Forest fires in the Amazon rainforest 2019

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Satellite image of the Amazon basin, smoke development from the fires, August 20, 2019
Amazon rainforest region

The forest fires in the Amazon rainforest in 2019 affect the forests in the Amazon region in Brazil , Bolivia , Colombia , Paraguay and Peru to the border region of Argentina in Gran Chaco . In August 2019, 471,000 hectares of forest, pastures and fields were burned within five days. The entire Amazon biome covers approximately 670 million hectares. Although forest fires have been occurring in the region for years, a dry period began in May 2019, which was followed by numerous forest fires. The increase in June 2019 was over 88% compared to the previous year. It can take between 40 to 50 years for secondary forest to grow again . It takes at least 100 years for the rainforest to regenerate completely. The CO 2 emissions released by the fires increased compared to previous years, but were in some cases significantly higher in the 2000s than in 2019 (comparison period up to August 21), with a peak in 2004.

At the center of international criticism is Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro , who, according to various views expressed, did not do enough to contain the fires or even indirectly promoted them through his policies.

Images created by the Aqua satellite depicting the carbon monoxide caused by fires in the Brazilian Amazon from August 8-22, 2019 .

Affected regions

Visualization of the volumes from August 15th to 22nd based on image manipulation of MODIS satellite image data
Video recording of the GOES-16 weather satellite from the southern edge of the Amazon rainforest, which burned in Bolivia and Brazil on August 4, 2019

Forest fires in the Amazon region affect areas on the territory of several countries in northern South America. The geographically largest fire-ravaged regions are areas in the northern states of Brazil. Over 75,000 fires were registered in the country by August 2019, an 85 percent increase over the previous year. In the smaller Bolivian Amazon areas, the number of registered fires rose by as much as 114 percent by August 2019. Forest fires continue to rage in Venezuela (26,500 fires, an increase of 19 percent); Colombia (14,200 fires), Peru (5600) and other smaller countries.

According to the Brazilian national Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE, German: National Institute for Space Research ), 75,336 fires were recorded across Brazil from January to August 23, 2019. This corresponds to the maximum number of forest fires measured since INPE collected satellite data in 2013. The INPE stated on August 20 that 39,194 fires have occurred in the Amazon rainforest since January. As of August 23, there were around 2,500 known active fires in the Brazilian Amazon.

Not only the southern Amazon basin, but also the wet Pantanal wetlands are affected.

Bolivia

Red dots between the city of Santa Cruz (white) and the border with Brazil on the NOAA-NASA Suomi satellite image from August 22

At the end of August there were 846 sources of fire threatening around 738,000 hectares of forest, fires were in around a third of the Chiquitano dry forests in the Chiquitania region (Llanos de Chiquitos) and in the Gran Chaco . According to the state forest administration, the total area of ​​the fires was 950,000 hectares. The Bolivian government uses Evergreen 747 Supertanker class fire-fighting aircraft . Defense Minister Javier Zavaleta announced that four firefighting operations will follow per day, of which a fire-fighting aircraft can contain up to 75,000 liters of water. In the Santa Cruz department alone , 1.4 million hectares of dry forest have been burned.

Causes and political reactions

Tania Gutierrez, head of fire supervision at the Bolivian Forest Authority (ATB), saw arson as the cause. A few weeks earlier, Bolivia's President Evo Morales had allowed clearing in two provinces on the Amazon by decree in favor of ranchers who want to export meat to China. Environmentalists had sharply criticized Morales for this, but this was hardly noticed because of the international reporting focused on Brazil. The neighboring country Chile offered its help to Bolivia, which was perceived as extraordinary, as the countries are at war in a long-standing diplomatic dispute. The Catholic Church of Bolivia asked the government to declare a national emergency .

Heavy rains in early October 2019 helped contain the fires in the Bolivian Amazon.

Brazil

Course, distribution and extent

From January to August 2019, a total of 75,336 fires broke out in Brazil. The states of Amazonas , Roraima , Rondônia , Mato Grosso and Pará are particularly affected . On August 16, 2019, NASA announced that the fires in the Brazilian states of Amazonas and Rondônia had spread, while the fires in Mato Grosso and Pará decreased. At least 74,155 fires have been identified in Brazil at the time.

