Heerse Abbey

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Tower of the collegiate church

The noble women's monastery Heerse or Neuenheerse was a women's monastery in the area of ​​today's city of Bad Driburg . It was founded in Neuenheerse around 868 and closed in 1810. The former collegiate church of St. Saturnina now serves as a parish church . It is also known as the "Eggedom".

history

founding

The establishment of the monastery at the Nethequelle goes back to the Bishop of Paderborn Luithard and his sister Walburga. Of this, who was also the first abbess, there is still a tombstone dating from the 11th century. In 868, Liutbert , Archbishop of Mainz, gave the approval for the foundation at a provincial synod in Worms . King Ludwig the German confirmed the foundation in 871 and placed it under royal protection. At the same time, he gave the monastery the right to freely choose the abbess , subject to the confirmation of the episcopate. The appointment of the bailiff remained royal right.

A first collegiate church was probably consecrated around 887 by Bishop Biso to the Mother of God Maria and Saint Saturnina . Since then, the relics of the saints have been in Neuenheerse. Pope Stephan V confirmed the foundation on May 23, 891 in a document. This is the only papyrus papyrus document issued for what is now Germany .

Further development

Abbess Ottilia von Fürstenberg

Otto I granted the monastery free election as bailiff in 941. Under Henry III. the episcopal right to participate in the election of the abbess was also revoked. In the 12th century, the bailiwick was held by the noblemen of Eberschütz-Schönberg as a fiefdom of the monastery. After the noble lords died out, the bailiwick fell to the Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg in 1429 and to the Landgrave of Hesse in 1438 . The last loan was made in 1778.

Until 1495 the abbesses came from noble count families. It was not until 1589 that a lady from the rural nobility became an abbess. The monastery offices were reserved for the high nobility until around 1450 and then for the nobility until they were abolished. In 1352 there were 20 canonesses left. In 1526 their number was fixed at ten. In the end there were twelve canonesses . The monastery had two canon positions , the owners of which also served as pastors for the monastery villages. Further offices were the provost and dean .

The attempts of the Paderborn bishops to get the canons to adopt a monastery rule , such as that of the Benedictine nuns, failed. The ladies held onto the shape of a canoness pen. There was probably a common way of life until the 14th century. After that, the ladies lived in their own collegiate curia .

Until the 14th century, the monastery also played an important worldly role in the Brakel and Driburg area . The Lords of Brakel gave the monastery the city of Brakel as a fief and were enfeoffed with the city as bailiffs. The dominant position was lost when Brakel and Hinnenburg were ceded to the Princes of Paderborn . The monastery was jointly owned by Schwaney . When it was abolished, the monastery had extensive holdings. This included fiefdoms and farms . In the villages of Neuenheerse, Altenheerse and Kühlsen , which belonged to the monastery , the abbess held the court rights. The archdeaconate rights were also claimed.

The Reformation gained little influence. Important abbesses in the early modern period were Magareta von Columna (1534–1589) and Ottilia von Fürstenberg (1589–1621). The Thirty Years' War impoverished the pen. It was only able to recover from this at the beginning of the 18th century under the Abbess Agatha von Niehausen.

After the transfer of the Principality of Paderborn to Prussia, the monastery was converted in 1803 into a mixed denominational facility for the care of “needy young women”. At the time of the Kingdom of Westphalia , the pen was abolished.

Buildings

Abbess house, later moated Heerse castle

Of the buildings, the collegiate church with the Lambertus chapel, the abbey building and several curiae of the canonesses have been preserved. This includes the so-called Kalandshaus built in 1610 and inhabited by three beneficiaries since 1777. The building's hall was also used by the local Calendar Brotherhood until 1829 . The building, called the Alte Dechanei, used to be a curia building. It is an elaborate two-wing building directly opposite the church built in the 17th century and expanded in the 18th century. There is also the Curia of St. John Evangelist from 1768 and the Asseburg family praise. The first pastorate was built around 1780. The preserved buildings also include the gatehouse and carriage shed from the 17th century with alterations from the 18th century.

