Yakama

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The historical name Yakama ( called Yakima until 1994 ) is a tribal group of five (originally six) bands of the Columbia River Plateau in the Pacific Northwest of the United States , which are closely related linguistically and culturally , whose tribal areas are centered along the Yakima River (and its tributaries) in southeast Washington state . All spoke mutually understandable northern dialects of the Sahaptin languages (also Sahaptin , Shahaptian ), a subgroup of the Plateau Penuti language family . In addition to their common culture, they were linguistically closely related to the Sahaptin-speaking Palus (Palouse) , Walla Walla , Nez Percé , Umatilla and Cayuse .

reserve

Today, together with other tribes, they form the federally recognized tribe of the Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Nation . The Yakama Indian Reservation covers approximately 5,260 km² east of the Cascade Range and is located on the Yakima River north of the Columbia River , the largest part is in Yakima County and northern Klickitat County , a small part extends into the southeast corner of Lewis County . The tribe is governed by the Yakama Tribal Council (Tribal Council), in which the historical 14 tribes or bands are represented by MPs. Today there are around 10,851 tribe members (2000 Census) and the Yakama Nation consists of descendants of the following tribes: the Yakama, Klikitat, Palus, Walla Walla, Wanapam, Wenatchi, Wishram and Tenino (Warm Springs). As a result of the Dawes Act , the Yakama are now in the minority, because according to the United States Census 2000 a total of 32,000 people lived in the reservation, of which, according to the definition of race and ethnicity in the United States Census, 50% were Latino , 26% Yakama, 23% White American and 1% Filipino Americans . The Yakama are the largest ethnic group only in the city of White Swan (with approx. 60% of the population) and in Satus (with approx. 37% of the population). However, they are in the minority in the parishes of Parker (20%), Toppenish (8%), Wapato (9%) and Harrah (19%). Some Yakama live outside the reservation in the city of Yakima and the adjacent city of Union Gap, while others live in rural Goldendale in Klickitat County south of the reservation. For better job prospects and training / study opportunities, many Yakama are also moving to the two nearby metropolises: Seattle and Portland .

Surname

The name means, if one follows the ethnologist John Reed Swanton , "runaway" (runaway). After Frederick Webb Hodge, the Yakama were called Waptailmin or Pakiutlema , which means "people of the gorge". Spokane and Nespelem only used Yah-ah-kama to refer to the Upper Yakima , who were also called Kittitas ("rock people"). Other interpretations such as “big bear” or “big belly” have also been reported, so that ultimately it cannot be clarified what the name means.

Yakama tribal areas

Historically, the collective term "Yakima" (today Yakama) was understood to mean five (originally six) regional bands in the catchment area of ​​the Yakima River (in Yakama: Tapteal ), which were closely related in terms of linguistic and cultural terms, and whose tribal areas were mostly east of the Cascade Range , in the south along the northern one Tributaries of the Columbia River (in Yakama: Nch'i-Wána - "great river") (where the Yakama bands often lived in bilingual villages with Southern / Columbia River Sahaptin-speaking bands: Umatilla, Skin-pah / Skin, Tenino / Warm Springs), in the southwest along the Lower Snake River and Columbia River (here yakama bands also lived in bilingual villages together with Lower Snake River Sahaptin-speaking local groups of the Chamnapam, Wauyukma and Naxiyampam), in the northeast they reached as far as the Wenatchee River (some bands of the inland Salish-speaking Wenatchi who lived here soon adopted the Sahaptin as a language due to frequent marriages), in the north to the lakes Cle Elum Lake , Kachess Lake and Keechelus Lake on the upper reaches of the Yakima River ( they maintained family ties with the coastal Salish-speaking Snoqualmie , who lived directly to the northwest ), in the west across the Cascade Range to the upper reaches of the Cowlitz River, Lewis River and White Salmon River (where there was also a family bond with the Lower Cowlitz and Wasco and Wishram).

The most important fishing grounds and annual meeting points of many tribes of the plateau (Sahaptin peoples, inland Salish ) and the north-west coast ( coastal Salish , Lower and Upper Chinook ) were mostly located in narrowed river valleys or waterfalls, as the salmon and other fish can swim more easily here Fish weirs , poles and nets to be caught: Celilo Falls (Horseshoe Falls) (in Sahaptin: Wayám / Wyam - "Echo of the falling water", "Sound when water falls on rocks") and The Dalles about 12 miles downstream along the Middle Columbia were the most important and also the border of the two cultural areas - to the west of this the tribes communicated using the trade language Chinook Wawa , at Celilo Falls (home of the Sk'in-pa / Sk'in Band and the Wyam (Wayámɫáma) Band of Tenino / warm Springs) and the Dalles (home of the Upper Chinook (Kiksht) -sprachigen Wasco and Wishram and the Tinainu (Tinaynuɫáma) band of Tenino / warm Springs) as well as eastwards inland the Sahaptin was dominant. Other important salmon fishing grounds were: Cascade Falls, Priest Rapids and Rock Island Rapids on the Middle Columbia River as well as the Wenatshapam Fishery near the present-day city of Wenatchee , less important ones were in the Yakima River Valley: near Selah on Wenas Creek, Soo-nooks on the Tieton River, Prosser Falls (in Yakama: Tapteil , Tap tut , Toptut - "rapids, falls") on the Yakima River as well as on Kachess Lake ("more fish") and Keechelus Lake ("few fish") on the upper reaches of the Yakima River (Hunn 1990) . All major fishing grounds are in the meantime due to the construction of dams (1938-1973) for drinking water supply , power generation , industrial water supply (industry and agriculture), flood control and navigable rivers among several huge reservoirs disappeared - and also a centuries-old indigenous culture.

