List of Latin Phrases / V

Vade

Vade ad formicam, o piger, et considera vias eius et disce sapientiam!: "Go to the ant, you slacker, and look at its ways and learn wisdom!" - Quotation from the Old Testament book of Proverbs , 6.

Vade mecum.: “Go with me!” - Vademecum is a name for a textbook, guide or guide.

Vademecum from 1874 with the explanation ("In German: Geh 'mit mir!")

Vade retro!: "Go back!", "Away!"

Vade retro, Satana!: “Back off, Satan!” Or “Back out, Lucifer!” - an imprecative formula of Roman Catholic exorcism; Biblical models are the temptation story of Jesus in the Gospel according to Matthew (4:10) with the command of Jesus “Vade, Satana!” ( “Away, Satan!” ), Whereupon the devil abandoned him, and the reprimand of Jesus against Peter in the Gospel Markus (8.33): "Vade retro me, Satana." ("Get away from me, Satan!")

Uae

Uae soli.: “Woe to the individual!” - quotation from the Old Testament book Ecclesiastes (4.9f), where it says about the “futility of life through oppression, jealousy and loneliness”: “Two are better off than one because they are a good reward for theirs Have trouble; for when they fall, one of them lifts his comrade up. But woe to the individual who falls without a second one to lift him up! "

Vae victis!: “Woe to the vanquished!” - This threat was made by the Celtic prince Brennus , who lived in 390 BC. According to Livy , Rome conquered Ab urbe condita, 5.48.8f, when, in addition to the agreed thousand pounds of gold, he also placed his sword on the scales with the counterweights.

Vanitas

Vanitas vanitatum, omnia vanitas: “Vanity of vanities, everything is vanity” - quote from the Old Testament book of Ecclesiastes , 1: 2.

Vapula

Vapula papyria: "Papyrical beatings" - this is what Erasmus of Rotterdam calls a futile punishment. The expression goes back to an anecdote reported by Aulus Gellius about Lucius Papirius Praetextatus .

Vare

Vare, redde legiones meas!: “Varus, give me back my legions!” - See Quinctili Vare, redde legiones!

Varia

Varia lectio: "Different reading "

Variatio

Variatio delectat.: "Variety pleases." - The " Rhetorica ad Herennium " recommends that the speaker avoid the same volume over and over again: "Auditorem quidem varietas maxime delectat." ("The listener, in any case, enjoys variety.")

Varium

Varium et mutabile semper femina.: “Woman is something inconstant and always changeable.” - Virgil , Aeneid 4,569f.

Vasa

Vasa vacua maxime sonant.: "Empty vessels sound the loudest."

Vaticinium

Vaticinium ex eventu: “Prophecy from the event” - a prophecy that appears to have come true, but which in truth was only pronounced or constructed after the event “prophesied” therein.

Caesar's triumphal procession , on the standard: "VENI VIDI VICI"

Veni

Veni, creator spiritus .: “Come, Creator Spirit!” - Pentecost hymn, with which the believing community asks the Holy Spirit for assistance.

Veni, vidi, vici .: “I came, I saw, I won.” - Text of a message that Julius Caesar sent to the Roman Senate about his war against King Pharnakes of Pontus in 47 BC. To report. The saying is passed down in Greek in the Caesar biographies Suetons ( Divus Iulius 37) and Plutarchs (Caesar 50, 2): Ἦλθον, εἶδον, ἐνίκησα.

Venia

Venia legendi: “Permission to read” - This means the permission, which is usually linked to a professorship, to give lectures at universities .

Venia sit dicto.: “Forbearance to the word!” - “With all due respect”. Pliny the Younger , Epistulae 5,6,46.

Veniam

Veniam petimusque damusque vicissim.: “Let us ask forbearance and give one another.” - Horace

Venire

Venire contra factum proprium: "Violation of one's own previous behavior" - Describes in German law of obligations a specific case of violation of the principle of good faith .

