Auschwitz gypsy camp

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" Gypsy camp at Auschwitz ," and " Gypsy family camp at Auschwitz ," described in Nazi parlance existing from February 1943 to August 1944 Section B II e of Auschwitz-Birkenau . Families and individuals were deported there by the Reich Security Main Office (RSHA) who were categorized as “ Gypsies ” or “Gypsy hybrids”, including Roma , in the sense of a “regulation of the Gypsy question from the nature of this race” ( Auschwitz decree , quote: Heinrich Himmler ) were or had Roma ancestors.

The "Gypsy camp " (highlighted in yellow) in Auschwitz-Birkenau , based on an aerial photo of the RAF from 1944.
The "gypsy camp" in Auschwitz-Birkenau, names and functions of the blocks, modern graphics based on the state of development around mid-1944.
Barracks at the southern end of the "Auschwitz Gypsy Camp" (highlighted in color) near the crematoria. Aerial photo of the SAAF from August 25, 1944, shortly after the liquidation of the "Gypsy camp". The photo is rotated 180 ° in relation to the card.
Concentration camp barracks , type horse stable, 40.96 m long, 9.56 m wide and 2.65 m high (photo from 2008)
Interior view of one of the barracks with three-story bunks (photo from 2006). The beds (regular for 15 people) were 280 × 185 cm and 200 cm high.
View from the entrance building along the track system to the southern end of the “Gypsy camp” (photo from June 2006). This camp is at the back of the picture, on the right of the tracks in front of the trees.
A deportation train of Hungarian Jews reached Auschwitz in May 1944. At the right edge of the picture the southern end of the “Gypsy camp”, the chimneys in the background belong to the crematoria. The track system along the main camp route was completed in May 1944.
Announcement about the confiscation of the property of Auschwitz prisoners in the Deutsches Reichsanzeiger

Most of the deportees came from the German "Altreich" and the area of ​​Austria . Of the approximately 22,600 persons living in barracks housed the stables type, died about 19,300. Of these, over 13,600 succumbed to malnutrition, diseases and epidemics, and more than 5,600 were murdered in gas chambers . Others were victims of individual violent attacks or medical crimes, including by the concentration camp doctor Josef Mengele . A small number of the prisoners were transferred to other concentration camps (such as Buchenwald or Ravensbrück ) for forced labor .

The mass crimes in the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp are part of the genocide that the Roma refer to as Porajmos .

The warehouse

Foundation and start of use

In the Himmler- Thierack Agreement of September 17 between the SS and the Ministry of Justice and then in the order of the Reichsführer SS of December 16, 1942 - Tgb. No. I 2652/42 Ad./RF/V, known as the Auschwitz Decree , was not only the deportation of the "gypsies" living in the Reich, but also the establishment of the "gypsy camp" in Auschwitz. This order also included the dissolution of the decentralized compulsory camps set up in the Reich for years , such as B. the Cologne-Bickendorf gypsy camp (from 1935), the Berlin-Marzahn compulsory camp (referred to by the perpetrators as a “resting place”; from 1936) or the Lackenbach gypsy detention camp (from 1940; south of Vienna).

The beginning of the minority's incarceration in Section B IIe of the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp can be precisely timed through two events. On February 1, 1943, SS-Oberscharführer Pfütze was appointed camp leader of the "Gypsy Camp ", and on February 26, 1943 the first transport ordered by the RSHA (Berlin) on January 29, 1943 arrived. From then on, the prisoners were recorded in their own prisoner's ledger and tattooed with a separate series of numbers that began with a Z. They had to wear the black triangle as a mark and were thus marked as " anti-social ". The construction phase of the camp can already be found on the plans for the " Auschwitz Area of ​​Interest " from February 1941. The "Gypsy camp " was not yet completed when prisoners were first occupied in 1943. Even before the gypsy camp was set up, “gypsies” had been deported to Auschwitz, for the first time on September 29, 1942. The finished section was about 80 m wide and about 1000 m long and comprised 40 stable barracks called “blocks” , of which 32 were built as living barracks . Of the remaining eight blocks, two were used as a food store and clothing store, four as a prisoner infirmary and two barracks for babies and children. At the entrance, the north end, there was a separate building, the "Blockführererstube" ( Blockführer is the name of the SS guards who are active in a block section, here B IIe), as well as a kitchen building for men and women. The section was fenced in with barbed wire, provided with watchtowers and bordered on the east side - separated by a barbed wire fence - on the identically designed section B II d, the men's camp of the concentration camp. On the west side it bordered the prisoner hospital B II f. At the southern end of the row of barracks were the railway tracks of the internal train ramp, only a few meters from the Auschwitz crematoria , the smell of which hung over the camp.

The leaky and partly windowless barracks were overcrowded with up to a thousand people in the following months. In the living quarters there were three-story plank beds, each of which was intended for a family, regardless of their size. The beds were so overcrowded that they kept breaking.

Arrival at the camp

In the office, the newcomers had to show the green "Gypsy paper" and a white half-sheet that contained the instructions from the Reich Central Office for Combating the Gypsy Abuse and personal data. The prisoners were tattooed with a number and registered in the general ledger of the "Gypsy camp ":

“The first impression we got of Auschwitz was terrible, it was dark when we arrived. A huge area, but you only saw the lights. We had to spend the night in a large hall on the floor. We had to march into the camp early in the morning. There they first tattooed the prisoner numbers on our arms and cut our hair off. The clothes, the shoes and the few things we still had with us were taken away from us. "

- Elisabeth Guttenberger (deported in March 1943)

“When the wagons finally opened, the SS received us with beatings and bloodhounds - we were at our destination. At that moment we stopped being human. We were just numbers. Everything we had was taken from us. Everyone, including the women and children, had their hair shaved, and numbers were tattooed on everyone, including my two little girls. "

- Julius Hodosi

Everyday warehouse life

In contrast to almost all other sections of the camp, the prisoners in the Gypsy camp could stay with their families, wear civilian clothes and grow their hair. The prisoners who were able to work were not assigned to external commands, but were used on the camp grounds of the Auschwitz concentration camp to build ramps or to install a camp drainage system. The camp road of the camp section was also built by children who had to haul heavy stones. The inmate Helmut Clement tells a story that has been passed down several times:

“I still remember the incident with the children, the two Sinti children from Austria. They ran to the barbed wire fence and played there. There was a ditch there, the so-called neutral zone, in front of which there were smooth wires and behind that there were barbed wire. The two children played and talked to each other there. Suddenly an SS man shot the children down from the watchtower. He just shot the kids. One of the children was shot in the arm and in the stomach, it was badly hit. "

- Helmut Clement

The hygienic conditions in the camp were catastrophic, as there were insufficient washing facilities, the latrines were rarely emptied and the water with germs, v. a. Typhoid, was contaminated. In addition, the food rations allocated were absolutely inadequate. Hunger was omnipresent:

"The food consisted of 1/4 liter of water in which rutabagas swam, 1/4 liter of tea and a slice of bread."

- Hermione Horvath

"At that time I also lost my two children, they literally starved to death."

- Julius Hodosi

Female survivors report rape by the SS guards who selected the most beautiful women during delousing.

