pile. Conversely, warm air escapes at the top of the pile in winter when the ambient temperature is below that inside the pile. These special microclimatic conditions offer rare living beings on the Rauhen Kulm habitats. The rare plant species that occur include the potted fern , the Alpine Widertonmoos , the scarlet lichen and the Nordic striped fern . Animal species that live on the Rauhen Kulm but are rarely found and are therefore under nature protection include endangered bat groups such as the brown long-eared bat and the fringed bat, but also the wolf spider ( Acantholycosa norvegica sudetica ) and the Alpine shrew .

Settlement history

The Rauhe Kulm is also significant in historical terms. It is the natural center of the Flednitz , the Slavic or Naabwendian settlement chamber. Just below the basalt field, the cone is surrounded by a ring wall ( Rauher Kulm ramparts ). Only remnants of this are preserved after major parts of the wall were destroyed by basalt mining in the late 19th century. Archaeological excavations between 2004 and 2007 showed that the wall was originally built as a wall. The mountain was already there during the Celtic times around 500 BC. Populated long before the arrival of the Slavs. A post slot wall could belong to this time. Even in the early Middle Ages, when Slavs inhabited the region around the mountain, the height was fortified. The sequence of the ramparts and walls is difficult to determine today, as a huge castle complex was built from the 8th century, which also included stones from earlier ramparts. During the Hungarian invasions in the 10th century, the ramparts were apparently reinforced. A particularly striking find is a small mission cross from the early Middle Ages (8th to 10th centuries) that could be attached to a string with an eyelet.

Later a hilltop castle ( Burgstall Rauhenkulm ) stood on the mountain , which was built in 1281 by Burgrave Friedrich III. of Nuremberg including the associated places from the Landgraves of Leuchtenberg . In the so-called Second Margrave War , it was destroyed after a long siege by troops from the imperial city of Nuremberg, as was the castle on the neighboring Kleiner Kulm ( Schlechtenkulm castle stables ). The

Observation towers

Aerial view of the observation tower
Resting place below the basalt field
trail

In the course of history, various observation towers have stood on the summit of the Rauhen Kulm . Nicolaus Apel built a wooden observation tower as early as 1807 . In it was a movable gilded sun above a hall, which is why the tower was also called the sun temple. Apple's tower existed until 1895 when the dilapidated structure was replaced by a new tower. This second tower was replaced in 1937 by a third, 6 meters higher, tower. Due to the weather, this platform had to be replaced by a new one in 1962; henceforth a 25 meter high steel construction with larch wood cladding was enthroned over the town of Neustadt am Kulm.

On June 30, 1984, this fourth tower burned down within half an hour after being set on fire ; the perpetrator has not yet been identified. In the following years a fifth tower was built, which is still standing today. This has 110 steps and a weight of 85 tons. Its inauguration took place on July 1st, 1988 under Mayor Karl Pühl, who had strongly pushed for the reconstruction. The construction costs amounted to around 850,000 German marks. The arsonist could not be identified in 2004.

The tower offers views of mountains and ridges in turn: to the north to the Fichtelgebirge with Ochsenkopf (23 km), Schneeberg (Fichtelgebirge) (25 km) and Kosseine (20 km), to the northeast to the heights of the Steinwald , to the east up to heights the Upper Palatinate Forest with Dyleň (49 km) and Fahrenberg (41 km), to the southeast to Parkstein (19 km) and the Naab Mountains with the Buchberg (37 km), in the southwest and west to the heights of the Franconian Alb with Ossinger (30 km ), Preunersfelder Rangen (30 km) and Hohenmirsberger Platte (30 km) and in the northwest to Bleßberg (91 km) in the Thuringian Slate Mountains . Visible localities in the area are Kemnath in the northeast, Kastl in the east, Filchendorf in the southeast, Eschenbach in the south and Neustadt am Kulm with Mockersdorf in the west.

Seal for Rough Kulm (selection)

To the Rauhen Kulm (To Fraulein Charlotte v. A.)