Venite

Venite, adoremus.: "Come, let us adore!" - part of the invitation to the daily prayer of the hours (from Psalm 95), as well as the refrain of the Christmas carol Adeste fideles ("Now rejoice, you Christians" or "Come here, oh you believers"):; “ Venite adoremus, venite adoremus, Venite adoremus Dominum! ( O let us worship, o let us worship, o let us worship the Lord. "); In the novel Gargantua and Pantagruel by Rabelais (1.41), a monk parodies this invitation to prayer in incorrect Latin: “Venite apotemus!” (“Come, let's drink!”)

Ver

Ver, autumnus, hiems, aestas dominantur in anno.: "Spring, autumn, winter, summer rule the year." - Hexameter from the " Regimen sanitatis Salernitanum" ("medical didactic poem of the High School in Salerno ") from the 13th century.

Ver sacrum: "Holy Spring" - After hungry winters, the Romans vowed to sacrifice those born in the following spring to the gods. The animals were killed and the young men had to emigrate when they reached adulthood.

Vera

Vera causa: "The real reason (of)"

Vera redit facies, assimulata perit.: "The real face shows up again, the pretended to disappear." - Petronius , Satyricon 80,9,8.; This pentameter is the end of a short poem about the falsehood of friends that one only has while happiness lasts (“cum fortuna manet”); in misfortune they show their true character, just as the actors take off their masks at the end of the play.

Verba

Verba docent, exempla trahunt.: "Teaching words, drawing examples" - German variant: "An example replaces a thousand words."

Verba ita sunt intelligenda, ut res magis valeat quam pereat.: "The words are to be understood in such a way that their meaning becomes clearer and is not obscured." - Legal Latin.

Verba valent sicut numi.: "Words are as valid as coins."

Verba volant, scripta manent.: "What is spoken passes, what is written remains."

Verbatim

Verbatim et litteratim: "Literally and literally" - "Word for word and letter for letter."

Verbi

Self-designation of the Lutheran preacher and vice-principal in Aschersleben Leonhard Christoph Rühl as V [erbi] D [ivini] M [inister] (1726)

Verbi divini minister: “Servant of the Word of God” - old name for Protestant preachers; official name of an ordained theologian of the Evangelical Reformed regional churches in Switzerland, previously used in all Reformation churches

Verbis

Verbis castigare: "Chastise with words" - quote from the writings of the Roman orator Cicero

Verbis parvam rem magnam facere: “Using words to turn a small thing into a big one” - According to Cicero , Speech for Caelius 36.; Livy wrote in Ab urbe condita 41,24,17: Quid rem parvam et apertam magnam et suspectam facimus? - "Why do we turn a trivial and obvious matter into a great and ambiguous one?"; Such formulations are not uncommon; they refer to the performance of rhetoric promised by the sophists of turning the weaker position into the stronger.

verb

Verbum Domini manet in aeternum

Clock tower of the Black Church in Brașov with the four canonical evangelists

Portal of the Braunschweig Gewandhaus

Verbum Domini manet in aeternum.: “The word of the Lord remains forever” - Isa 40,8 VG ; 1 Petr 1.25 VG .; The Bible word became a motto of the Reformation , especially through Frederick the Wise and the Schmalkaldic League .; Variant: "Verbum Dei manet in aeternum." - "The word of God remains in eternity."

Verbum hoc 'si quis' tam masculos quam feminas complectitur.: “The expression 'if someone' includes both male and female persons.” - With this sentence contained in the Digest (Dig. 50.16.1), Ulpian (in his work Ad edictum ) gave advice on the interpretation of Roman legal texts. The 16th section of the 50th book of the Digest is entitled De verborum significatione. ("On the meaning of words.") Ulpian responded with the sentence on a legal understanding that does not automatically include women. In German, Ulpian's sentence is quoted today in educational contexts to emphasize that in a text women are included in grammatically masculine formulations.; See also Hominis appellatione tam feminam quam masculum contineri non dubitatur.

Verbum sat sapienti.: “One word is enough for the wise.” - Quotation from the writings of the Roman poet Terence

Veritas

Veritas Dei vincit: “God's truth wins” - see Veritas vincit

Veritas odium parit.: "Truth creates hatred" - proverb.