Ottilia von Fürstenberg had a new building erected as the abbess's seat, which is now also known as the " Heerse moated castle ". The building is surrounded on three sides by a moat . After it was built in the late 16th and early 17th centuries, it was rebuilt in the 18th century. In the 20th century, the originally plastered upper floor was renewed in half-timbered houses . The Tütel Cross is located on the gable on the east side .

Collegiate church

North side of the collegiate church
Aisle of the collegiate church

Building history

The first church building that can be proven archaeologically was a late Carolingian basilica. This is the only definitely verifiable Carolingian pillar basilica in Westphalia. A previous construction is possible due to the structural findings.

After the Hungarian invasions , a new building was apparently necessary. Bishop Unwan consecrated a church in the first decades of the 10th century. It was an Ottonian basilica , the dimensions of which largely corresponded to today's church. The north aisle wall and part of the crypt could come from this construction phase . A reduced westwork was built around 1030 .

Between 1107 and 1131 a columned basilica in the Romanesque style with a straight choir closure was added to the westwork instead of the Ottonian building. Large parts of this building are still preserved. The new church was significantly higher than the previous building. It is the only columnar basilica in Westphalia. It had a flat roof and the crypt that still exists today comes from around this time.

After a fire in 1165, parts of the church were rebuilt. The crossing , choir and probably also the transept received a vaulted ceiling . The westwork was also rebuilt and turned into a west tower. As a result, the aisles were also vaulted.

At the beginning of the 14th century, the church was partially converted into a hall church in the Gothic style . The north aisle was not included. Further structural changes were made in the Baroque style at the time of Abbess Agatha von Niehausen (1690-1713). Today's interior is also largely from the Baroque era. The organ dates from 1713. Minor structural changes followed at the end of the 18th century and in the 19th century. After a fire in 1797, a baroque tower dome was put on. The church was renovated several times in the 20th century.

Building description

The church is unplastered. The masonry, which is made of shell limestone and Egge limestone, is clearly visible. The square tower is undivided, unadorned and appears massive. There are no openings on the freestanding west side. On the other three sides, there were also sound windows from the Romanesque period on the upper floors, some of which are now walled up. The main tower is flanked by lower stair towers and has only a few viewing slots. The tower roofs are covered with slate.

The facades of the nave and transept have slender tracery windows, each with a blunt arch. The choir is rectangular. It connects to the transept about the width of the nave. In the east, the choir is closed off by a straight wall. It is unusual that the gable field is designed in half-timbered houses. The gable roofs of the nave, transept and choir have numerous skylights. These refer to the function of the attic as a granary. The openings were used for ventilation.

In the east, a low room was added to the choir. This component is known as the Lamberti Chapel. It was originally the burial chapel of the first abbess. Their bones were buried in the high altar in 1823. The chapel was initially used as a warehouse before serving as a mortuary from 1941.

A building from the 12th century inserted in the south-east between the choir and transept is used as a sacristy . There are extensions on both sides of the west tower. The building on the north side serves as a baptistery.

On the north aisle there is a porch, which is known as the morgue and serves as an entrance hall. The portal is baroque.

In the east there is a crypt from the 12th century. This is built as a three-aisled and six-bay hall. An old well was restored on the north wall. In the west there is a narrow vaulted cult burial chamber.

There is a square room under the south transept. This was the former chapter house of the monastery. Today it is used as a sacristy. To the east of it is the Marienkapelle. It was refurbished in the 16th century.

Inside the actual church, the various construction phases are still clearly visible. The north aisle, which was not rebuilt in the 14th century, has six cross- vaulted yokes and heavy cube capitals on Romanesque columns.

The middle and south aisles are three-bay and have a groin vault. In between there are massive octagonal pillars. High pointed arches rise above them. The choir has two bays. There is a triumphal arch between the two yokes. The choir receives light through two Romanesque-style windows.