Bands of the Yakama

  • Lower Yakama / actual Yakama or Mámachatpam : Their tribal area was generally east of the Cascade Range in the catchment area of ​​the lower reaches of the Yakima River, they were therefore also called Lower Yakima , as the largest group of Yakama they are often referred to as the actual Yakama . Their area extended from today's city of Selah on Wenas Creek in the north - immediately north of today's Yakima - to the area around today's Prosser in the south. All of the major rivers in the area - such as the Naches River, Ahtanum Creek, Toppenish Creek, and Satus Creek - are tributaries of the Yakima River. The individual bands were named after the rivers on which they had their main camps.
    • Síla-ħlama (along the Yakima River, between Wenas Creek and Umtanum Creek, northernmost Lower Yakama Band)
    • Wínas-ħlama (along Wenas Creek, the border between the Upper Yakama and Lower Yakama)
    • Nahchísh-ħlama (along the Tieton River and the Naches River, the latter being the largest tributary of the Yakima River)
    • Tkaíwaichaś-ħlama (along Cowiche Creek)
    • Átanŭm-ħlama (along Ahtanum Creek, a right tributary of the Yakima River, above the Ahtanum Ridge west of today's city of Union Gap , this flows into the Yakima River; in the valley between Ahtanum Ridge and Rattlesnake Ridge was the main village Pa'kiut ("hill together / gorge ") of the Lower Yakama; therefore the name Pa'kiut'-ħlama of the inhabitants of the village was soon changed to all Lower Yakama by the Europeans as Pah-quy-ti-koot-lema / Pakiutlema -" people of the gorge " and neighboring bands)
    • Sí-ħlama (along the Yakima River above the confluence of Toppenish Creek)
    • Písko-ħlama (at the mouth of Toppenish Creek, a right tributary of the Yakima River)
    • Thápnĭś-ħlama (along Toppenish Creek, a right tributary of the Yakima River)
    • Símkoe-ħlama (along Simcoe Creek in the area of ​​what will later become Fort Simcoe)
    • Thápnĭś-ħlama (north of the Simcoe Mountains, along Toppenish Creek, a right tributary of the Yakima River)
    • Se'tas-ħlama (along Satus Creek)
    • Taptat-ħlama (along the Yakima River with a main fishing ground at the waterfalls of Prosser Falls (in Yakama: Tapteil , Tap tut , Toptut - "rapids, falls"), today's town of Prosser )
  • Upper Yakama / Kittitas or Pshwánwapam / Psch-wan-wap-pam ("people of the many rocks, ie people of the rocks / mountains"): Their tribal area was generally mostly north of Wenas Creek and Selah Creek and along the upper reaches of the Yakima Rivers, so they were often referred to as Upper Yakima to distinguish them from the Yakama Bands on the lower reaches of the river . They also held the areas around the Cle Elum River to the Wenatchee Mountains , including the Cle Elum Lake, Kachess Lake and Keechelus Lake.
  • Klikatat / Klickitat (a wrong transcription into English of the locative látaxat for an important fishing ground in the cases of the Klickitat River or of ládaxat , an Upper Chinook (Kiksht) word for a Klickitat village with Kiksht-speaking Wishram also resident here) or Xwálχwaypam / Qwû'lh-hwai-pûm / X̣ʷáɬx̣ʷaypam ("Prairie people" or "people from the village of χwálχway (Steller's Jay ')", at the confluence of the Klickitat and Little Klickitat Rivers): Their tribal area was north of the Columbia River in the river valleys and prairies of the upper reaches of the Cowlitz, Lewis and Klickitat Rivers and along the White Salmon, Little White Salmon and Wind Rivers; their winter camps were along the lower reaches of the Klickitat and White Salmon Rivers, the Lewis and Clark Expedition met Klikatat / Klickitat in winter camps along the Yakima and Klickitat Rivers. In addition, they shared, according to Lewis and Clark, settlement areas along the mouth of the named rivers on the north bank of the Columbia River with the Upper Chinook (Kiksht) -speaking White Salmon Band of the Hood River Wasco. During the summer and fall, their camps were along the White Salmon-Lewis River watershed, often with other Sahaptin-speaking bands from the Yakima River or further east from Pine Creek on the Columbia River. The Klickitat Trail , named after them, was an important trade route that connected the eastern tribal area of ​​the Yakama groups with the trading post of the Hudson Bay Company in Fort Vancouver (built in 1824) in what was then Oregon Country . Her closest relatives were the Cowlitz Klickitat or Taitnapam / Taidnapam who lived west of the Cascade Range .