Veritas temporis filia: “Truth, the daughter of time” - motto of Mary I , Queen of England , Ireland and France from 1553 to 1558 .; This quote goes back to the Roman writer Aulus Gellius : "Alius quidam veterum poetarum, cuius nomen mihi nunc memoriae non est, Veritatem Temporis filiam esse dixit." a daughter of time.) Noctes Atticae 12,11,7). In the Latin text it is used to mean “In the end the truth will come to light”, but today it is often understood as a relativization of all truths in the course of history.

Veritas vincit: "Truth wins" - the motto of the Czech Republic ( Pravda vítězí in Czech ); The saying goes back to 3rd Esdras, a biblical apkryph (3 Esdras 3:12). Quoted by Jan Hus in a letter to Johann von Rabstein from the year 1413, in which he writes: “Super omnia vincit veritas” (“Truth wins over everything”).

Versus

Versus (vs.): "Against" - "Compared to"; the abbreviation is used in English at sporting events and legal proceedings, as well as in academic papers to contrast conflicting theses.

Verum

Verum index sui et falsi: “Truth as a test against oneself and against untruth” - quote from the writings of the philosopher Baruch Spinoza

Verum gaudium res severa est.: “True joy is a serious matter.” - Seneca , Epistulae morales 23.4.

Vestigia

Vestigia terrent: the sick lion

Vestigia premo maiorum.: “I leave my ancestors in my footsteps.” - I follow in the ancestors' footsteps.

Vestigia terrent.: “The tracks frighten (me) off.” - Horace ( Epistulae 1,1,74) based on the fable of Aesops , in which the fox refuses to venture into the den of the sick lion because he sees the tracks of other animals that go in, but no trace leading out.

Vestigium

Vestigium Dei: “Trace of God” - term from theology that describes the sensual world as the world created by God. Man, on the other hand, is the image of God ( Imago Dei ).

Vi

Vi veri universum vivus vici .: "As a living person, I have conquered the universe through the power of truth."

Via

Via: "Weg, Straße" ( noun ), "über" ( preposition ) - in German in the first sense only to be found in proper names, otherwise only used in the latter sense to designate a stopover, for example: "From A-Dorf to E-Stadt via G-Heim "or" The information from Anton's work came to my attention via Berta's text. "

Via hostibus, qua fugiant, munienda.: "You have to provide an escape route for the enemy." - This advice is given by Vegetius ( Epitome rei militaris 3,21,3), so that the enemies are not forced to fight for their lives with fear of death when they find themselves in a hopeless situation. He quotes this as a saying of one of the Roman generals named Scipio .

Via media: “Middle way” - The idea that this should be chosen goes back to the ethical maxim of antiquity that the extreme is harmful, the balanced mean, on the other hand, is correct and wholesome. Compare Virtus est medium vitiorum et utrimque reductum !; The Church of England was also seen as “via media” between the mistakes of the Church of Rome and the extremes of Protestantism .

Via trita est tutissima.: "The well-trodden path is the safest."

Vias

Vias tuas doce me domine.: "Lord, teach me your ways!"

Viator

Viator, vale.: "Wanderer, goodbye!"

Vicarius

Vicarius Iesu Christi: "Representative of Jesus Christ" - A title of the Pope .

Vice

Vice versa (vv): “With swapped places” - “In reverse order”, “reversed”.

Victi

Invictis victi victuri

Victi vicimus.: “We are victorious if we are defeated.” - Quote from the works of the Roman poet Plautus . Based on this, the inscription on the war memorial for the fallen of the First World War of the Bamberg Franz-Ludwig-Gymnasium : “ Invictis victi victuri. " (" The undefeated: The defeated will win. ")

Victoria

Victoria College's motto in Jersey: "Victoria amat curam."

Victoria amat curam.: "Victoria loves hard work" or "The goddess of victory loves hard work (and rewards it)". - The motto of Victoria College in Jersey , the foundation of which dates back to Queen Victoria's visit to Jersey in 1846 and the laying of the foundation stone on May 24, 1850, the Queen's birthday.; The subject of this sentence can be the goddess of victory as well as Queen Victoria or the college itself. The motto is taken from a poem by Catullus : "amat victoria curam."