Epidemics and diseases

As a result of the unsanitary conditions in the camp and malnutrition, diseases such as scabies , typhus , measles and typhus spread in the camp . Many children had noma disease in the facial area . The inmate doctor Lucie Adelsberger reported on the children's living conditions after the end of the war:

“Like adults, the children were only skin and bones without muscles and fat, and thin, parchment-like skin chafed through the hard edges of the skeleton (...). But the plight of these worms cut even more to the heart. Perhaps because the faces had lost everything childlike and looked out of hollow eyes with senile features (...). Scabies covered the undernourished body from top to bottom and deprived it of its last strength. The mouth was eaten away by noma ulcers, which dug into the depths, hollowed out the jaws and perforated the cheeks like cancer (...). Because of hunger and thirst, cold and pain, the children could not rest even at night. Her moans swelled like a hurricane and echoed throughout the block. "

- Lucie Adelsberger

The sick barracks were occupied by 400 to 600 sick people. As of April 1943, the sick were being cared for by 30 inmate doctors and 60 inmate nurses who did not have sufficient medication or bandages for treatment.

The killing of sick inmates was a common means of "medical" treatment. Josef Mengele was a camp doctor in the "Gypsy camp " from May 24, 1943 , where he was promoted to head camp doctor. He was responsible for the day-to-day hospital block selections and had a detailed list of the sick with diagnosis and prognosis for each block drawn up by the prisoner doctors who were dependent on him . A prognosis of a healing time of more than three weeks meant practically automatically the death sentence for the prisoner concerned.

The fight against epidemics was also the responsibility of the camp doctors. Mengele fought the typhus epidemic by clearing a barrack and killing the 600 to 1000 prisoners with gas. He had the empty barrack disinfected. The prisoners in the neighboring barracks were then deloused. Afterwards, they were relocated naked and without their belongings and were eventually given new clothes. This process was continued with prisoners from other barracks. The possibility of carrying out this action without the murder of the prisoners was obviously not present in Mengele's imagination, as the former prisoner doctor Ella Lingens noted in 1985. Berthold Epstein was one of the other inmate doctors .

In addition to Mengele, Erwin von Helmersen , Fritz Klein and Franz Lucas were among the camp doctors .

Origin and composition of the prisoners

The composition of the prisoners is not representative of the Porajmos victims. Roma in particular who did not live in Germany and Austria were only deported to Auschwitz in exceptional cases. Most of the prisoners came from Germany and Austria (62.75% plus 4.46% stateless persons , the majority of whom were presumably German ), 22% came from the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and 6% from occupied Poland . In about 14% of the prisoners, the criminal police officers who delivered them can be identified with their “offices for Gypsy issues”. The list includes German cities: Berlin (376), Braunschweig (20), Bremen (133), Breslau (102), Darmstadt (5), Erfurt (69), Halle (110), Hamburg (28), Hanover (57), Heilbronn (26), Karlsruhe (34), Kassel (62), Koblenz (16), Königsberg (37), Cologne (22), Leipzig (35), Munich (53), Nuremberg (38), Regensburg (2), Saarbrücken (6), Schwerin (64), Stettin (83), Stuttgart (69), Weimar (36) and Wuppertal (107) as well as Austria "affiliated" in 1938: Graz (757), Innsbruck (80 ), Salzburg (37), Vienna (170) and from other occupied areas: Bromberg (62), Danzig (55), Kattowitz (66), Litzmannstadt (54), Posen (31), Prague (36), Reichenberg (37 ), Reichenberg / Karlsbad (147), Strasbourg (9) and Zichenau (22).

Gypsy camp data: age distribution by period

About a hundred Reich German "Gypsies" had done military service with the Wehrmacht before their deportation and some had been brought into the camp directly from the front. Many of them had war decorations. Among the camp inmates there were also “gypsies” with their children who were married to “ Aryan ” Germans who did military service.

Number of victims

In his autobiography "Gypsies", the commandant of the Auschwitz concentration camp, Rudolf Hoess, named the "next main contingent" of victims after Jews and Russian prisoners of war . The number of prisoners and the victims of the “Auschwitz Gypsy Camp” can be reconstructed very precisely from various sources that come from the camp bureaucracy. The veils of the perpetrators and the gaps in the tradition must be taken into account. The main source is the camp's two main books. In a book each for men and women, the prisoners were registered by name with consecutive numbers. The number corresponds to the number tattooed on the inmates. The main books list 20,943 people, in 1943 18,736 prisoners and in 1944 2,207 prisoners were admitted, 11,843 (= 57%) prisoners were registered as dead. 371 children were born in the camp, none of whom survived.

The main books were kept by inmate clerks. The Polish political prisoner Tadeusz Joachimowski , who had to work as a clerk for the Rapportführer, was able to secretly steal the two books from the office in July 1944 - shortly before this part of the camp was dissolved on August 2, 1944 - and buried them with the help of two other prisoners. On January 13, 1949, the damaged books were recovered and handed over to the memorial.

Franciszek Piper names a total of 20,982 prisoners registered as "Gypsies", of which 10,094 are men and 10,888 women. Piper is not only referring to the main books, but also to the highest inmate number found in another inventory of the memorial. Albine Weiss (Z-10888) is listed in the book of block 22b outside the "Gypsy camp". Danuta Czech also gives a slightly different number of prisoners : 20,967.

Furthermore, the main books are missing about 1,700 men, women and children who were admitted on March 23, 1943 and killed in the gas chambers on suspicion of typhus . According to Franciszek Piper, a total of 2000 prisoners brought in as “gypsies” were not registered.

Michael Zimmermann assumes around 22,600 prisoners, of which 19,300 did not survive. More than 5,600 were killed by gas.

Deportations to the camp

Allocated prisoner numbers (men only). The number of prisoners is increasing very quickly, the large gaps are due to missing dates in the general ledger. (Numbers from the memorial book, where available the date of the even 100, single numbers in the incomplete areas)

From the large number of deportations to the camp that are documented, I would like to mention a number:

  • February 26, 1943 is the earliest documented posting date in the camp's main books.
  • In March 1943, 11,339 people were brought in in 23 transports. The camp in Altwarmbüchener Moor was surrounded and evacuated by police on the night of March 1, 1943, and deportees can be found in the ledger after March 4, 1943. The 160 residents of the so-called “ Gypsy camp Magdeburg Holzweg ” were among the deportees in March , including Erna Lauenburger, known as “ Unku ” . They were also deported on March 1, 1943. Those deported from the gypsy camp in Ravensburg , including Hildegard Franz , arrived around mid-March. The deportation train in which Walter Winter and his family were transported reached the camp in mid-March. It was registered on March 14, 1943 with the number Z 3105. Anton Winter and his family are deported from Singen on a train that was deployed in Radolfzell on March 24, 1943 and took in further victims at many other train stations. According to the timetable, the train arrived at Auschwitz-Birkenau on March 27, 1943 at 3:01 p.m. with 514 men and women. Much of his family did not survive the camp. Hermann Höllenreiner , Hugo Höllenreiner and Vinzenz Rose were also among those deported in March . On March 31, 1943, Karl Stojka and Mongo Stojka were deported.
  • In April 1943, 2,677 people were brought in in ten transports. Otto Rosenberg was one of the inmates brought in in April , who belonged with the other inmates from the “ Berlin-Marzahn Rastplatz ” compulsory camp, which was almost completely deported to Auschwitz . Also Ewald Hanstein was deported from Berlin.
  • In May 1943, people were brought in in eleven transports in 2014. These transport sizes were no longer achieved afterwards.
  • In 1943, the deportations from the " Gypsy detention camp Lackenbach " in Burgenland , Austria began .
  • On January 17, 1944, 351 prisoners from Belgium , Germany, France , the Netherlands and Norway arrived from the SS assembly camp in Mechelen (in Malines ).
  • On April 21, 1944, Philomena Franz was registered and tattooed with the prisoner number Z 10550.
  • On May 12, 1944, the 39 Sinti children from Mulfingen , who had served the anthropologist Eva Justin to obtain a doctorate , were transferred from the St. Josefspflege children's home to the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp. The boys were given the numbers Z-9873 to Z-9892, the girls Z-10629 to Z-10647.
  • On May 16, 1944, 244 people were transported from the Westerbork transit camp in the Netherlands to Auschwitz, including Settela Steinbach . Zoni Weisz escapes this deportation, but not his family.
  • After June 6, 1944, Ernst Mettbach (Z 10061) and Karl Höllenreiner (Z 10062) were deported to the camp, they later served as test subjects in the seawater experiments in the Dachau concentration camp .
  • The last inmate number documented in the main ledger for women, Z 10849, belongs to Magda Samujlowiez from Lithuania , who came to the camp on July 21, 1944. The date is missing from the men's last entries. The last dated entry in the men's ledger belongs to Walter Brozinski (Z 10053), who was born in the camp on June 7, 1944, followed by another 40 undated entries.