On August 11, 2019, a climate emergency was declared in the state of Amazonas, which has the largest area of ​​existing rainforest in the world. The smoke development even darkened the city of São Paulo , 2700 km away, in the middle / end of August , where soot particles turned the rain black. The newspaper Folha de S. Paulo reported on August 24th that around three soccer fields are being burned every minute.

The Brazilian police are now investigating arsonists. After the police, 70 people gathered via WhatsApp in the state of Pará on the BR-163 road to set large areas on fire. The residents sometimes suffered lung diseases from the smoke and children had to be taken to hospital.

Number of forest fires from January 1st to August 22nd
Year /
state 		2013 Change
to previous year
in% 		2014 Change
to previous year
in% 		2015 Change
to previous year
in% 		2016 Change
to previous year
in% 		2017 Change
to previous year
in% 		2018 Change
to previous year
in% 		2019
acre 700 10% 775 4% 806 134% 1890 −58% 791 7% 851 197% 2533
Alagoas 128 −9% 116 69% 196 −60% 78 5% 82 −25% 61 19% 73
Amazon 1494 99% 2977 21% 3616 26% 4577 8th % 4948 −42% 2870 151% 7225
Amapá 27 77% 48 −8% 44 −13% 38 −55% 17th 111% 36 −52% 17th
Bahia 2133 −28% 1528 11% 1703 45% 2475 −38% 1516 −22% 1177 90% 2245
Ceará 274 4% 285 22% 348 29% 450 −56% 194 65% 321 −4% 306
Distrito Federal do Brasil 52 134% 122 −60% 48 231% 159 −30% 110 −64% 39 51% 59
Espírito Santo 179 −35% 115 119% 252 44% 365 -76% 87 1 % 88 160% 229
Goiás 1338 41% 1892 −19% 1520 57% 2393 −25% 1792 −24% 1346 22% 1653
Maranhão 4003 81% 7247 7% 7822 −16% 6506 −31% 4460 −11% 3951 23% 4880
Minas Gerais 1933 24% 2414 −37% 1509 90% 2873 −31% 1971 −20% 1564 75% 2739
Mato Grosso do Sul 1322 −27% 954 109% 1999 7% 2153 9% 2367 −54% 1071 278% 4056
Mato Grosso 7631 34% 10,267 −15% 8695 50% 13,078 −33% 8662 −14% 7408 91% 14,157
Pará 3092 170% 8349 −4% 7967 −3% 7709 24% 9590 -65% 3330 198% 9952
Paraíba 71 67% 119 −34% 78 −6% 73 −45% 40 60% 64 20% 77
Pernambuco 173 −5% 164 48% 244 −63% 90 36% 123 −22% 95 36% 130
Piauí 1440 123% 3223 −19% 2599 −7% 2416 −34% 1581 85% 2933 −25% 2176
Paraná 1298 −23% 992 20% 1196 44% 1724 −10% 1540 −1% 1511 12% 1697
Rio de Janeiro 173 101% 348 −1% 343 0% 346 −30% 241 −41% 140 182% 396
Rio Grande do Norte 69 −17% 57 36% 78 −28% 56 23% 69 21% 84 −31% 58
Rondônia 693 210% 2151 46% 3156 −2% 3073 −12% 2700 −29% 1908 203% 5787
Roraima 950 84% 1757 −14% 1499 136% 3541 −82% 616 221% 1981 132% 4608
Rio Grande do Sul 890 33% 1192 −25% 894 150% 2242 −37% 1399 −27% 1009 80% 1817
Santa Catarina 958 −49% 481 32% 635 112% 1352 −23% 1034 −15% 873 13% 988
Sergipe 155 −56% 68 122% 151 −53% 70 −2% 68 8th % 74 −16% 62
São Paulo 1274 46% 1872 −42% 1078 104% 2208 −29% 1565 38% 2172 −30% 1516
Tocantins 4095 36% 5578 −12% 4909 50% 7375 −32% 4995 −23% 3829 54% 5900
total 36,545 50% 55.091 −3% 53,385 29% 69,310 −24% 52,558 −22% 40,786 84% 75,336