Victrix

Victrix causa diis placuit, sed victa Catoni .: "The victorious cause pleased the gods, but that conquered Cato." - Quote from the works of the poet Lukan ( Pharsalia , 1,128).; The younger Cato , Marcus Porcius Cato, was the great-grandson of Catos the Elder and a staunch opponent of populares like Julius Caesar . He was an opponent of Pompey , and his view of duty was considered overly correct. When Caesar crossed the Rubicon , Cato sided with Pompey out of concern for the republic.

Vide

Vide cui fidas: "Look who you trust!"

Video infra (vi): “See below.” - in texts

Video supra (vs): “See above.” - in texts

Videant

Videant consules.: “Let the consuls look at it.” - This means taking precautions. Beginning of the formula of the Senatus consultum ultimum , with the formal authorization of the Roman Senate for the two consuls to take measures to save the state in an emergency: "Videant consules, ne quid detrimenti capiat res publica." ("The consuls may watch, that the state would not suffer any harm. ”) This gave the consuls dictatorial power. Quoted from Cicero .

Video

Video et taceo

Video meliora proboque, deteriora sequor: “I see the better and approve of it, I follow the worse.” - Quote from the Metamorphoses (7, 20 f.) By the poet Ovid , who describes the problem of weak will here .

Videre

Videre licet (videlicet, viz.): "One can see" - used to provide explanations, examples or evidence; "namely".

Videre nostra mala non possumus, alii simul delinquunt, censores sumus.: “We cannot see our mistakes, but at the same time, when others make mistakes, we are judges.” - Quote from the works of the poet Phaedrus

Vides

Vides horam et nescis horam.: "You see the hour and don't know the (last) hour." - Saying on sundials.

Vidit

Viditque Deus cuncta quae fecit et erant valde bona.: “And God saw everything that he had created; and it was very good. ”- Quote from the creation story in Genesis.

Vigilia

Vigilia pretium libertatis.: "Vigilance is the price of freedom" - the motto of the Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE).

Vim

Vim vi repellere licet.: "Violence may be fended off with force." - Latin legal principle from Digest 43, 16.1.

Vincere

Vincere aut mori - coat of arms of the Montalais family

Vincere, aut mori: "Win or die"

Vincere scis, Hannibal, victoria uti nescis.: “You know how to win, you don't know how to use victory.” - Despite his military successes , Hannibal did not undertake a march against the city of Rome . In historiography, this was blamed on him as a strategic error. Thus the Carthaginian cavalry general Maharbal was put in the mouth: “You know how to win, Hannibal. But you do not understand how to use the victory! ”Hannibal's aim was not the conquest of Rome, but the destruction of its alliance system. But he also lacked the resources for a successful siege. See also: Hannibal ante portas .

Vinum

Vinum bonum deorum donum.: "A good wine is a gift from the gods."

Vinum bonum laetificat cor hominum.: "A good wine delights people's hearts."

Vinum et musica laetificant cor.: “Wine and music delight the heart.” - From Jesus Sirach 40.20.

Vinum Lac Senum.: "Wine is the milk of old people."

Vinum Vita est.: "Wine is life."

Viribus

Emperor Franz Joseph's coat of arms with the coat of arms saying Viribus Unitis

Viribus unitis: “With united forces” - Emperor Franz Joseph I's motto (among other things, “Das Buch vom Kaiser” appeared in 1898 under this name on the occasion of his 50th anniversary in government); also the name of the Austro-Hungarian warship from the First World War SMS Viribus Unitis .

Virtus

Virtus contemnit mortem!: “Virtue despises death!” - motto of the Corps Masovia Königsberg in Potsdam .

Virtus est medium vitiorum et utrimque reductum.: "Virtue is the middle between the mistakes and equidistant from both extremes." - Horace , Epistulae 1,18,9.