Group selections and whereabouts of other groups of inmates

Numerous prisoners died due to the living conditions. In addition, the number of prisoners was reduced by major murders and transports to other concentration camps.

  • On March 23, 1943, around 1,700 men, women and children from barracks 20 and 22, who had been brought in from Białystok and suspected of having typhus , were killed in the gas chambers. These inmates are not recorded in the general ledger.
  • On May 25, 1943, 507 men and 528 women were murdered in the gas chambers as either suffering from or suspected of having typhoid, the dates of death were concealed in the ledger.
  • On November 9, 1943, one hundred prisoners were transferred to the Natzweiler concentration camp for typhus experiments . They were followed by a replacement transport arriving between December 8 and 14.
  • On November 27, 1943, 35 prisoners were transferred to the penal company .
  • On April 15, 1944, 884 men were transferred to Buchenwald concentration camp and 473 women to Ravensbrück concentration camp .

The liquidation of the camp began in mid-May 1944.

Arthur Nebe suggested using "mixed gypsies" from the Auschwitz concentration camp for medical experiments with seawater . The experiments were carried out between July and September 1944 in the Dachau concentration camp . Among the volunteer test subjects are former prisoners of the Auschwitz gypsy camp: Josef Laubinger (Z 9358), Ernst Mettbach and Karl Höllenreiner.

End of camp

Johann Schwarzhuber (1947, at the Ravensbrück Trial )

On 16 May 1944, after a failed bearing lock the first attempt to evacuate the camp, the resistance of the prisoners. The camp manager Georg Bonigut had previously warned some inmates he knew about the evacuation of the camp . Only days later, on May 23, 1944, around 1,500 prisoners were selected and transferred to Auschwitz I to be transferred to other concentration camps; 82 men were sent to the Flossenbürg concentration camp and 144 women to the Ravensbrück concentration camp. The final liquidation of the camp took place on August 2nd and 3rd, 1944. On August 2nd at 7 pm it was cordoned off according to an order from Berlin. 1408 prisoners were transferred to Buchenwald concentration camp by freight train , the remaining 2,897 women, men and children were killed in the gas chambers. Since camp leader Bonigut had reported sick, SS-Unterscharführer Fritz Buntrock took the people to the gas chambers. There they were murdered in groups in the presence of the camp leader Johann Schwarzhuber and the head of the Sonderkommando Otto Moll . On the morning of August 3, 1944, those who were initially able to hide in the camp were killed or shot by SS members.

“We heard a terrible shouting. The gypsies knew they should be sent to their deaths and they screamed all night. They had been in Auschwitz for a long time. They had seen the Jews arrive at the ramp, had seen selections and watched old people and children go into the gas chamber. [And that's why] they screamed. "

- Menashe Lorinczi (inmate from Mengele's group of twins)

“It was only when they were walking to crematorium I by the barracks that they noticed it. It wasn't easy to get them into the chambers. "

- Rudolf Höss (commandant in Auschwitz).

“The Sinti also defended themselves against the“ liquidation ”of the“ Gypsy camp ”. That was a very tragic story. The Sinti made weapons out of tin. They have sharpened the metal sheets into knives. With that and with sticks they fought to the extreme. I know an eyewitness, a Polish woman, her name was Zita, who was on duty with us across the street and who witnessed the dissolution of the “gypsy camp”. She later told me tearfully how the Sinti fought and fought so desperately because they knew they should be gassed. And then this resistance was shot down with submachine guns [...] "

- Elisabeth Guttenberger (inmate of the "gypsy camp")

It is unclear who, when and why the decision to liquidate the camp, that is, to transfer the prisoners to other concentration camps and to murder those who remained, is unclear. Höss constructed a connection with Himmler's personal visit in 1942, to which he had shown "the crammed residential barracks, the inadequate hygienic conditions, the fully occupied sick barracks" of the camp. "He saw everything exactly and true to life and gave us the order to destroy them after those who were fit for work, like the Jews, had been selected." This cannot be correct in terms of time: Himmler's second and last visit to Auschwitz was on the 17th and 18th July 1942, at a time when the "gypsy camp" did not yet exist. After leaving Auschwitz in November 1943, Höss himself returned to the camp between May 8 and June 29, 1944. At this time the SS began to make preparations for the liquidation of the entire camp.

In connection with the "liquidation" of the camp, Michael Zimmermann refers to a letter from Arthur Nebes , the head of the Reich Criminal Police Office , which is central to the extermination of domestic "Gypsies" , on May 5, 1944. In the letter, Nebe not only suggested using "Gypsies" as test subjects for the " sea ​​water experiments ", but also announced that he would soon submit a "special proposal" to the Reichsführer SS because of the "Gypsy people" .

Irene Frenkel, b. Grünwald, a former prisoner clerk, points out in her memoirs that the gypsy camp was evacuated after large numbers of other inmates (and not just deportees) had already been murdered, and that the next large group were the Hungarian Jews. The prisoner clerk should have concealed the dates of death. Regina Seinberg, b. Hofstädter, another inmate clerk, reports that a large number of inmates had to be recorded again weeks before the camp was cleared.

As early as the end of May 1944, Jews deported from Hungary and Poland who were not registered as prisoners were housed in a part of the former "Gypsy camp". This area served as a transit camp for people who were considered fit for work after the selection and were later to be transported to Germany for forced labor. In addition, the camp later served as a transit camp for newly delivered prisoners for quarantine after the "quarantine camp " was closed. From mid to late November 1944, as of January 18, 1945, the time the camp was closed, there were 4,428 women and girls and 169 boys from the women's camp (B Ia) in the former “gypsy camp”. These people were no longer able to work. Shortly before the “evacuation” of the Auschwitz concentration camp, the twin children Mengele used for his experiments were transferred to the “gypsy camp” - the children were afraid because they knew that this was the plan for their immediate murder. After the end of the camp, there were two major murders of the prisoners who were returned from the Buchenwald concentration camp.

The SS began demolishing Auschwitz in November 1944. The main camp and Auschwitz-Birkenau were liberated by the Red Army in the early afternoon of January 27, 1945 .