Furnishing

Shrine of Saint Saturnina

Inside are today the grave slabs of the abbesses Haseke von Spiegelberg († 1165), Helene Korff called Schmising († 1648), Maria Theresia von Ketteler († 1707) and the pastor Dr. theol. Henricus Schwartzenthal († 1744). There is also a crucifix by Gertrud Gröninger from around 1700 as well as some stone figures that were previously attached to the outside. The church houses one of the oldest church treasures in Germany. In the former chapter house with its groin vault there is now a museum on the history of the monastery and parish. Some of the liturgical devices shown are still in use today. The high altar dates from around 1705. The side altars were made in 1701 and 1704 by Heinrich Papen's workshop from alabaster and marble. The altar of Mary in the north transept was made by Christoph Papen around 1730. In the crypt there is an altar with a crucifixion group from the middle of the 18th century. The carved choir stalls date from the 17th century. The pulpit dates from 1731. The hexagonal baptismal font was created in 1585.

organ

The organ of the collegiate church was built in 1713, probably by the organ builders Gebr. Reinecke . In 1882 the instrument was rebuilt by the organ building workshop Randebrock (Paderborn), whereby the entire organ work - with the exception of the prospect pipes - as well as the Rückpositiv were removed. From 1964 to 1966, the organ work was reconstructed based on the planning of 1713 by the organ builder Paul Ott (Göttingen), whereby the Rückpositiv was also restored. The instrument today has 31 stops on two manuals and a pedal . Only the old prospect pipes from the main factory are preserved in terms of historical pipe material.

Baroque organ front with veils
Disposition
I Rückpositiv C– 3
1. Dumped 8th'
2. Praestant 4 ′
3. recorder 4 ′
4th Fifth flute 3 ′
5. Coupling flute 2 ′
6th third 1 3 ⁄ 5  ′
7th Fifth 1 1 ⁄ 3  ′
8th. octave 1'
9. Scharff IV
10. Dulcian 16 ′
11. shawm 8th'
Tremulant
II main work C– 3
12. Quintad 16 ′
13. Principal 8th'
14th Hollflute 8th'
15th Octave 4 ′
16. Pointed flute 4 ′
17th Octave 2 ′
18th Sesquialtera III
19th Mixture V
20th Zimbel III
21st Trumpet 16 ′
22nd Trumpet 8th'
Pedal C– 1
23. Principal 16 ′
24. Sub-bass 16 ′
25th Octave 8th'
26th Dumped 8th'
27. Octave 4 ′
28. Night horn 2 ′
29 Peasant flute 1'
30th trombone 16 ′
31. Trumpet 8th'


Bells

No. Name / patron Nominal Dm. Weight Casting year Caster Hanging location
1 Sebastian it' 1315 mm 1,496 kg 1956 Petit & Edelbrock

Gescher

Bell chamber
2 Laurentius ges' 1080 mm 806 kg
3 Salve Regina as' 965 mm 548 kg
4th Saturnina b ' 840 mm 351 kg
5 Agatha of'' 705 mm 219 kg 1951
6th Angelus bell e '' 610 mm 140 kg 1946 Albert Junker Brilon Tower lantern

Use after secularization

The church became a parish church after secularization . The other buildings changed hands several times until they passed into the ownership of the Zitzewitz family for a long time . After the Second World War, the abbey building was quarters for soldiers of the occupation forces. It was then used as a retirement home before it passed into the possession of the Missionaries of the Precious Blood . In 1956 they founded a grammar school on the site of the former monastery . Part of the abbey building serves as the guest house. A private museum is located in the abbess building. Since 1989 the property belongs to the Consul General of Ghana , Manfred O. Schröder.

A grating in the monastery church from around 1400 was monument of the month in Westphalia-Lippe in March 2006 . The church is a patronage building of the state of North Rhine-Westphalia. The country's construction load obligations are one hundred percent.

Lore

The Neuenheerser Kopialbuch is an important source for the history of the monastery . The presentation book is also important. A fiefdom register does not come from 1303, as previously assumed, but from 1403. Until 1802, the archive consisted of an archive of the chapter and one of the abbess. The letters were already recorded in the 18th century. Most of the archive is now in the State Archive in Münster and small parts are in the Paderborn Antiquities Association or in the Neuenheerse parish archive.