background

60% of the Amazon rainforest is located in Brazil, 20% of which has been destroyed by slash and burn since the 1970s. This corresponds to the area of ​​the US state Texas . There were 68,484 forest fires in 2016 and 40,136 forest fires in 2018. Among other things, Brazil needs large areas for cattle farms, as it is one of the leading exporters and mainly supplies to China and Hong Kong . In the past, this led to slash and burn, some of them illegally in nature reserves. Brazil is also the export world champion for soybeans , which are used as animal feed, among other things. In 2017, 70 percent of the deforestation in Brazil was due to the agricultural sector.

activities

In addition to the local fire brigades, around 44,000 soldiers from the Brazilian armed forces were deployed to fight fires. In addition, fire-fighting planes are used, including a super tanker .

Causes and political reactions

Brazil's President Jair Bolsonaro referred to the typical dry period in July / August. He also suspected environmentalists behind Amazon fires, which wanted to put him in a bad light internationally because he had previously spoken out in favor of deforestation and relaxed the corresponding restrictive laws for companies.

Alberto Setzer, researcher at the Brazilian space agency INPE , believes that the fires cannot be attributed to the dry season or natural phenomena alone. He expressed the view that 99% was human action and compared the situation to bushfires in Australia and California . The President described such statements as " fake news ". After Brazil's President Jair Bolsonaro accused INPE of being misled and exerting foreign influence through environmental protection organizations, the Brazilian Academy of Sciences as well as research and university associations backed the INPE in an open letter and described its data collection as transparent and precise. Bolsonaro, on the other hand, said "INPE employees who deliberately wanted to harm Brazil" would be fired and the director of INPE, Ricardo Galvão , was dismissed for failing to warn the government about the publication of the data.

An analysis by the British BBC found that fines imposed for illegal slash and burn had decreased sharply under Bolsonaro's presidency from January to August 2019. In fact, the president had announced by August 2019 that he would reduce the penalties for environmental crimes, but in the course of global media coverage in August 2019 he promised tougher action against arsonists. Bolsonaro, who announced that he would open reserves inhabited by indigenous peoples for mining, and who is also known as a climate skeptic , cut $ 23 million from the budget of the Brazilian environmental agency, which has largely suspended controls on deforestation since January 2019 due to its policy would have. He jokingly dubbed himself “Captain Chainsaw” (in German: Captain chainsaw).

In July 2019, 2,254 square kilometers of rainforest were cleared. Critics suspect that the slash and burn rates, which also increased sharply in August, are related to the fires.

Bolsonaro stated that Brazil does not have the resources to fight the fires because the Amazon rainforest is larger than Europe. On August 23, he hired the Brazilian military to help with the fire fighting. The president largely refused any help from abroad. Bolsonaro also stressed that he wanted to take stronger action against arsonists and illegal deforestation. He also emphasized the economic importance of the region for the more than 20 million people who live there.

At the Amazon summit in Leticia in a traditional hut in the rainforest area of ​​the border triangle on the Amazon, government representatives - including Lenin Moreno, Ivan Duque and Bolivia's President Evo Morales - agreed an action plan to protect the rainforest, including with the help of environmental monitoring.

International reactions

politic and economy

Demonstration against the clearing of the Amazon and the Brazilian President Bolsonaro on August 23, 2019 in Berlin.

French President Emmanuel Macron announced that he would address the fires in the Amazon rainforest at the G7 summit in Biarritz and described the event as an international crisis, as the Amazon rainforest 20% (environmental researchers assume 6%) of the earth's oxygen produce. The German Chancellor Angela Merkel joined this proposal and also stressed the threat to the earth. Then a real feud developed between Bolsonaro and Macron. Bolsonaro expressed himself angry with Macron and accused him of a "colonialist mentality", an "instrumentalization" of the Amazon forest fires and a "sensation-hungry tone". At the G7 summit , Macron, on behalf of the G7 participating countries, offered a total of 20 million euros in emergency aid and logistical help in the form of fire-fighting planes to fight the forest fires. After the Brazilian environment minister had initially welcomed the offer of aid, Bolsonaro rejected the offer. Brazil is being treated as if it were a colony or a no man's land. On Twitter, he scoffed at Macron and made disparaging views of his much older wife. Macron replied with the same coin that he hoped that the people of Brazil would soon have a president who was up to his office. On August 27, 2019, Bolsonaro announced that Brazil would not accept aid until President Macron officially apologized to him.