Coat of arms of the Duke of Westminster

Virtus non stemma.

Virtus unita fortior: “When united is bravery stronger” - the motto of the Principality of Andorra .

Virtutem

Virtutem incolumem odimus.: “We hate perfect virtue.” - Horace Carmina 3,24,31.

Virtuoso

Virtutes paganorum splendida vitia.: “The virtues of the heathen are brilliant vices.” - Quotation from the works of the Doctor of the Church Augustine

Virtuti

Order of Virtuti Militari

Virtuti pro patria: Military Max Joseph Order

Virtuti et fidelitati: "For virtue and loyalty" - Hessian Order of the Golden Lion.

Virtuti et merito: "For virtue and merit" - Vatican Order of Pope Pius IX.

Virtuti Militari: “For Soldier Virtue” - Established by King Stanislaus II August Poniatowski as an Order of Merit for special bravery on the battlefield after the Battle of Zielńce on June 18, 1792 . Oldest military order in Europe.

Virtuti omnia parent: “Everything obeys efficiency” - Sallust , De coniuratione Catilinae . Motto of the Academic Association Cheruskia zu Tübingen in the CV and the Academic Association Ravenspurgia zu Ravensburg.

Virtuti per patria: “The bravery for the fatherland” - the motto of the Bavarian Military Max Joseph Order

Virtuti semper corona: “Always (his) crown to merit” - the motto of many corps

Virtutum

Virtutum omnium pretium in ipsis est.: “The reward of all virtues lies in them.” - Seneca , Epistulae morales 81:19.

Vis

Vis absoluta: “Absolute violence” - Describes will-breaking violence , in which the victim is made absolutely impossible to freely act or develop will.

Vis compulsiva: "Violence of will" - The victim is not deterred from behavior directly by the use of force, but is influenced by the behavior of the perpetrator.

Vis cui resisti non potest: "Violence that cannot be resisted"

Vis legibus inimica.: “Violence is an enemy of the law.” - Roman legal maxim, analogous to “Contra vim non valet ius” (“The law has no validity against violence”).

Vis legis: "By virtue of the law"

Vis maior: “ Force Majeure ” - An outside, extraordinary and unpredictable event.

Vis vitalis: “ Vitality ” - health and disease concept by Christoph Wilhelm Hufeland at the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th century

Visio

Visio Dei: "Divine show" - In theology one speaks of " enlightenment " under the terms "visio Dei".

Vita

Vita activa: "Active life" - a term for a life characterized by political and practical commitment.

Vita ante acta: "The life before the act" - "example"

Vita brevis, ars longa .: “Life is short, art is long.” - This quote originally comes in the form Ὁ μὲν βίος βραχύς, ἡ δὲ τέχνη μακρά by the Greek doctor Hippocrates and was translated into Latin by the Roman poet Seneca .

Vita comtemplativa: “Contemplative life” - term for a life that is characterized by contemplative vision (as opposed to “vita activa”).

Vita mutatur non tollitur - epitaph in Bamberg

Vita mutatur, non tollitur.: "Life is only changed, not taken [in death]" - Preface of the funeral mass

Vita somnium breve.: “Life is a short dream.” - The sentence goes back to Pindar's “Pythian Ode”. There it says in Greek “ Σκιᾶς ὄναρ ἄνθρωπος. ” (“ Man is a shadow's dream ”) .

Vitam

Vitam impendere vero.: “Dedicate one's life to the truth.” - From satire 4 by the writer Juvenal .

Vitam regit fortuna, non sapientia.: “Fate determines life, not wisdom.” - With these words Cicero translates a sentence from the scripture Callisthenes or about the mourning of Theophrastus .

Vitia

Vitia, quae ex ipsa re oriuntur: "Defects that occur in the matter itself"

Vitiis

Vitiis nemo sine nascitur.: “Nobody is born without mistakes.” - Horace, sermones 1,3,68, where the sentence is complete and with continuation:; “Nam vitiis nemo sine nascitur. Optimus Ilse est, qui minimis urgetur. "; (... The best is the one who weighs the least.)