List of Abbesses (incomplete)

  • Walburgis around 868
  • Waltrat (Walderad) around 1063
  • Beatrix Countess of Assel 1123–1160.
  • Rule indis 1163–1185
  • Hogardis around 1190
  • Gertrude around 1223
  • Beatrix 1237-1239
  • Wiltradis around 1250
  • Irmgard von Schwalenberg 1261-1305
  • Mathilde around 1310
  • Sophie von der Malsburg around 1313
  • Irmgard von der Malsburg around 1334
  • Elisabeth von Bentheim 1339–1372
  • Sophie of Oldenburg 1373-1383
  • Mechthilde von Rietberg 1384–1402
  • Mechtild von Waldeck (1400–1410), († November 20, 1442)
  • Hedwig von Spiegelberg around 1409
  • Irmgard von Solms around 1421
  • Anna von Plesse around 1430
  • Haseke von Spiegelberg 1456–1465
  • Gödeke von Pyrmont around 1465
  • Elisabeth von Dorstat around 1481
  • Agnes von Anhalt around 1490
  • Margarete von Hunolstein around 1498
  • Barbara von Weißenbach around 1500
  • Margaret of Colonna around 1554 († 1589)
  • Ottilia von Fürstenberg 1598–1621
  • Claudia Seraphia von Wolkenstein around 1672 († 1688)
  • Agatha von Niehausen 1690-1713
  • Johanna Katharina von Winkelhausen † 1738
  • Maria Magdalena Antonette Adolphine von der Asseburg around 1738
  • Maria Karolina von Dalwigk around 1777, probably until 1803

  • Margarete (left) and Magdalene von Columna

  • Claudia Seraphia from Wolkenstein and Rodenegg

  • Katharina von Winkelhausen

  • Maria Magdalene von der Asseburg

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Patronage buildings. Documentation of the architectural monuments in North Rhine-Westphalia. Düsseldorf, 1991 p. 68
  2. ↑ Irene Crusius : Studies on the Kanonissenstift . Göttingen 2001 p. 325
  3. ↑ Georg Dehio (abbreviation): Handbook of German Art Monuments. North Rhine-Westphalia II: Westphalia. Berlin, Munich, 2011 p. 63
  4. ↑ Heerse moated castle
  5. ↑ a b Landschaftsverband Westfalen-Lippe: Gardens at the Neuenheerse monastery in LWL-GeodatenKultur
  6. ^ Building history of the collegiate church
  7. ↑ Patronage buildings. Documentation of the architectural monuments in North Rhine-Westphalia. Düsseldorf, 1991 pp. 68-70
  8. ↑ morgue
  9. ↑ Chapter House
  10. ↑ a b Patronage buildings. Documentation of the architectural monuments in North Rhine-Westphalia. Düsseldorf, 1991 p. 70
  11. ↑ More information on the history of the organ in the collegiate church
  12. ↑ Pastoral Association Bad Driburg | Parishes | St. Saturnina, Neuenheerse | Parish Church of St. Saturnina | Tour | Bells. Accessed February 1, 2020 .
  13. ↑ Neuenheerser Kopialbuch (PDF; 360 kB)
  14. ↑ Presentation book
  15. ^ Wilfried Reininghaus: Loan register and loan books. In: Stefan Pätzold and Wilfried Reininghaus (Hrsg.): Source studies on Westphalian history before 1800. Münster, 2015 p. 34
  16. ^ Holdings in the Münster State Archives
  17. ↑ the series is not complete. Journal of Patriotic History and Antiquity. Historical-geographical register for volume 1-50 Münster, 1903 p. 42f.

swell

  • Bernhard Heising: Neuenheerser Kopialbuch (1730–1737) by Johannes Tütel and Nikolaus Zimmerman and his registers by Waldeyer / Lüke / Zimmerman. Bad Driburg 2009 Portal "Westphalian History"
  • Bernhard Heising: Present book of the noble women's monastery Heerse (868-1810). Bad Driburg 2010 Portal "Westphalian History"

literature

Web links

Commons : Stift Heerse  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Coordinates: 51 ° 40 ′ 34.3 "  N , 8 ° 59 ′ 57.2"  E