Considerations arose to overturn the Mercosur Agreement, which relates to trade between Europe and Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay and Paraguay. In addition to France, Ireland also spoke out in favor of it. Finland proposed a ban on imports of beef from Brazil. Norway and Germany stopped their funding to protect the rainforest. The President of the European Council, Donald Tusk , was also critical of the future of the Mercosur Agreement and said that the EU is fundamentally ready to provide financial aid to fight fires.

Federal Foreign Minister Heiko Maas offered German help to fight the fire and emphasized the obligation to international cooperation, since the lungs of the world affect all nations.

In view of the fires, the President of Colombia Iván Duque has proposed a regional pact to the United Nations to protect the Amazon rainforest.

The topic was discussed at Fridays for Future in German-speaking countries in Hamburg, Berlin, Munich, Braunschweig and Bern, among others.

Linda Poppe, managing director of Survival International , rates the Amazon forest fires as "not only part of a creeping environmental disaster , but also a deadly crime against the indigenous peoples who inhabit the forest".

Pope Francis described the rainforest as vital for the earth and called for a prayer for a quick containment of the fires.

Amazon Fund

Norway, with 1.2 billion US dollars as the main donor, and Germany stopped their monetary payments for the Amazon Fund for Forest and Climate Protection in August 2019 .

Social media

In social media the issue is under the hashtag #PrayForAmazonas intensively discussed. PrayFor is based on past hashtags dedicated to the victims of terrorist attacks. Criticism was primarily voiced that not enough was being done about the fires and that the issue was not receiving enough attention despite the threat to the global climate. Other hashtags used are #SaveAmazonia, #SaveWorld, #SaveNature, #AmazonRainforest.

Celebrities such as Cristiano Ronaldo , Leonardo DiCaprio and Shakira expressed their shock about the fires on social networks. Some stars called for donations and donated themselves.

Scientific evaluation

Together with the forest fires in the northern hemisphere , the event is rated by some scientists as additionally problematic for the strongly changing world climate . Globally, ten to fifteen percent of CO 2 emissions come from slash and burn. Analyzes by NASA , primarily based on spectral remote sensing , classified the number of fires in the Amazon basin as rather average. However, by August 24, 2019, 228 megatons of carbon dioxide emissions were measured by the European Copernicus system . It is the highest measured value since measurements began in 2010 for this key component of the Earth system. Environmental scientist Jonathan Foley from Project Drawdown said fires like 2019 were not uncommon, worse forest fires had already occurred in the 1990s and early 2000s. At that time, Brazil, together with international support, became a pioneer in stopping further deforestation. Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon could have been reduced by eighty percent. The current fires would throw back a decade or two of climate protection efforts.

São Paulo was hit by clouds of soot from the fires. If people inhale the particles, it could lead to cardiopulmonary diseases, INPE metrologist Luiz Augusto Toledo Machado told Nature . The soot particles also affected cloud formation and rainfall, said Divino Vicente Silvério, a biologist at the Amazon Environmental Research Institute in Canarana. In addition, the water cycle of the rainforest is disturbed.

Even Indigenous peoples are struggling with the effects of the fires. Scientists assume a mass extinction in the flora and fauna of the affected rainforest and negative consequences for the biome and biodiversity . Small and slow moving animals such as frogs , sloths , anteaters and lizards are particularly at risk . Aquatic animals can also be harmed by poor water quality. The destruction of the rainforest umbrella is also disrupting the food chain .

See also

Web links

Commons : Forest fires in Brazil in the Amazon rainforest 2019  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

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