Knowledge of the camp

On October 10 and 12, 1943, a report prepared by Polish sources was received by the American Office of Strategic Services (OSS) in London. The Polish Resistance had also established the facts for the report in the camp itself. In addition to information about the deportation and murder of European Jews, it also contains the number of 14,000 gypsies who were deported to the camp and 90% of whom were gassed there.

RAF aerial photographs of the camp complex date from 1944. The arrangement of the crematoria in the camp sketch is clearly mirror-inverted (gable).

Today's structural condition, museum and world cultural heritage

Today's condition of most of the barracks in Section B II

The Soviet Union handed the camp site over to the State of Poland in 1947 , and the Polish Parliament declared the site a museum on July 2, 1947 . Since 1979 the former concentration camp and with it the “Gypsy camp” has been on the UNESCO World Heritage List . Only remains of the wooden barracks can be seen, especially stone foundations and chimney fragments, the remains are being conserved.

Functional prisoners in the "gypsy camp"

Hermann Diamanski was the camp elder ; he was called a "Gypsy baron" by the prisoners and, according to statements by survivors, campaigned for them. Another camp elder in the gypsy camp was inmate number 1, Bruno Brodniewicz , who was also the first camp elder in the main camp of Auschwitz . Concentration camp survivors later reported that Brodniewicz had badly mistreated prisoners.

Camp staff in the "gypsy camp" Auschwitz

Camp leader

The camp leaders of the "gypsy camp " changed very often. In the 17 months in which the camp was in operation, eight SS-Unterführer and one SS-Führer (FJ Hofmann) were charged with the management:

Head of the Political Department

The Political Department in this section of the camp, the so-called "Gypsy Department ", was headed by Pery Broad (Barrack 8). While a British prisoner of war, Broad wrote the so-called Broad Report, in which he also comments on the “gypsy camp” of Auschwitz concentration camp, but without going into his own person. He describes u. a. the case of the Tikulitsch-Todorewitsch Roma family of nine from Croatia. According to Broad, after the intervention of the Croatian embassy at the Reich Criminal Police Office, this family should be released from the "gypsy camp" to their homeland. Broad's superior, Maximilian Grabner, is said to have thwarted their dismissal order. He is said to have falsely reported to Berlin that this family was infected with typhus and could therefore not be released from the quarantine camp. With the exception of a four-year-old boy, all family members finally died due to the inhumane storage conditions; the little boy himself was murdered in the gas chamber as part of the liquidation of the "gypsy camp".

Medicine and Science Crimes

Mengele used the opportunities that the camp offered for human experiments and to collect various samples and measurements, for which he also killed inmates. After the anthropologist Karin Magnussen at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Anthropology , a pupil of Otmar von Verschuer , discovered several twins with different colored eyes in a family group of "Gypsy hybrids", the twins were, according to the data of the Racial Hygiene Research Center (RHF) and the Reichszentrale for the fight against the gypsy insanity genealogically and hereditary biological investigated. The family had been deported to Auschwitz in March 1943; they had been announced to Josef Mengele, who had received his doctorate from Verschuer . The twin pairs were then murdered and their eyes were sent to the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for scientific analysis. According to a prisoner doctor, since only the eyes of seven pairs of twins were ready for dispatch, the eighth pair was put together from the eyes of two corpses and sent to Berlin. The preparations of the heterochromia project were shown in a conversation with Verschuer Hermann Langbein after the end of the Nazi era . Verschuer feigned ignorance about the origin.

According to the inmate doctor Adam C. Mengele killed a “pair of gypsy twins” when they were seven or eight years old who were unclear about the swelling of their joints. The representatives of the more than 15 specialist disciplines represented among the inmate doctors had a different diagnosis than Mengele. Mengele insisted on his diagnosis: changes due to tuberculosis. He instructed Adam C. to stay at his place, returned after an hour and said that it was not tuberculosis: "Yes, I dissected them." Mengele had shot the two children in the neck and killed them while they were still warm Leiber himself examines, as the inmate doctor Miklós Nyiszli remembered.

Nyiszli also reports on other murders: “14 Gypsy twins were waiting in a work room next to the section room, under the guard of SS, weeping bitterly. Dr. Mengele didn't say a word to us, prepared a 10 cc and a 5 cc syringe. He put Evipan from a box , from another chloroform , which was in 20 cc vials, on the operating table. Then they brought in the first twin, a 14 year old girl. Dr. Mengele ordered me to undress the girl and lay her on the dissection table. Then he injects Evipan intravenously into his right arm. After the child fell asleep, he felt the left ventricle and injected 10 cc of chloroform. The child was dead after a single twitch, to which Dr. Mengele had it taken to the morgue. In this way, all 14 twins were killed that night. "

Helmut Clemens reports on his auxiliary services for Mengele: “In the evening I had to pull out the corpses [from the infirmary], which were stacked in a small hut, one by one, write down the numbers on my arm and take some to Dr. Carry Mengele in. Then somehow he cut it open. There were glasses everywhere on the shelves containing organs, hearts, brains, eyes and human parts. I was with Mengele when he was looking for twins for his experiments, I had to bring them to him, he gave them extra numbers […] But once I was in his room, by chance, I saw the children got any liquid in their eyes, they got huge eyes. A few days later I saw the same children dead in the morgue. Such attempts were made by Dr. Mengele in the camp every second or third day ”.

In November 1943, at the request of the Strasbourg professor and Nobel Prize candidate Eugen Haagen, one hundred prisoners were transferred to the Natzweiler concentration camp in Alsace for typhus experiments . They were in very bad shape (Haagen: “not usable”), so that the 82 prisoners who had survived up to this point were ordered back. Another twelve of them died on the transport. A replacement transport, arriving between December 8th and 14th, followed. Haagen carried out typhus experiments on the larger part of the group. Another part of the prisoners as well as prisoners from the first group were exposed to phosgene gas experiments by the Strasbourg professor Otto Bickenbach . Haagen published the results of his typhus experiments in a German journal in 1944. He openly stated that some of his test subjects were members of an undesirable minority whom he had deliberately exposed to the risk of not surviving ("40 unvaccinated gypsies").

The "Auschwitz Gypsy Camp" and its perpetrators as objects of Nazi trials

The camp doctor Fritz Klein , who also worked in the “gypsy camp”, a. was responsible for selections, was sentenced to death in the Bergen-Belsen trial in 1945 and executed. (Photo as a defendant at the trial) However, only crimes against prisoners with Allied citizenship were negotiated.

Nuremberg trial of the main war criminals 1945/46

In the register of the official text: “ The trial of the main war criminals before the International Military Court in Nuremberg ” there are only two entries under the keyword “Gypsies”, both of which do not concern Auschwitz. A full-text search shows that the “gypsy camp” was definitely an issue in the process. This is the statement made by Andreas Lerintsiakosz about the transfer of children to the "gypsy camp". Or:

“Next to our camp, on the other side, behind the barbed wire, three meters from our camp, there were two camps. A gypsy camp whose inmates were gassed down to the last man in around August 1944. There were gypsies from all over Europe, including Germany. "

- Testimony by Marie-Claude Vaillant-Couturier on Jan. 28, 1946

“Gypsies” and the “Gypsy camp” are not mentioned in the judgments.

Trials in the British and American zones of occupation

The defendants in the main Dachau trial on November 15, 1945

Otto Moll , who co-directed the murder during the liquidation of the camp, was indicted and convicted of other crimes in the main Dachau trial at the end of 1945. He was executed in 1946. The camp doctor Fritz Klein , who also worked in the “gypsy camp”, a. was responsible for selections, was sentenced to death and executed in the Bergen-Belsen trial at the end of 1945 for other crimes.