  • Cowlitz Klickitat , Lewis River Klickitat Band or Taitnapam / Taidnapam / Táitinpam ("People of the Tieton River"), later incorrectly Upper Cowlitz or Lewis River Cowlitz , sometimes also called Lewis River Chinook : Their tribal area was above today's Mossyrock in the Upper Cowlitz river basin River (shch'il), its tributaries Cispus River (shíshpash) and Tilton River (lalálx) as well as along the Lewis River (a tributary of the Columbia River) - the area is strongly characterized by active and extinct volcanoes - such as Mount St. Helens ( Lawetlat'la , in Klickitat: Loowit ; both: "Fire Mountain" / "the smoking mountain"), Mount Rainier ( Talol ; Tacoma , Tahoma ) and Mount Adams ( Pahto, Pa-toe, Paddo - "(very) high (towering) mountain ”; also: Klickitat ) which strongly shaped the mythical world of the tribes living there. According to their name Taitnapam and tradition, they originally came from the Tieton River (in Yakama: Táitin ), the tribal area of ​​the Nahchísh-ħlama , a band of the Lower Yakama / actual Yakama east of the Cascade Range. The Taitnapam had strong linguistic and family ties to their relatives east of the Cascade Range - especially the Nahchísh-ħlama of the Lower Yakama and the Klikatat / Klickitat - whom they visited via well-known mountain passes (Carlton, Cowlitz, Tieton and Cispus, etc.) for trade or tribal gatherings; They also differentiated between the Áypaχ-pam ("people in the plains", i.e. the Lower Yakama) and the T'lkwi'lipam / λ'kwílipam (Salish-speaking Lower Cowlitz ) who lived downstream - to whom they also had family ties (and therefore were able to use the entire territory of the Lower Cowlitz on the lower reaches of the Columbia River), but still viewed them as a different people.
    • Qw ': ltɫa'ma / Qwiilt-lá-ma (held the Mossyrock Prairie near the town of Mossyrock )
    • Lalalxɫa'ma / Lalalx-lá-ma (their main village lalálx was at the mouth of the Tilton River, which was also called lalálx )
    • Wasaɫa'ma (lived in the area of ​​what is now the small town of Morton, southwest of Mount Rainier)
    • Nucnu: ɫa'ma (lived in Cowlitz Canyon)
    • Sw: ktsw'ktɫa'ma / Swikt-swikt-lá-ma (lived in the area around what is now Nesika, Washington, as well as in the nearby Steel Canyon, Winters Mountain and Green Mountain)
    • K'wpɫa'ma (lived near the Cowlitz Falls of the Cowlitz River, which formed an important fishing ground)
    • Cicpacɫa'ma (lived along the Cispus River, were named after their main village 15 miles upstream and nine miles south of the parish of Randle, the latter is located on the Cowlitz River about 4 miles north of the Cispus River and serves as the northeast entrance to Mount St. Helens)
    • Qiyanxuɫa'ma / Q'iyanxw-lá-ma (lived along the Cowlitz River, about 7 miles west of the township of Kiona, Washington)
    • Ca'q'kɫa'ma / Shíq'k-lá-ma (lived along Kiona Creek, a tributary of the Cowlitz River)
  • Wanapum / Wánapam ("river people"): Their tribal area was once south of the Saddle Mountains on both sides of the Columbia River downstream to the confluence of the Snake River , the most important settlement and fishing ground was the river strait at Priest Rapids, a large part of the original living and fishing grounds However, the Wánapam is flooded by the Priest Rapids Lake between today's Priest Rapids Dam in the south and Wanapum Dam in the north. Today about 60 Wánapam still live near today's Priest Rapids Dams.
  • Mishalpam or Mical-ɫa'ma ("Eatonville people", literally: "People on the Mashel River"), later called Upper (Mountain) Nisqually , today mostly referred to as Meshal / Me-Schal / Mashel / Mica'l Band of Nisqually : Their tribal area was mostly west of the Cascade Range northwest of the Klikatat / Klickitat along the Mashel River, the upper reaches of the Nisqually River and Puyallup Rivers and extended to Mount Rainier (Talol / Tacoma / Tahoma) ("larger than Mount Baker "), also divided Areas in the Ohop Valley in Pierce County (in the area of ​​the present-day cities of Eatonville and Roy) with the neighboring and related Klikatat / Klickitat - their main village was Basha'labsh on the Meshal River, a tributary of the Nisqually River, near the present-day community of La Grande, Washington . Married in the neighboring southern Lushootseed (Twulshootseed) -speaking Nisqually (Squalli-Absh / Sqʷaliʼabš) ("people of the grasslands"), who belonged to the coastal Salish , and had at the latest in In the 19th century the Sahaptin was abandoned in favor of Nisqually / Sqʷaliʼabš . Chief Leschi (1808 - hanged February 19, 1858) came from the main village of Basha'labsh and had a Yakama as his mother. He was one of the most important leaders during the Puget Sound War (1855 and 1856), as a tribal alliance of coastal Salish (Nisqually, Puyallup (S'Puyalupubsh) and Muckleshoot (Buklshuhls)) and with these often related Sahaptin (Mishalpam, Klikatat / Klickitat and some Yakama) fought for their land claims in Washington.