Old volcano! that you leave the flaming workshop,
Where you have been doing your terrible work for millennia,
See - my heart thanks you here in the peaceful valley,
Which now inhabits Grace. But you were still forging;
If Zithera had not once irresistible to you, asked
You to the graces siz to consecrate these fields.

by Justus Friedrich Zehelein : in Mixed Poems (1787)

Where on the gray heights

Where on the gray heights
Green-sized ruins stand
Where the spirits of brave ancestors
Admonish from crumbling castles
Float down freedom swing
Whisper, rustle, rustle
Strengthening the healthy time,
That in heart and mind again
To a rejuvenated life of action
May the grandson rise!

by Johann Nicolaus Apel : in Der rauhe Kulm and its surroundings [...] (1811)

Well-known visitors to the Rauhen Kulm (selection)

Others

In memory of his origins in the northern Upper Palatinate, the historian, geographer, theologian and professor Georg Horn formulated in his work Orbis Politicus in 1667 about the Rauhen Kulm: “In the center of Germany he is, towering over all the mountains far and wide, a kind of wonder of the world "And continues with reference to the Kleiner Kulm and the Rauhen Kulm that they" only find their equals in Arabia, in Sinai and Horeb ".

The Rauhe Kulm was voted Germany's most beautiful natural wonder of 2013 in a survey by the Heinz Sielmann Foundation . There were 21 natural monuments to choose from from the national natural landscapes and other regions of Germany.

The “Haus am Kulm” visitor center at the foot of the Rauhen Kulm is to be completed in 2020 for 800,000 euros. It is being built by a Finnish specialist company using wood construction.

literature

  • E. Keck: Two new harmotome deposits from the Kemnath volcanic field in the Upper Palatinate. In: The opening. 61, 2010, pp. 261-269.
  • Alfred Rittmann : Volcanoes and their activity . Ferdinand Enke Verlag, Stuttgart 1981, ISBN 3-432-87793-5 .
  • Hans Vollet, Kathrin Heckel: The ruins drawings of the Plassenburg cartographer Johann Christoph Stierlein . 1987, OCLC 165521962 .

Movie

See also

Web links

Commons : Rauher Kulm  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Map services of the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation ( information )
  2. ↑ Location map 1: 10,000. In: BayernAtlas of the Bavarian State Government. Retrieved December 6, 2014 . (Note: Deviating height information from other sources is based on outdated or incorrect maps.)
  3. ↑ Hugo Strunz: The basalts of the Upper Palatinate and their minerals. In: The opening. Sonderband 26 (Oberpfalz), Heidelberg 1975, pp. 329–342, table of contents.
  4. ↑ Bavarian Environmental Atlas: Geotope Basaltkuppe Rauher Kulm. In: Bavarian State Office for the Environment , (PDF; 1.63 MB), accessed on June 14, 2020.
  5. ^ Website of the city of Neustadt am Kulm
  6. ^ Hans Losert: Excavations on Rauhen Kulm 2006/2007. Archaeological investigations on the Rauhen Kulm in the Flednitz , Part 2, 2007, accessed on June 14, 2020.
  7. ↑ a b c d e f Werner Walter: There have been five towers on the Rauhen Kulm since the beginning of the 19th century - today's tower ... For 200 years the best views. ( Memento from November 12, 2018 in the Internet Archive ). In: Onetz .com , August 24, 2013.
  8. ↑ Werner Walter: Arsonists are still not caught. ( Memento from November 12, 2018 in the Internet Archive ). In: onetz.de , June 30, 2004, original page .
  9. ↑ Justus Friedrich Zehelein: Mixed poems. Bayreuth 1787, ISBN 3-598-53253-9 , pp. 70-71.
  10. ^ Johann Nicolaus Apel: The rough Kulm and its surroundings together with a history and topography of Neustadt an den Kulmen in the Main district. Bayreuth 1811, digitized version of the BSB , click on read online .
  11. ↑ Georgius Hornius: Georgi Horni orbie politious, imperiorum, regnorum, principatuum rerumpublicarum. 1668.
  12. ↑ Natural wonder of the year 2013 ( Memento from January 10, 2014 in the Internet Archive ). In: Heinz Sielmann Foundation , 2013.
  13. ↑ Wolfgang Würth: "Haus am Kulm." Construction site with a view. In: onetz.de. January 17, 2018, accessed June 14, 2020 .