Polish processes

A number of the perpetrators who were also responsible for the gypsy camp were extradited to Poland shortly after the end of the war or were in Polish custody. Höss was charged, convicted and executed in 1947 because of his leading position in the "extermination of people". The two camp leaders, Plagge and Buntrock, were indicted and sentenced at the second trial of 40 defendants from the Auschwitz staff from November 25 to December 16, 1947 in Krakow. Plagge was executed. Erwin von Helmersen was sentenced to death by the District Court in Krakow on January 17, 1949 and executed on April 12, 1949.

Eichmann trial 1961

At the trial of Adolf Eichmann , which took place in Jerusalem between April 11 and December 15, 1961 , the eleventh independent charge was the deportation of - according to the state of knowledge at the time - "many tens of thousands of gypsies" to Auschwitz. These were ignored in the guilty verdict, as Eichmann could not prove in the eyes of the judge that he knew of the planned destruction. During the trial, witnesses also gave detailed account of the conditions of the camp.

Frankfurt Auschwitz Trial 1963–65

At the first Auschwitz trial in Frankfurt (1963/65), Pery Broad , Wilhelm Boger , Karl-Friedrich Höcker , Franz Johann Hofmann , Oswald Kaduk and Bruno Schlage were also charged with murder in connection with the “gypsy camp ”. These charges were only part of the trial; they concerned both acts of excess and participation in selections and other organized murders. In addition to the murder, numerous witnesses also described the inhumane conditions of detention and other crimes. Among the witnesses are also former inmates of the gypsy camp. The statement by Elisabeth Guttenberger (Z 3991) was read out, but Max Friedrich (Z 2894), Waldemar Schröder (Z 2987), Paul Morgenstern (Z 5.439), and Bruno Stein (Z 1286) testified directly.

The case against Pery Broad for aiding and abetting the murder of 3,000 "Gypsies" was severed but not ended. Broad was convicted of complicity in the murder of 2,000 Jewish prisoners in the Auschwitz trial. Broad could not be conclusively proven that the murder of a single "gypsy" documented by testimony was committed by him.

Wilhelm Boger was sentenced to life imprisonment for participating in mass killings , the selection of inmates, and killing of inmates during "intensified interrogations" and another 15 years in prison for other offenses. Some of his murders of "gypsies" were also revealed during the trial:

“A gypsy who had twins did not want to give up her stroller. She struggled desperately. Boger grabbed the two babies by the legs and threw them against the stove. Just as sadistically, he murdered when the gypsy camp "dissolved" and the inmates were driven into the gas: Boger grabbed seven children, aged four to seven, and threw them against the wall of the barracks. They were dead instantly. "

- Dietrich Strothmann

The former camp elder Hermann Diamanski testified during the First Frankfurt Auschwitz Trial on March 19, 1964 as a witness against Boger and the "liquidation of the gypsy camp". Despite considerable suspicion, according to the court, Boger could not be convicted of his involvement in the "liquidation" of the gypsy camp with a certainty that would exclude any doubt. He was acquitted on this point for lack of evidence.

Karl-Friedrich Höcker, the adjutant of camp commandant Richard Baer , was sentenced to seven years in prison for community aiding and abetting in community murder in at least 3 cases of at least 1,000 people each . The provision of the trucks for the transports to the gas chamber during the “liquidation” of the “Gypsy camp”, which fell within his area of ​​responsibility, could not be proven beyond doubt personally, as there were no written documents.

The defendants tried to present themselves as "noble, helpful and good" during the trial. They built playgrounds for "gypsy children" and did gymnastics with the camp inmates. For example the defendant Hofmann :

“'Mr. Chairman'; he says, 'may I show where I set up the children's playground, with sand for the little ones to play with?' Hofmann may. 'Can you follow me, Mr. Chairman?' On the map of the gypsy camp, he points to the lounge 'for the little ones'. Then he explains how he did 'sport' with gypsies: 'Mr. Chairman, we did calisthenics'. District Court Director Hofmeyer: 'Mr. Hofmann, there is no one here who can relieve you of that, it was a punishment exercise for what happened there.' Hofmann: 'No, just exercise in the fresh air.' The accused cries - apparently because he feels misunderstood. The chairman's question: 'Where have the 50 children gone who were housed in the main camp?' Hofmann: 'I don't remember.' It is recorded in SS files from Auschwitz. 'B / II / F' is noted behind each name. The chairman asked what that meant. Hofmann: 'Birkenau, fireplace 2.' "

- The mirror 1964

“The witness is good. knows the defendant Hofmann from the time of her imprisonment in the gypsy camp in Birkenau. In her interrogation on February 2, 1965, which was read out on February 11, 1965, she described that she had seen the accused several times as a supervisor when Plagge and Palitzsch did so brutally "sport" with prisoners that many had remained lying there covered in blood. In a case on December 3, 1963 in the proceedings against Albrecht u. a. (4 Js 1031/61 of the StA Ffm.) She said that many prisoners were left lying there due to exhaustion. The witness also points out that as a result of the suffering of the time in the camp, she became ill and had difficulty remembering. If afterwards there are already doubts as to whether one should follow one or the other of her descriptions, the further testimony of the witness that she heard from hearsay that some of these battered inmates died in the inmate infirmary is in any case not sufficient to support the accused To convict the burden of further murder. "

- Judgment text

Hofmann's murder of a prisoner in the "gypsy camp" is reflected in his sentence, most of his guilt is not taken into account:

“Shortly after this incident, Hofmann discovered a bottle lying around in the canteen of the gypsy camp. He was annoyed about this, too, as he always attached great importance to embarrassing order and cleanliness in the warehouse section. He cursed the inmates for this. He picked up the bottle while an inmate, a gypsy, was walking past him. Hofmann took the prisoner's cap off the prisoner's head with his free hand and threw it on the ground. The gypsy bent down to pick up the cap. Hofmann threw the bottle at the prisoner's head with full force from a short distance, while he was bending down. He called out: “You craftspeople!” The prisoner collapsed unconscious. He was taken to the HKB by other inmates. Shortly afterwards he died. His death occurred as a result of injuries sustained from throwing a bottle. [...] The killing was insidious. Because when the gypsy bent down to pick up his cap, he was innocent and defenseless. [...] He was therefore sentenced to life imprisonment for killing the gypsy under Section 211 of the Criminal Code for murder. [...] The defendant Hofmann is said to have been guilty of murder in a large number of cases in the Auschwitz main camp and as a camp leader of the gypsy camp in Birkenau. However, these acts could not be proven with certainty. "

- Judgment text

Oswald Kaduk was sentenced to life imprisonment for murder in ten cases and community murder in at least a thousand cases. In addition, he lost his civil rights for life . Among the murders considered in the judgment is this:

“On a Sunday afternoon, the inmates of the camp were walking up and down the camp street. Suddenly there was unrest. It was said that the defendant Kaduk was coming. All prisoners fled to their blocks because they were afraid of the unpredictable Kaduk. Kaduk went from the camp entrance to the block where the gypsies were housed, drew his pistol from his holster and fired several shots at the gypsies there at the gypsy block. A gypsy was fatally wounded by one or more gunshots, which the defendant Kaduk had intended. The corpse was dragged by other inmates to the HKB and deposited there with the corpses of the inmates who died that day. [...] Since the accused Kaduk consciously and deliberately killed the gypsy and was also aware of his motive for killing (lust for murder), in this case he was sentenced to life imprisonment ( Section 211 of the Criminal Code) for murder. "

- Judgment text

Bruno Schlage was sentenced to six years in prison for community aiding and abetting community murder. The judges described:

“The witness Fab. has claimed that the defendant Schlage shot a man, a woman and a child in the washroom of Block 11 in the spring of 1944. Furthermore, the witness has Fab. described that the defendant Schlage took part in individual shootings in 1943 and 1944. He also shot himself. After the shootings, Schlage killed prisoners who were still alive despite being shot in the neck. He once killed a gypsy after the execution, first with several shots in the heart from the front and behind, then with several shots in the two temples and finally with a shot in the neck. Then he said: "He has a life like a cat." "

- Judgment text

The gypsy camp is clearly shown in the media about the trial. For example Hermann Langbein's The Auschwitz Trial has its own catchphrase “Gypsy camp ” with over 40 references.

