Altwarmbüchener Moor
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Altwarmbüchener Moor
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_05.JPG) Forest standing in the water in the eastern part of the FFH area "Altwarmbüchener Moor" |
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| location | between the places Altwarmbüchen , Beinhorn , Kolshorn and the Hanoverian districts of Lahe and Misburg-Nord | |
| surface | 15 km² | |
| Identifier | NSG HA 044 | |
| WDPA ID | 555518882 | |
| Geographical location | 52 ° 26 ' N , 9 ° 54' E | |
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| Sea level | from 57.7 to 74.5 | |
| Setup date | December 14, 1941 | |
| administration | NLWKN | |
The Altwarmbüchener Moor is a moor area with an area of about 15 km², which is part of the Hanoverian Moorgeest around 10 km northeast of Hanover city center . The moor, formerly regarded as wasteland, has been used economically by farmers in the area since the Middle Ages through manual peat cutting . These Terms drained the bog with its approximately 2 m thick layer of peat until recently and damaged the bog vegetation. Since the end of the 20th century, two motorways have been cutting the moor with a motorway junction . In 1937 the Altwarmbüchener Moor central landfill was created in the moor .
location
The Altwarmbüchener Moor lies between the places Altwarmbüchen , Beinhorn , Kolshorn and today's Hanover districts of Lahe and Misburg-Nord . It has the shape of a lying figure eight with an east-west extension of around 5 km and a north-south extension of around 3 km. With a distance of only around 10 km to the city center of Hanover, it was one of the largest urban moor areas in Germany. Motorways 7 and 37 run through the middle of the moor, while BAB 2 runs past the southern edge .
Emergence
The formation of bog near Altwarmbüchen began around the 7th millennium BC. Chr. One by swamping a large depression. The remains of a birch quarry forest initially resulted in low-moor peat , usually less than a meter thick. Later a raised bog with layers of strongly decomposed black peat and weakly decomposed white peat formed over it. The thickness of the peat layer was on average 1–2 m, but up to 5 m in the center. Around the birth of Christ, the moorland had its largest spatial expansion. Since then, the moor has been reduced in size from the edges through human cultivation and today has an area of around 15 km 2 . A dugout canoe from the pre-Roman Iron Age was found in the moor near Kirchhorst .
Surname
The name of the moor after the nearby village of Altwarmbüchen is probably due to the fact that its inhabitants have been continuously mining and selling peat since the 18th century. The name is chosen rather arbitrarily, since other neighboring villages also operated peat cutting.
history
Peat cut
The Altwarmbüchener Moor was regarded as a large wasteland area until the middle of the 20th century. The only economic use was peat cutting in the raised bog . Peat was the fuel of the farmers and the poorer population. The farmers in the neighboring villages cut peat for their own use, but also used it to trade in Hanover. In 1854, Hermann Klencke stated that the Altwarmbüchener Moor had a peat layer thickness of 12 feet, which was a thicker layer of peat. The emergence of coal in the 19th century replaced peat as fuel, but in times of crisis and war in the 20th century, the fuel from the Altwarmbüchener Moor was still in great demand in the region.
Since the Middle Ages, the bog has been peeled off by hand with laborious pricks. Large machines, as in other large bog areas, were never used. The peat cut created numerous hollows that were demarcated with dams and are still there today. Drainage channels drained the moor early on. This made it easier to dig peat, but it had the disadvantage that more severe bog fires occurred that could hardly be extinguished.
Bog division
The moor was first mentioned in a document in 1365 in a document from Duke Wilhelm of Braunschweig and Lüneburg . He granted the city of Hanover the privilege of cutting peat. Initially, only the peat at the edges of the bog was cut off, as there was no drainage technology to drain it. Numerous bog dams were later built to facilitate the removal of the peat sod, and in 1658 30 drainage channels ran through the bog.
From the 16th century onwards there were disputes about peat extraction among the neighboring villages. There were border violations because no fixed boundary stones could be set up in the damp bog. A fixed division of the areas took place in 1717, which were marked by piles and border ditches. Bog overseers were also hired to oversee the proper mining and keep an eye out for peat thieves.
In 1797 the following localities around the bog had rights to peat extraction:
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Peat transport
The peat quarried by the farmers was taken to markets in Hanover in wagons and was a good source of income. As early as the 18th century, the vans were used as obstacles in urban traffic and with police regulations.