Around 1780 their number was estimated at around 3,000, making the Yakama the largest tribe of this language group.

history

Early history

Their tradition tells of a great flood and prophets who returned after being dead for three days. They also met men dressed in black who were later associated with the missionaries. But this could also be an indication of contacts with missionaries from the Spanish part of North America.

Originally the Yakima / Yakama bands were sedentary. They lived in small villages in wooden houses covered with bark . In addition to potatoes , peas , corn , beans and pumpkins, they also grew plums , peaches and artichokes . Fishing was particularly important . This was largely based on the salmon path in autumn and the carp path in spring. At that time whole villages moved to the rivers and streams. They also hunted, with the moose being a sacred animal and therefore not touched. Possibly they got to Spanish horses around 1730 through the agency of the Cayuse , which changed their lives significantly. They now went increasingly buffalo hunting , albeit not to the same extent as the Inland Salish or the Nez-Percé , who are linguistically related to the Yakama.

In 1806, Yakama met the Lewis and Clark Expedition , which explored the country with 40 armed men on behalf of President Thomas Jefferson . Fur traders followed in the 1820s , then prospectors and settlers.

Missionaries (from 1841)

The first missionaries of 1841 had little success; on the contrary, the so-called Whitman massacre of the Methodist missionaries Marcus and Narcissa Whitman and other missionaries took place on November 29, 1847 , and the Oblate Mission under Father Pandosy also failed. But in 1852 again wafers followed, which set up the St. Josephs Mission. The first settlers to cross the Yakama area in 1851 brought smallpox with them.

Walla Walla contract and establishment of the reservation (1855)

On June 9, 1855, the Washington Territory government enforced a treaty that was signed in Walla Walla . Without much consideration for traditional settlement areas, linguistic and cultural differences or animosities between the various tribes, the government forced the treaty to move into the reservation provided for them and to build up a common tribal administration there, in order to become a confederate tribes at the federal level as one nation to appear before the US government. In the contract of Walla Walla, the following 14 tribes or bands were recognized as part of the Confederate Yakama (the spelling follows the listing in the contract, the Yakama name was then added, the ethnic-linguistic affiliation and the signing chiefs, sources: Relander 1962 , Rigsby 1965, Schuster 1975):

tribe Yakama name, ethnicity-linguistic affiliation signing chief
1. Yakama Mámachatpam (Lower Yakama / actually Yakama) and Pshwánwapam / Psch-wan-wap-pam (Upper Yakama / Kittitas), Northwestern Sahaptin Kamiakin / Kamaiakun (k'amáyaqan), Skloom, Owhi (áwχay), La-hoom
2. Palouse (Palus) Pelúuspem, Palus (Palouse) , Northeastern Sahaptin Kamiakin, Koo-lat-toose / Kah-lat-toose / Klah-toosh
3. Pisquouse Wináatshapam; Sinpusqôisoh Band of the Wenatchi (hence formerly called P'squosa ), Columbia-Wenatchi-Salish
4. Wenatshapam Wináatshapam; Sinpusqôisoh Band of the Wenatchi (hence formerly called P'squosa ), Columbia-Wenatchi-Salish
5. Klikatat Xwálχwaypam or L'ataxat (Klikatat / Klickitat, are generally attributed to the Yakama), Northwestern Sahaptin Sla-kish
6. Clinquit not identified
7. Kow-what-say-ee Kkáasu-i or K'kasawi; a band of the Tenino (Warm Springs) or the Sk'in / Sawpaw Band, Southern Sahaptin or Columbia River Sahaptin
8. Li-ay-was not identified
9: Skin-pah Sk'in-ħlama; Sk'in-pa, Sk'in or Sawpaw Band, sometimes considered a band of the Tenino (Warm Springs) , Southern Sahaptin or Columbia River Sahaptin Me-ni-nock (manáynik), Tuck-quille / Tah-kill
10. Wish-ham Wíshχam; Wishram , Upper Chinook (Kiksht) Wish-och-kmpits, Ka-loo-as / Colwas, Schna-noo-as / Sonnewash
11. Shyiks not identified
12. Oche-chotes Uchi'chol; a band of the Tenino (Warm Springs) or the Sk'in / Sawpaw Band, Southern Sahaptin or Columbia River Sahaptin
13. Kah-milt-pah Kahmiltpah, Q'míl-pa or Qamil'lma / Qamil-ħlama; probably the so-called "Rock Creek Band" / K'ami'lpu 'Band , but possibly originally a Wenatchi band with close family ties to the Upper Yakama / Kittitas Band, hence the Southern Sahaptin / Columbia River Sahaptin or (as Wenatchi / Upper Yakama Volume considered) later Northwestern Sahaptin Shee-ah-cotte
14. Se-ap-cat Si'apkat, possibly originally a Wenatchi band with close family ties to the Upper Yakama / Kittitas band, took over the northwestern Sahaptin

Other listings of the tribes follow the spelling of the Yakama Nation Museum: Palouse, Pisquose, Yakama, Wenatchapam, Klinquit, Oche Chotes, Kow way saye ee, Sk'in-pah, Kah-miltpah, Klickitat, Wish ham, See ap Cat, Li ay was and Shyiks or the Yakima Valley Museum: Klikatat, Klinquit, Kah-milt-pah, Kow-was-say-ee, Li-ay-was, Orche-chotes, Palouse, Pisquose (Wenatchi), Se-ap-cat , Shyiks, Skin-pah, Wenatshapam, Wishram and Yakama (Upper and Lower Bands).