Further processes

The trial against the former SS Rottenführer and block leader in the "Gypsy camp" Ernst-August König ended in 1991 with "life sentence". An important witness in the process was Lily van Angeren-Franz , who had worked in the camp's office. König was charged with six murders and involvement in mass killings, he was convicted of three murders that had been proven beyond doubt; involvement in gassings did not lead to a conviction. King took his own life before the judgment had become final.

Commemoration

On August 2, 2001, a permanent exhibition on the National Socialist genocide of the Sinti and Roma was opened to the public in Block 13 of the former main camp in the Auschwitz State Museum . The project was implemented under the leadership of the Documentation and Cultural Center of German Sinti and Roma in close cooperation with the Auschwitz State Memorial and the Association of Roma in Poland as well as six other national Roma organizations. The exhibition is divided into three main areas: The exclusion and disenfranchisement of the German Sinti and Roma from the National Socialist takeover to the first deportations to Poland, which was occupied by Germany. The second part deals with the genocide in the National Socialist occupied or allied states of Europe. The third subject area shows the history of the "gypsy camp". As a result of Himmler's Auschwitz decree of December 16, 1942, the 23,000 members of the minority who had previously been held in camps were deported here from the Reich and almost all occupied countries.

The central memorial for the Sinti and Roma of Europe murdered under National Socialism, erected in 2012 , is a reminder of this in the political context of Berlin, the German capital. The memorial was inaugurated on October 24, 2012 in the presence of German Chancellor Angela Merkel and Federal President Joachim Gauck .

In 2015, the European Parliament passed a resolution calling for increased efforts to end discrimination against the Roma and to combat hate crimes and hate speech against them. August 2nd should therefore be recognized across Europe as the day of remembrance of all Roma who were victims of genocide during the Second World War .

literature

Movies

  • Melanie Spitta : It went day and night, dear child: Gypsies (Sinti) in Auschwitz. 75 min., 1982

Web links

Main page> Gallery> Exhibits » Sinti And Roma - Block 13 (in the main camp )

Evidence and Notes

(GB) Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum in cooperation with the Documentation and Cultural Center of German Sinti and Roma, Heidelberg: Memorial book: The Sinti and Roma in the Auschwitz Birkenau concentration camp. Saur, Munich a. a. 1993, ISBN 3-598-11162-2 (cited below as a memorial book ).