Another means of transport was the Schiffgraben , a waterway to Hanover that has existed since the Middle Ages. The 9 km long canal that connected the moor with the city had become muddy and impassable over time. In 1746 the city of Hanover expanded it again for transport with municipal peat barges. The peat farmers sabotaged the canal by filling it up because of competition in the peat business. After the canal was filled in in the 19th century, a road was built on it, which was named after the earlier waterway as a ship moat . An approximately 3 km long section of the waterway has been preserved in the Eilenriede city forest .
Rare plant species
In 1898 the heath writer Hermann Löns discovered the evergreen plant Narrow-leaved Laurel Rose ( Kalmia angustifolia ) while walking in the Altwarmbüchener Moor . At that time, the flowering bush was only native to the American continent, especially in Canadian raised bogs. He had been known to peat cutters on the moor since 1840. It was assumed that gardeners from the Herrenhausen Gardens from Hanover scattered seeds here. Later, conservationists raved about the narrow-leaved laurel rose as the actual "Queen of the Altwarmbüchener Moor".
Deportation and transit point
The Altwarmbüchener Moor has always been viewed as a remote, useless place and was therefore suitable for accommodating unpopular people. From 1938 a camp for Sinti was set up on the edge of the moor near Altwarmbüchen in order to deport them from Hanover. When the community resisted, the camp was moved to the urban area of Hanover, further into the moor. It consisted of railroad cars with no water and no sanitary facilities. In 1943, 80 members of Sinti families were deported from here to the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp , where they probably perished.
In 1996, the Lower Saxony Association of German Sinti eV erected the memorial for the Sinti in the Altwarmbüchener Moor at the site of the former camp on Moorwaldweg .
After the Second World War , emergency shelters were built on the moor for expellees from the German eastern regions and bombed-out people from Hanover. There was even a plan to make the moor completely arable through further drainage and to use it for the settlement of displaced farmers.
today
Interventions
The view of the bog as a wasteland continued into the 20th century, and the following interventions led to serious interventions in the natural balance of the bog:
- 1913 Large-scale deposition of excavated soil during the construction of the Mittelland Canal
- 1935 Construction of the BAB 2 on the southern edge of the moor
- 1937 Construction of the Altwarmbüchener Moor central landfill for Hanover, the Nordberg , which was heaped up until 1982, is the highest point in Hanover at 122 m above sea level
- 1960 Construction of the BAB 7 through the middle of the moor
- 1970–80 Reduction of the moorland area by around 100 hectares through development of the surrounding areas
- 1980 Construction of the BAB 37 with interchange through the middle of the moor (hence the name Moor motorway )
- 1980 Reduction of the moor area by building the Altwarmbüchener See for the purpose of sand extraction for the motorway construction by around 50 hectares
natural reserve
The drainage of earlier centuries led to a dead high moor in which a birch quarry forest had developed. To protect the remnants of the moor, a 40-hectare area (east of BAB 7 and south of BAB 37 and at the motorway junction) was placed under nature protection. The western part is partly a protected landscape area. Genuine, unpeeled peat layers are still around 20 hectares in size, with peat thicknesses of up to 5 m. This is a contiguous area, which is typically a raised bog as a shield surface gently curved upwards. It is located in the former center, the Wild Moor . Due to the Lower Saxony moor protection program, measures have been taken to rewet the moor by closing drainage ditches since the 1980s. Today, the moorland has mostly natural birch and pine forest, which was able to form as a result of drainage.
literature
- Günter Gebhardt: "The Moors around Hanover", in: Military affairs, economy and traffic in the middle of the Electorate and Kingdom of Hanover 1692–1866 . Studies on Lower Saxony State History, Vol. 1, ibidem (Edition Noëma), Stuttgart 2010, p. 147 ff. ISBN 978-3-8382-0184-9
- Walther Kemmerling: The Altwarmbüchener Moor - historical development, current condition and future use , dissertation 1958
- Martina Scheitenberger: The Altwarmbüchener Moor is changing - from peat digging to a local recreation area. North Hanoverian farmhouse Museum Isernhagen e. V., Luck Druck, Isernhagen 1984, 1997
- Anton Scholand : On the history of the Altwarmbüchener Moor near Hanover, with special consideration of its western runoff, the ship ditch in: Mitt. D. Prov. Agency for natural monument preservation Hanover, issue 2, 1929
Web links
- Nature reserve "Altwarmbüchener Moor" in the database of the Lower Saxony State Office for Water Management, Coastal and Nature Conservation (NLWKN)
- Description at hannover.de
Individual evidence
- ↑ Hermann Klencke : The days of creation. A painting of nature , publishing bookstore by JJ Weber, Leipzig 1854, p. 200 digitized
- ↑ Network Remembrance and Future Region Hannover: Places of Remembrance: Memorial for the Sinti , online ( Memento of the original from October 21, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
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