The signing chiefs often signed for several bands or tribes, because they felt called by marriage, fishing rights or military superiority to also sign the contract on behalf of these tribes; among the chiefs were:

  • Kamaiakin / K'amáyaqan (also: Kamaiakun): was the spokesman chosen by the tribes during the treaty negotiations - but not their chief (as the Americans gladly assumed); he had Nez Perce and Spokane ancestors on his father's side (according to another source, his father was Palus) and on his mother's side Yakama, one of his main settlement and fishing grounds was along the Palouse River in traditional Palus (Palouse) territory (possibly inherited from his father), He also claimed the negotiating rights over the important Winátshapam fishing grounds of the Sinpusqôisoh Band of the Wenatchi; most important chief of the Lower Yakama / origin. Yakama, he specifically represented the claims of the Lower Yakama / origin. Yakama and the Palus (Palouse) as well as the Sinpusqôisoh Band of the Wenatchi - however, was considered by the Americans as an alleged chief also as a representative of the Klikatat / Klickitat and all other other tribes or bands named in the contract.
  • Skloom / Sklom : brother of Kamaiakin, was of Yakama-Palus descent; a chief of the Lower Yakama / origin. Yakama and represented their claims.
  • Owhi / Áwχay : brother or brother-in-law of Kamaiakin, was of Yakama-Palus descent; Chief of the Upper Yakama / Kittitas, he represented the claims of the Lower Yakama / origin. Yakama and the Upper Yakama / Kittitas.
  • Te-cole-kun : Chief of the Sinpusqôisoh band of the Wenatchi, but was regarded as a representative of the tribes of the Wenatchi, Entiat and Chelan , often referred to under the collective name P'squosa (actually a corruption of Winátshapam , the name of an important fishing ground of all these Strains) were combined.
  • La-hoom / Laxúmt : Chief of the Entiat (presumably the Sinialkumuh band along the Columbia between the Entiat and the Wenatchee River, whose area bordered on that of the Wenatchi, which is closely related in terms of language and culture), was, however, represented in the negotiations as a representative for the claims of Yakama - however, considered especially for the Wenatchi.
  • Koo-lat-toose / Klaʼtúš (also: Kah-lat-toose / Klah-toosh): a chief of the Palus (Palouse), was forced to represent their claims in the treaty on behalf of all Palus (Palouse).
  • Schna-noo-as / Schanooa (also: Skannowa / Sch-noo-a / Sonnewash): a chief of the Wishram, represented their claims together with Wish-och-knipits / Wiyašknípic and Ka-loo-as / Q'álwaš .
  • Me-ni-nock / Manáynik : Chief of the "Skin-pah / Sk'in-pa" (also: Sk'in or Sawpaw Band), these are sometimes regarded as a band of the Tenino (Warm Springs).
  • Shee-ah-cotte / Šiyakát : Chief of the band called "Kah-milt-pah" in the contract, which is probably identical to the so-called "Rock Creek Band" / K'ami'lpu 'Band , because his home village Rock Creek (Qmiɫ) was on Rock Creek, a small tributary of the Columbia River, in the middle of their territory, he also had relatives under the Sk'in / Sawpaw Band and in the village of Wálawitis near today's CPD Maryhill, Washington, in the east of the Columbia River Gorge ( the "Rock Creek Band" / K'ami'lpu 'Band was linguistically and culturally closely related to the Tenino (Warm Springs) bands living along the Columbia River, the Umatilla and the Sk'in / Sawpaw Band - all of them belonged to the southerners Sahaptin or Columbia River Sahaptin).
  • Sla-kish / Šláqʼiš (also: Slockish): Chief of the Klikatat / Klickitat, which are generally attributed to the Yakama.
  • Elit Palmer / Ilaytp'á.ma (also: Ilitp'áama): was called a representative of the "Celilo Indians" (these could be both the Sk'in-pa / Sawpaw band and the Wyam (Wayámááma) band of the Tenino / Warm who Springs is a member), has been used with various villages along the Columbia River in association: with Nawawi , a settlement of the Umatilla near the present ghost town Alderdale in Washington, with Sk'in the most important settlement in the Sk'in / Sawpaw band and with Wálawitis close today's CPD Maryhill in Washington on the north bank and with Wayám , Oregon, on the south bank of the Columbia River; as the Wyam (Wayámɫáma) band of Tenino / Warm Springs was known under the term “Celilo Indians” at that time , he should have represented the claims of this and the Sk'in / Sawpaw band on the opposite bank.
  • Tuck-quille / Takí.l (also: Tah-kill / Tahkeal): Chief of the Skin-pah / Sk'in-pa (also: Sk'in or Sawpaw Band), these are sometimes called a band of the Tenino (Warm Springs ) considered.
  • Wish-och-knipits / Wiyašknípic : Chief of the village of Wíshχam the Wishram , but came from the village of Rock Creek (Qmiɫ) of the "Rock Creek Band" / K'ami'lpu 'Band (in the contract as "Kah-milt-pah" called) and also had relatives under the Sk'in / Sawpaw band, represented the claims of the Wishram together with Schna-noo-as / Schanooa and Ka-loo-as / Q'álwaš.
  • Ka-loo-as / Q'álwaš (also: Colwas / Colwash): a chief of the Wishram, represented their claims together with Wish-och-knipits / Wiyašknípic and Schna-noo-as / Schanooa .