Vitium

Vitium fuit, nunc mos est assentatio.: "Flattery was a vice, now it is a custom." - Quote from the works of the poet Publilius Syrus

Vivant

Vivant sequentes.: “May the following live!” - Cheers to all who follow the example!

Vivat

Vivat: “May it live!” - He live [high]! Counterpart to " Pereat " (" He goes under! "),

Vivat, crescat, floreat!: “May it live, grow and blossom!” - the motto of student associations

Vivat Slovakia!: “Long live Slovakia !” - popular party election - Movement for a democratic Slovakia

Vivere

Vivere militare est.: “To live means to fight.” - Seneca , Epistulae morales 96.5.

Vivere naturae convenienter oportet.: “One must live in harmony with nature.” - Principle of the Stoa , here after Horace , letters 1,10,12.

Vivos

Motto of Schiller's song of the bell : Vivos voco, mortuos plango, fulgura frango.

Vivos voco, mortuos plango, fulgura frango.: "I call the living, I lament the dead, I break lightning." - Inscription on bells. First recorded in 1486 in the Allerheiligen monastery ("I call the living. I lament the dead. I break the lightning.") In 1799 Friedrich Schiller adopted the phrase as the motto for Das Lied von der Glocke . What is meant is the normal function of the church bell, namely to call to church services, as well as its use as a death bell and as a storm bell .

Vocatus

Vocatus atque non vocatus deus aderit .: “Called or not called, God will be there.” - In the Latin version, the saying goes back to the Adagia of Erasmus of Rotterdam .

Volens

Volens nolens: "Wanting (or) not wanting" - good or bad.; The phrase in this form is not known from antiquity. Instead, you will find the sentence (e.g. in Cicero , De natura deorum 1,17): “velim nolim” (“I like it or not”). From such formulations the later common "volens nolens" or the more common " Nolens volens ."

Volentem

Volentem ducunt fata, nolentem trahunt.: "Fate leads the willing, the unwilling is dragged with it." - A destroyed verse ( iambic trimeter ), which goes back to Seneca ( Epistulae morales 107,11), where it, correctly in meter, reads: "Ducunt volentem fata, nolentem trahunt ".; The verse either comes from Seneca himself, who also wrote tragedies, or is the Latin translation from a work by Kleanthes (frg. Phys. 527 Arnim).

Volenti

Volenti non fit iniuria: "No wrong is done to the consenting party." - Principle which states that the consent of the injured party removes the unlawfulness of the infringing behavior.

Volo

Volo, non valeo.: "I want to, but can't."

vote

Vote separatum: “An Independent Voice” - An independent, minority voice.

Vox

Vox et praeterea nihil.: “One voice and nothing more” - empty talk.

Vox humana: "Human voice" - also the name of an organ register .

Vox populi vox Dei: “The voice of the people is the voice of God.” - The sentence is sometimes quoted to justify democracy , but often also as an ironic comment on the outcome of elections.; “Vox populi vox Rindvieh” - an alteration of this quote incorrectly attributed to Franz Josef Strauss .

Vox clamantis in deserto: "The voice of the caller in the desert" - "Unbeknownst to", "in vain". From Isaiah 40, quoted by John the Baptist in the Gospel according to Mark (1.3). In the original Greek text it says φωνὴ βοῶντος ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ .

Vox sanguinis fratris tui clamat ad me de terra.: “The voice of your brother's blood cries out to me from the earth.” - God's reproach to Cain after the murder of his brother Abel (Gen. 4:10).

Vulgi

Vulgi opinio mutari vix potest.: “The opinion of the people can hardly be changed.” - Cicero , Topica 73.

Vulgo

Vulgo audio dici, diem adimere aegritudinem hominibus.

Vulnus

Vulnus quod feci, non dolet.: “The wound that I have inflicted (myself) does not hurt.” - From the description of the husband suicide of Arria the Elder and Paetus by the poet Martial (1.13.3f.). Arria said these words after she stabbed herself in the neck and passed the dagger on to her husband: “Sed quod tu facies, hoc mihi, Paete, dolet.” (“But that you will make, it hurts me, Paetus. ”) See also: Paete, non dolet .