  1. ↑ a b c p. 1554.
  2. ↑ p. 1554, 1660.
  3. ↑ p. 1576 f.
  4. ↑ p. 1561 f.
  5. ↑ a b c p. 14.
  6. ↑ a b p. 1501.
  7. ↑ a b p. 1508.
  8. ↑ a b p. 1495.
  9. ↑ p. 1510.
  10. ↑ a b p. XXXVII.
  11. ↑ p. 733.
  12. ↑ p. 936.
  13. ↑ p. 932.
  14. ↑ a b p. 1066.
  15. ↑ a b p. 1555.
  16. ↑ a b c d e f g p. 1556.
  17. ↑ p. 1660.
  18. ↑ p. 1554, 1657.
  19. ↑ pp. 1555, 1660.
  20. ↑ p. 1656.
  21. ↑ p. 1655.
  1. ↑ Tadeuz Iwaszko: The prisoners . In: Wolfgang Müller (editor): Auschwitz. History and Reality of the Extermination Camp . Reinbek near Hamburg 1980, p. 73 f.
  2. ^ Danuta Czech: Auschwitz concentration camp. Outline of the story . In: Wolfgang Müller (editor): Auschwitz. History and Reality of the Extermination Camp . Reinbek near Hamburg 1980, p. 32.
  3. ↑ a b Irena Strzelecka, Piotr Setkiewicz: The Gypsy Family Camp BII e . In: Aleksander Lasik: The organizational structure of KL Auschwitz . In: Wacław Długoborski, Franciszek Piper (ed.): Auschwitz 1940–1945. Studies on the history of the Auschwitz concentration and extermination camp. Oswiecim 1999, Volume 1: Construction and structure of the camp . P. 105.
  4. ↑ Exhibition brochure on the plans for the “Auschwitz Area of ​​Interest”. (PDF; 1.4 MB) pp. 9 and 10.
  5. ^ Bernhard Streck: Gypsies in Auschwitz. Chronicle of camp B IIe. In: Mark Münzel, Bernhard Streck (ed.): Kumpania and control: modern handicaps in gypsy life. Giessen 1981, p. 76.
  6. ^ Beech forest diary based on Bernhard Streck: Gypsies in Auschwitz. Chronicle of camp B IIe. In: Mark Münzel, Bernhard Streck (ed.): Kumpania and control: modern handicaps in gypsy life. Giessen 1981, p. 76.
  7. ↑ For example: Menashe Lorinczi in an interview. Based on: Lucette Matalon Lagnado, Sheila Cohn Dekel: The twins of Dr. Mengele . Reinbek near Hamburg 1994, p. 78.
  8. ↑ Wolfgang Benz, Barbara Distel (ed.): The place of terror. History of the National Socialist Concentration Camps . Vol. 5: Hinzert, Auschwitz, Neuengamme. Munich 2007, p. 115 f.
  9. ^ Bernhard Streck: Gypsies in Auschwitz. Chronicle of camp B IIe. In: Mark Münzel, Bernhard Streck (ed.): Kumpania and control: modern handicaps in gypsy life. Giessen 1981, p. 77.
  10. ↑ a b c d Wolfgang Benz, Barbara Distel (ed.): The place of terror. History of the National Socialist Concentration Camps . Vol. 5: Hinzert, Auschwitz, Neuengamme. CH Beck Verlag, Munich 2007, p. 116 f.
  11. ↑ Heike Krokowski, Bianca Vogt: The fate of Wanda P. On the persecution of Sinti and Roma . Pp. 259–268 here p. 264. In: Claus Füllberg-Stollen, Martina Jung, Renate Riebe, Martina Scheitenberger: Women in the concentration camp . Bremen 1994.
  12. ↑ Quoted in: Hermann Langbein : People in Auschwitz . 1980, p. 271 f .: Lucie Adelsberger on the life of the children in the Birkenau gypsy camp.
  13. ^ Zdenek Zofka: The concentration camp doctor Josef Mengele. On the typology of a Nazi criminal . In: Munich 1986, pp. 248-255.
  14. ^ A b Zdenek Zofka: The concentration camp doctor Josef Mengele. On the typology of a Nazi criminal . Munich 1986, p. 256.
  15. ^ Bernhard Streck: Gypsies in Auschwitz. Chronicle of camp B IIe. In: Mark Münzel, Bernhard Streck (ed.): Kumpania and control: modern handicaps in gypsy life . Focus-Verlag, Giessen 1981, graphic from p. 83.
  16. ^ Tadeusz Szymański, Danuta Szymańska, Tadeusz Śnieszko: The “Spital” in the gypsy family camp in Auschwitz-Birkenau . In: Hamburg Institute for Social Research (Ed.): Die Auschwitz-Hefte , Volume 1. Hamburg 1994, ISBN 3-8077-0282-2 , p. 200.
  17. ^ After Joachim S. Hohmann : History of the Gypsy persecution in Germany . 1988, p. 177 f.
  18. ↑ Search access to the entries in the death books and the gypsy camp ( Memento from January 2, 2008 in the Internet Archive )
  19. ↑ Thomas Grotum: Securing and improved indexing of an archive inventory: The example of Auschwitz-Birkenau . ( Memento from July 19, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) In: Mining and Industrial Museum Ostbayern, House of Bavarian History, State Office for Non-State Museums (Ed.): EDV-Tage Theuern 1995. Conference report . Munich / Theuern 1996, pp. 60-69. Especially for comparing the various databases.
  20. ^ Franciszek Piper: The number of victims of Auschwitz. Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum 1993, p. 102.
  21. ↑ Excerpt from the book in Block 22b in the Birkenau women's camp. Signature APMO D-AuII-3/1 p. 87, as Doc 33 also in the memorial book p. 1605.
  22. ^ Danuta Czech: Auschwitz concentration camp. Outline of the story . In: Wolfgang Müller (editor): Auschwitz. History and Reality of the Extermination Camp . Reinbek near Hamburg 1980, p. 30.
  23. ^ Danuta Czech : Calendar of the events in the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp. In: Auschwitz notebooks. 4 (1961), p. 85, memorial book p. 1554.
  24. ^ Franciszek Piper: The number of victims of Auschwitz . Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum 1993, p. 151.
  25. ^ Michael Zimmermann: Racial Utopia and Genocide: The National Socialist "Solution to the Gypsy Question". ( Memento from February 19, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF) In: State Center for Political Education: The National Socialist Persecution of Hamburg Roma and Sinti. Five posts. Hamburg 2006, p. 23.
  26. ↑ Memorial for the Sinti. Moor forest path in Altwarmbüchener Moor ( Memento from October 21, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
  27. ↑ Example: Rudolf Weiss, Z-135, born April 8, 1936, he died in the camp in 1943. Memorial book p. 736.
  28. ↑ Hauptbuch Frauen p. 41, there without a date.
  29. ↑ Gedenkbuch as well as Walter Winter: WinterTime: memoirs of a German Sinto who survived Auschwitz . Translated and foreword by Struan Robertson. Hatfield, Hertfordshire 2004, pp. 45 f.
  30. ↑ https://www.suedkurier.de/region/kreis-konstanz/singen/Auf-Auschwitz- Follow-das-Hoellenfeuer-der-Erinnerung; art372458,9593543
  31. ^ Ronny Blaschke: Away from home in your own country. The minorities Sinti and Roma in European football. In: dradio.de. Archived from the original on November 7, 2011 ; Retrieved February 19, 2015 .
  32. ↑ Deutschlandradio (manuscript) ( Memento from November 7, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  33. ↑ Reimar Gilsenbach : Oh Django, sing your anger. Sinti and Roma among the Germans . Berlin 1993, p. 145.
  34. ↑ Memorial Book, p. 1212 f. Z-8181, no posting date, the next preceding date is May 14, 1943 for Lothar Weiss Z-8179, who was born on May 11, 1943 in Birkenau and did not survive the camp.
  35. ↑ Cornelia Sulzbacher: The "gypsy camp" Lackenbach in the Austrian Burgenland
  36. ^ State Museum Auschwitz-Birkenau in collaboration with the Documentation and Cultural Center of German Sinti and Roma Heidelberg: Memorial book: The Sinti and Roma in the Auschwitz Birkenau concentration camp. Saur, Munich / London / New York / Paris 1993, ISBN 3-598-11162-2 . (Trilingual: Polish, English, German) P. 681 f.
  37. ↑ Joachim S. Hohmann: History of the Gypsy persecution in Germany . 1988, p. 147.
  38. ↑ Zoni Weisz: "We have taken life back into our hands." ( Memento from July 19, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF file)
  39. ^ The Nuremberg Doctors' Trial. Index volume for the microfiche edition: With an introduction by Angelika Ebbinghaus to the history of the process and short biographies of those involved in the process. Walter de Gruyter, 2000, p. 122 f. ( limited preview in Google Book search)
  40. ^ The Nuremberg Doctors' Trial. Index volume for the microfiche edition: With an introduction by Angelika Ebbinghaus to the history of the process and short biographies of those involved in the process. Walter de Gruyter, 2000, p. 105, p. 292 ( limited preview in the Google book search).
  41. ^ Danuta Czech: Calendar of the events in the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp. In: Auschwitz notebooks. 4 (1961), p. 85, memorial book p. 1554.
  42. ^ Danuta Czech: Calendar of the events in the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp. In: Auschwitz notebooks. 4 (1961), p. 101f, memorial book p. 1555.
  43. ↑ Michail Krausnick , Daniel Strauss : From Antiziganism to Gypsy Tales: Handbook Sinti and Roma from A – Z. 2008, p. 66.