Those mentioned in the contract

  • Clinquit
  • Shyiks
  • Li-ay-what

were not represented by a chief when the contract was signed and have not yet been clearly identified.

Of the original 10.8 million acres of land, only 1.3 million remained. In 1859 the first official Indian agency was established. She ran the Fort Simcoe Boarding School , where they tried to teach the Yakama about American culture. The pupils were not allowed to use their mother tongue.

Yakama war

But in 1855, the year the contract was signed, there were violent disputes with gold miners supported by the army. In addition, numerous Yakama refused to vacate their area and move to the reservation. On November 9, 1855, an army of 700 soldiers appeared, which the Yakama at Union Gap could only oppose 300 men. They fled, but the soldiers burned the mission station because they suspected the missionaries were in league with the Yakama. During the fighting, the Lower and Upper Yakama fell out because the Upper Yakama did not recognize Chief Kamiakin as the son of a Palouse as a member of their tribe. The so-called Wishman Tribe suffered particularly from the war. They had volunteered their weapons to the commander of Fort The Dalles , but they were mistakenly attacked by an army unit. Compensation was promised, but it never happened.

Confederation, attempts at assimilation

With the ratification of the Treaty of Walla Walla by Congress in 1859, both Yakama tribes became part of the Confederated Tribes of the Yakima Indian Reservation of Washington . This confederation grew rapidly from 1867 when the Klickitat from the Willamette Valley had to give way to white settlers. Their chief White Swan (also known as Joe Stwire) even led the confederation.

Klickitat, Benjamin A. Gifford 1899

Meanwhile, Reverend James (Father) Wilbur had been a missionary since 1864. The Protestant settlers regarded his approach as a model of Indian policy . As a Methodist, he came into conflict with the Catholics of the Simcoe Agency , who had been campaigning among the Yakama for some time, and the Yakama also disagreed with his “plowing and bible policy”. The situation was further complicated by the fact that as a result of the Bannock-Paiute War of 1878, around 540 Paiute came to the Yakama reservation. However, they left the reserve again in the early 1880s.

In 1891 a dam was built on the Yakima River , which was used for irrigation. More settlers came to the region and there were frequent disputes over land rights and fishing. At the same time, the land was privatized and issued piece by piece as an allotment . Between 1892 and 1915, 4,506 properties were created. In 1914, 440,000 of the 1,238,000 acres had already been privatized.

In 1906 the US government established a school system analogous to the Canadian residential school system . The traditionalists among the Yakama resisted, speculating when young men from their tribe were drafted during the First World War that this was done in order to finally destroy their tribe.

In 1920 the American Christian Missionary Society began its missionary work and acquired a site near White Swan. In 1988 the Yakima bought the property back.

Reorganization, tribal council, land claims

The bad experiences and mistrust led the Yakima to start organizing only a year after the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934.

In 1944, in recognition of the fourteen signatories to the Treaty of Walla Walla, the Confederation established a tribal council with 14 advisors elected by the General Membership Council , the general council of all tribesmen. All members of the Yakama registered in the tribal role who are at least 18 years old can cast their vote by raising their right hand.

Mabton in southern Washington

On June 21, the Confederation claimed land adjacent to the reservation, most notably Tract A in the Mabton area. The Indian Claims Commission refused, but recognized the reservation line that had been established in 1885. There were repeated disputes about this borderline, especially since the map on which the contract from 1855 was based was lost until 1930. However, 18,094.42 acres were recognized as an additional reserve area. A small area that belonged to the Northern Pacific Railroad (425.32 acres ) was returned to the tribe, but the remainder was owned by settlers. In 1900 an additional 293,837 acres were added to the reserve. In 1953 these areas were valued at $ 69,119.28 in 1904 . The tribe has now received compensation for areas sold several times. In 1980 he received exactly $ 1,390,306.11. In 1975, a total of 1,118,149.04 acres were still held in trust .

Recovery of natural and cultural resources

On June 9, 1980, the Yakama Nation Museum , one of the oldest museums of the indigenous peoples in the United States, opened and also a cultural center. The reservation is now inhabited by over 9,000 Indians, but the number of residents on the reservation is considerably higher.