Individual evidence

↑ De ratione dicendi ad C. Herennium III, 20.3; also online: intratext.com
↑ De arte poetica 11
^ Gundolf Keil : 'Regimen sanitatis Salernitanum'. In: Werner E. Gerabek , Bernhard D. Haage, Gundolf Keil, Wolfgang Wegner (eds.): Enzyklopädie Medizingeschichte. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2005, ISBN 3-11-015714-4 , p. 1224 f.
^ Friedrich Gedike : 'Verba valent sicut numi'; or from the word coin. In: Berlinische Monatsschrift 13 (1789), pp. 253-273 ( digitized version ).
↑ inschriften.net
↑ Digesta , Liber L . In: thelatinlibrary.com , accessed April 29, 2013.
↑ Hildegard Cancik-Lindemaier : The discourse religion in the Senate resolution on the Bacchanalia of 186 BC. and in Livius (B. XXXIX) [1996]. In: Hildegard Cancik-Lindemaier: From atheism to censorship. Roman readings with the aim of cultural studies . Würzburg 2006, pp. 33–49, here p. 39. According to this, indefinite personal pronouns such as “nobody” or “someone” explicitly encompassed both genders in Roman legal language. Provisions aimed at both genders used correspondingly indefinite personal pronouns or explicitly named both genders.
^ Nikolaus Benke: Gender and the Roman Law of Obligations . In: Thomas AJ McGinn (Ed.): Obligations in Roman Law: Past, Present, and Future . Ann Arbor 2012, pp. 215–246, here p. 224.
↑ Example: self-regulation in science and scientific misconduct. Resolution of the 50th University Association Congress 2000 . In: hochschulverband.de , accessed on April 29, 2013.
^ Gellius: Noctes Atticae, Liber XII (Latin)
↑ 62.16
↑ Common translation Virtue is too colorless. Bravery or manliness don't fit the context so much; efficiency would also be appropriate.
^ Cicero, Tusculanae disputationes 5.25

[1] De ratione dicendi ad C. Herennium III, 20.3; also online: intratext.com

[2] De arte poetica 11

[3] Gundolf Keil : 'Regimen sanitatis Salernitanum'. In: Werner E. Gerabek , Bernhard D. Haage, Gundolf Keil, Wolfgang Wegner (eds.): Enzyklopädie Medizingeschichte. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2005, ISBN 3-11-015714-4 , p. 1224 f.

[4] Friedrich Gedike : 'Verba valent sicut numi'; or from the word coin. In: Berlinische Monatsschrift 13 (1789), pp. 253-273 ( digitized version ).

[5] schriften.net

[6] Digesta , Liber L . In: thelatinlibrary.com , accessed April 29, 2013.

[7] Hildegard Cancik-Lindemaier : The discourse religion in the Senate resolution on the Bacchanalia of 186 BC. and in Livius (B. XXXIX) [1996]. In: Hildegard Cancik-Lindemaier: From atheism to censorship. Roman readings with the aim of cultural studies . Würzburg 2006, pp. 33–49, here p. 39. According to this, indefinite personal pronouns such as “nobody” or “someone” explicitly encompassed both genders in Roman legal language. Provisions aimed at both genders used correspondingly indefinite personal pronouns or explicitly named both genders.

[8] Nikolaus Benke: Gender and the Roman Law of Obligations . In: Thomas AJ McGinn (Ed.): Obligations in Roman Law: Past, Present, and Future . Ann Arbor 2012, pp. 215–246, here p. 224.

[9] Example: self-regulation in science and scientific misconduct. Resolution of the 50th University Association Congress 2000 . In: hochschulverband.de , accessed on April 29, 2013.

[10] Gellius: Noctes Atticae, Liber XII (Latin)

[11] 62.16

[12] Common translation Virtue is too colorless. Bravery or manliness don't fit the context so much; efficiency would also be appropriate.

[13] Cicero, Tusculanae disputationes 5.25