  44. ^ The Nuremberg Doctors' Trial. Index volume for the microfiche edition: With an introduction by Angelika Ebbinghaus to the history of the process and short biographies of those involved in the process. Walter de Gruyter, 2000, pp. 105, 116, 122 f., 292. ( limited preview in the Google book search)
  45. ↑ a b Gernot Haupt: Antiziganism and social work. Elements of a scientific foundation, shown using examples from Europe with a focus on Romania . Frank & Timme, Berlin 2006, ISBN 3-86596-076-6 , p. 145.
  46. ↑ Romani Rose : “We didn't want to go into the gas chamber without a fight.” About the uprising of the Sinti and Roma prisoners in Auschwitz-Birkenau . 2004 The basis is the report by the prisoner clerk Tadeusz Joachimowski on the "liquidation", which is in the archive of the Auschwitz Memorial.
  47. ↑ Lucette Matalon Lagnado, Sheila Cohn Dekel: The Twins of Dr. Mengele . Reinbek near Hamburg 1994, p. 79.
  48. ^ Till Bastian: Auschwitz and the "Auschwitz Lie": mass murder and falsification of history. Beck, Munich 1997, ISBN 3-406-43155-0 , p. 47.
  49. ↑ The Auschwitz-Birkenau extermination camp in the LeMO ( DHM and HdG )
  50. ^ "Liquidation" of the "Gypsy camp" in Auschwitz, August 1944. ( Memento from January 13, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) on the Arolsen tracing service website .
  51. ^ Hermann Langbein : People in Auschwitz . Ullstein, Frankfurt am Main / Berlin / Vienna: 1980, ISBN 3-548-33014-2 , p. 476.
  52. ↑ quoted from: Lucette Matalon Lagnado, Sheila Cohn Dekel: The twins of Dr. Mengele . Reinbek near Hamburg 1994, p. 79 f.
  53. ↑ Martin Broszat : Commandant in Auschwitz - autobiographical notes of Rudolf Höss . dtv, Munich 1963, p. 109.
  54. ↑ Martin Broszat: Commandant in Auschwitz - autobiographical notes of Rudolf Höss . dtv, Munich 1963, p. 109 also p. 181.
  55. ↑ Martin Broszat: Commandant in Auschwitz - autobiographical notes of Rudolf Höss . dtv, Munich 1963, p. 181.
  56. ^ A b Michael Zimmermann: From Discrimination to the "Family Camp" Auschwitz . In: Dachauer Hefte , Vol. 5. 1994 (German) pp. 87–114, here p. 113.
  57. ↑ Lore Shelly: Scribes of Death. AJZ Verlag Bielefeld 1992. (Foreword by Hermann Langbein) p. 236.
  58. ↑ Lore Shelly: Scribes of Death. AJZ Verlag Bielefeld 1992. (Foreword by Hermann Langbein) p. 161.
  59. ↑ Irena Strzelecka, Piotr Setkiewicz: The Gypsy Family Camp BII e . In: Aleksander Lasik: The organizational structure of KL Auschwitz . In: Wacław Długoborski, Franciszek Piper (ed.): Auschwitz 1940–1945. Studies on the history of the Auschwitz concentration and extermination camp. Oswiecim 1999, Volume 1: Construction and structure of the camp , p. 106 f.
  60. ↑ Lucette Matalon Lagnado, Sheila Cohn Dekel: The Twins of Dr. Mengele . Reinbek near Hamburg 1994, p. 82.
  61. ^ Till Bastian: Sinti and Roma in the Third Reich . CH Beck, 2001, p. 65.
  62. ↑ Holocaust: "We couldn't believe our eyes". In: one day . January 26, 2008, accessed February 19, 2015 .
  63. ↑ Directory of the concentration camps and their external commandos in accordance with Section 42 (2) BEG No. 130, Birkenau = Brzezinka (Auschwitz II), November 26, 1941 to January 27, 1945.
  64. ^ Raul Hilberg: The annihilation of the European Jews. Frankfurt a. M. 1990, p. 1203.
  65. ↑ Picture of the current situation , the "Gypsy camp" (view from the southern edge of construction section B II) can be seen in the background.
  66. ^ Heiko Haumann : Hermann Diamanski: A German fate between Auschwitz and the State Security Service. Perspectives of memory . In: Birgit E. Klein; Christiane E. Müller (Ed.): Memoria - Ways of Jewish Remembrance. Festschrift for Michael Brocke on his 65th birthday . Berlin 2005, p. 505, PDF
  67. ↑ Wolfgang Benz , Barbara Distel (ed.): The place of terror. History of the National Socialist Concentration Camps . Vol. 5: Hinzert, Auschwitz, Neuengamme . Munich 2007, p. 185 f.
  68. ↑ a b c d e Aleksander Lasik: The organizational structure of KL Auschwitz. In: Wacław Długoborski, Franciszek Piper (ed.): Auschwitz 1940–1945. Studies on the history of the Auschwitz concentration and extermination camp. Oswiecim 1999, Volume 1: Construction and structure of the camp. P. 238 f.
  69. ↑ State Museum Auschwitz-Birkenau (ed.): Auschwitz in the eyes of the SS. Oswiecim 1998, pp. 131-133.
  70. ↑ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Crossing borders. The Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Anthropology, Human Heredity and Eugenics 1927–1945. Wallstein-Verlag, Göttingen 2005, ISBN 3-89244-799-3 , p. 472 ff., 478. ( limited preview in the Google book search)
  71. ^ Robert Lifton : Doctors in the Third Reich . Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 1988, p. 422 f.
  72. ^ Robert Lifton : Doctors in the Third Reich . Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 1988, p. 423.
  73. ^ Robert Lifton : Doctors in the Third Reich . Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 1988, p. 411.
  74. ^ Statement by Miklós Nyiszli from July 28, 1945, based on Robert Lifton : Doctors in the Third Reich . Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 1988, p. 410 f.
  75. ↑ Robert Steegmann: The Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp and its external commandos on the Rhine and Neckar 1941–1945 . Berlin 2010, pp. 54 ff., 437 ff.
  76. ↑ Torben Fischer: Lexicon of "Coping with the Past" in Germany . P. 25 f. ( limited preview in Google Book search)
  77. ↑ Nuremberg Trial of Major War Criminals: afternoon session of February 18, 1946
  78. ↑ Nuremberg Trial of Major War Criminals: Morning session on January 28, 1946
  79. ↑ Josef Buszko (ed.): Auschwitz. History and Reality of the Extermination Camp. rororo. 1980, pp. 197-201.
  80. ^ Hannah Arendt : Eichmann in Jerusalem . 1991. pp. 291 f.
  81. ↑ Minutes of the trial of June 7, 1961, testimony from the former inmate doctor Aharon Beilin . According to: Anita Geiggers, Bernd W. Wette: Gypsies today . Bornheim-Merten 1979, pp. 278-283.
  82. ↑ Short biography, link to statement by Max Friedrich on www.auschwitz-prozess-frankfurt.de (transcript, sound recording)
  83. ↑ Waldemar Schröder (statement, transcript) on www.auschwitz-prozess.de
  84. ↑ Overview of the interrogations with further information www.auschwitz-process.de
  85. ↑ a b Fritz Bauer Institute: Recordings of process protocols. In: auschwitz-process.de. July 18, 2013, accessed February 19, 2015 .
  86. ↑ Jan Knittermeier: Sinti and Roma: Forgotten victims ?: Compensation practice and civil rights movement in the Federal Republic . 2006, p. 49 ( limited preview in Google Book search)
  87. ↑ a b c d e f g Auschwitz Trial - judgment. LG Frankfurt / Main from August 19-20, 1965, 4 Ks 2/63 on holocaust-history.org.
  88. ↑ Michael Kienzle, Dirk Mende: Fritz Bauer: "We cannot make heaven out of the earth, but each of us can do something that does not turn it into hell" - Wilhelm Boger: "I am the devil" . ( Memento from January 1, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF) In: Stiftung Geißstraße Sieben (Ed.): Series Denkblatt . Stuttgart 12/2006.
  89. ↑ Dietrich Strothmann: In the shadow of the gallows. In: zeit.de . April 24, 1964, accessed February 19, 2015 .
  90. ^ Heiko Haumann: Hermann Diamanski: A German fate between Auschwitz and the State Security Service. Perspectives of memory . In: Birgit E. Klein; Christiane E. Müller, (Ed.): Memoria - Ways of Jewish Remembrance. Festschrift for Michael Brocke on his 65th birthday. Berlin 2005, p. 505, PDF
  91. ↑ a b Auschwitz Trial. Fireplace 2 . In: Der Spiegel . No. 6 , 1964, pp. 28 ( online ).
  92. ↑ Hermann Langbein: The Auschwitz Trial. A documentation. EVA 1965, p. 1025.
  93. ↑ Ulrich F. Opfermann : "Keystone behind the years of morality and legal confusion". The Berleburger Gypsy Trial. In: Critique of Antiziganism. 2 (2010), no. 2, pp. 16–34, see also: antiziganismus.de ( Memento from August 31, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 948 kB).
  94. ^ Text of the resolution (europarl.europa.eu)

Coordinates: 50 ° 2 ′ 15 ″  N , 19 ° 10 ′ 24 ″  E

This article was added to the list of articles worth reading on August 29, 2011 in this version .