In 1981 the tribe initiated the Yakama Nation Wildlife Program along with the Yakama Nation Fisheries Program . On the one hand, the aim was to maintain and restore the natural environment and thus the foundations of its culture, and on the other hand, to create jobs with these programs. As the tasks grew, the program was renamed the Yakama Nation Wildlife, Range, & Vegetation Resources Management Program . A number of biologists work for the project, but also an archaeologist . Non-tribal members can purchase a permit for hunting purposes, but subject to strict conditions. The Upper and Lower Toppenish Creek Wildlife Reserve (Tribal Game Refuge) are strictly prohibited from hunting. In addition, there is a wild horse program that protects well over 4,000 wild horses within the reserve and offers a certain part for sale.

Since 1981 there have been bison in the reserve again, and the herd of only 12 animals at the beginning has grown to 200 again. A significant part of the approximately 150 traditional uses between medicine, nutrition and ritual are thus returning. All projects work together with children and young people and try to provide training in these areas. There is also a collaboration with the University of Washington in medical training.

In 1984 the confederation had 6,853 members. She resisted the shipping of nuclear waste from the Hanford Nuclear Complex and the reduction of her contracted fishing rights.

Beyond their own bison herd, the Yakama were granted the right to hunt buffalo again north of Yellowstone National Park in parts of the Absaroka-Beartooth Wilderness in 2006 .

Current situation

Hops in the Yakama reservation

The tribe built up a timber industry as early as the 1970s. A furniture factory was born that was named Mount Adams . An irrigation project, the Wapato Project , was also carried out, which today supplies 150,000 acres of water, including 90,000 on Indian land. Cattle are farmed on 2.7 million acres , plus hops are grown .

The Confederation has been operating a casino at Toppenish not far from Yakima, the Legends Casino, since 1998 . In 2008 it employed around 600 people, including over 450 Yakama.

Since 2007, Yakama Power , the tribe's energy company, has been studying wind speeds within the reserve in order to be able to generate its own electricity given the high energy prices.

From January 22nd to 24th, 2008 the annual meeting of the 54 Affiliated Tribes of Northwest Indians took place in Portland . Tribes from Idaho , Washington, Montana , Northern California and Southeast Alaska gather here .

On-reservation Toppenish High School principal, Trevor Greene, a Muscogee, received a state award in 2012 for innovative school leadership and was named National High School Principal of the Year .

See also

literature

  • Robert J. Haupt: “Never Lay a Salmon on the Ground with His Head toward the River”: State of Washington Sues Yakamas over Alcohol Ban , in: American Indian Law Review 26/1 (2001/2002) 67-87
  • Donald M. Hines, Ghost Voices: Yakima Indian myths, legend, humor, and hunting stories . Great Eagle Pub. 1992 ISBN 0-9629539-2-X
  • Edward R. Ricciuti (Author) / Dick Smolinski (Illustrator), The Yakama (Native American People) , Dec 1997
  • Robert H. Ruby / John A. Brown: A Guide to the Indian Tribes of the Pacific Northwest , University of Oklahoma Press 1992, pp. 58-63 and 272-274
  • Helen H. Schuster: The Yakima , Chelsea House 1990, ISBN 1-55546-735-0
  • Clifford E. Trafzer: Death Stalks the Yakama: Epidemiological Transitions and Mortality on the Yakama Indian Reservation, 1888-1964 , Michigan State University Press 1998

Web links

Commons : Yakama  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Remarks

  1. ↑ Plateau Peoples' Web Portal - Spokane Tribe of Indians, Confederated Tribes Of The Colville Reservation, Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation, Coeur d'Alene Tribe of Indians, Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs, Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Nation
  2. ↑ James J. Siegel: COOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT OF TOPPENISH CREEK WETLANDS IN CENTRAL WASHINGTON: A QUESTION OF HISTORY, CULTURE, AND SOVEREIGNTY
  3. ↑ History of Celilo Falls (suh-LIE-low)
  4. ^ Eugene S. Hunn, Katrine Barber and Andrew H. Fisher: Remembering Celilo Falls - Sk'in (The Other Side of the River)
  5. ↑ According to Chief Yallup, both considered themselves "one big family", although they each lived on the other bank of the Columbia and recognized different chiefs - see Andrew H. Fisher: Shadow Tribe: The Making of Columbia River Indian Identity, p. 25
  6. ↑ the Wyam (Wayámɫáma) (in Yakama: Wayámpam) are also known as "Celilo Indians" or "Lower Deschutes" and the Tinainu (Tinaynuɫáma) as "Dalles Tenino" or "actual Tenino" - together with the Dock-Spus (Tukspush ) (Takspasɫáma) or "John Day" as well as the Tygh (Taih, Tyigh) or "Upper Deschutes" are all collectively referred to as warm Springs bands designated
  7. ↑ Center for theStudy of Migrant and Indian Education YAKIMA INDIAN NATION
  8. ^ Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission - YAKAMA - UMATILLA - WARM SPRINGS - NEZ PERCE
  9. ↑ Handbook of North American Indians, v. 12, Plateau, Volume 10, page 328 (listing the bands from north to south)
  10. ↑ DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR - National Park Service - Notice of Intent To Repatriate Cultural Items: Thomas Burke
  11. ^ Yakima Valley Museum - Traditional Life
  12. ↑ Another widespread assumption for the origin of the tribal name Klickitat could possibly also be a Chinook word meaning "beyond (the Rocky Mountains)"
  13. ↑ The license to build and operate both dams was granted under several conditions - the continuous modernization of the dams, the monitoring of water quality, the improvement of the habitat for wild animals, the improvement of the leisure tourism areas through new campsites, picnic areas and hiking trails as well as the responsibility approx 700 archaeological sites to protect the ecological Wánapam
  14. ↑ in Leschi's time the - compared to the Nisqually - smaller villages of the Mishalpam were bilingual and still had family ties to neighboring Klikatat and Yakama
  15. ↑ Handbook of North American Indians, v. 12, Plateau, Volume 10, p. 328
  16. ^ Early Eatonville - Nisqually Me Scarf
  17. ↑ Salishian Tribes of the Interior by Edward S. Curtis - Wenatchee
  18. ^ Eugene Hunn: Columbia Plateau Indian Place Names: What Can They Teach Us?
  19. ↑ Whether the Kow-was-say-ee and Oche-chotes are a band of the Tenino (Warm Springs) or the Sk'in / Sawpaw band depends on whether the latter is only a subgroup of the Tenino ( Warm Springs) or as a separate group
  20. ^ Skin Indians - Skin Villages
  21. ↑ after the flooding of Celilo Falls they were relocated to Celilo Village in Oregon, directly across from Fallbridge (today's Wishram in Washington) - and therefore often referred to as the "Fall Bridge Band" in English; were together with the linguistically and culturally closely related Umatilla (above the mouth of the Umatilla River in the Columbia River, on both sides of the same to Willow Creek in Oregon and to Rock Creek in Washington) and the K'ami'lpu 'Band (also: Kah-milt-pah) (in their village of Rock Creek (Qmiɫ) along the Rock Creek) often collectively referred to simply as "Rock Creek Indians", hence the "Sk'in / Sawpaw Band" is also known as the "Rock Creek Band" ; possibly from the Yakama K'milláma called, perhaps, but just another variation of the Yakama-Names Amatalamláma / Imatalamláma for Umatilla
  22. ^ Homepage of the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation - History of CTUIR
  23. ^ Verne F. Ray and others: Tribal Distribution in eastern Oregon and adjacent Regions
  24. ↑ Since some villages / bands had similar names and the transcription into English was often not completely correct, it is often difficult today to assign the individually listed bands to an ethnic group, so I give both options, but I tend to say that it is this was not a Wenatchi band, but actually the southern / Columbia River-Sahaptin-speaking so-called "Rock Creek Band" or K'ami'lpu 'band , which was also referred to as Kah-milt-pah , because this was by chief Shee-ah-cotte, whose home village was Rock Creek (Qmiɫ) and he also had relatives under the Sk'in / Sawpaw Band (see further explanations under "Skin-pah")
  25. ^ Wenatchee Indians - Wenatchee Subdivisions
  26. ↑ Dr James Mooney: The Ghost-Dance Religion and Wounded Knee, pp. 736-737, ISBN 978-0486267593 , new edition November 1991
  27. ^ Joann Roe: Stevens Pass: Gateway to Seattle, page 13, ISBN 978-0870044281
  28. ^ Eugene Hunn: Anthropological Study of Yakama Tribe: Traditional Resource Harvest Sites West of the Crest of the Cascades Mountains in Washington State and below the Cascades of the Columbia River.
  29. ^ Yakama Nation Museum & Cultural Center. Introduction & History ( Memento from October 20, 2008 in the Internet Archive )
  30. ^ Yakima Valley Museum
  31. ↑ BEFORE THE INDIAN CLAIMS COMMISSION - The Yakima Tribe (Petitioner) vs. The United States (Defendant)
  32. ^ See Andrew H. Fisher: Shadow Tribe: The Making of Columbia River Indian Identity, 44
  33. ↑ Andrew H. Fisher, Shadow Tribe: The Making of Columbia River Indian Identity , University of Washington Press, July 25, 2011, ISBN 978-0295990200 , 44-45
  34. ↑ other bands (possibly only villages, however, as the names ħlama - "those who ... live, along ... live", pronounced locative or pa / pûm / pam - "a group of people, ie people from .. . "Are missing) - see Eugene Hunn: How Sahaptin Names for Indian Groups are Formed
  35. ↑ TREATY WITH THE YAKIMA, 1855
  36. ↑ A film about the school system and its consequences from a Yakama perspective
  37. ↑ A map of the protected area can be found here (PDF; 621 kB).
  38. ↑ See Buffalo "Tsoo-thlum" Project .
  39. ↑ Sean Reichard: Crow Tribe Wants to Join Tribal Hunts of Yellowstone Bison. Article on yellowstoneinsider.com, February 16, 2018, accessed February 18, 2020.
  40. ↑ Read more on the casino website .
  41. ↑ See Krista J. Kapralos, Herald Writer: Why tribes may be key players in eco-energy, in: Herald Net, April 28, 2008 .
  42. ↑ Phil Ferolito: Tribal conference boasts all-star appeal , in: Yakima Herald, January 20, 2008.
  43. ↑ There's joy in Toppenish as principal named # 1 in nation ( Memento of October 3, 2012 in the Internet Archive ), in: Yakima Herald, September 6, 2012.