46th century BC Chr.

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The 46th century BC Chr. Began on January 1 v 4600th And ended on December 31, 4501 BC. This corresponds to the period 6550 to 6451 before today or 5757 to 5668 radiocarbon years .

Time calculation

According to Pearson et al. a. (1986) the dendrochronologically calibrated radiocarbon ages for the 46th century fluctuate between 5749 and 5650 radiocarbon years, with the curve progressing at 4570 BC. Makes a slight negative excursion. INTCAL98 (Stuiver et al. 1998) determines 5750 to 5675 radiocarbon years with slight declines at 4570 and 4520 BC. In the CalPal correlation program , 5757 to 5668 radiocarbon years are given for the 46th century; here the curve flattens out at 4519 BC. Chr.

Age, epoch

• Atlantic (7270 to 3710 BC)
• Late Middle Neolithic (5000 to 4500 BC) in Central Europe . Trade relations are strengthening.

Developments, inventions and discoveries

Water buffalo in Fujian , China

• Introduction of the plow in Europe .
• In China which is water buffalo domesticated.
• 4600 to 4450 BC Chr .:
  • In the cemetery of Varna there are extremely rich grave goods made of gold jewelry.
• 4600 BC Chr .:
  • In the Mediterranean area, the prevailing monsoon climate ends and the climate becomes drier.
• 4550 BC Chr .:
  • Transition from the Middle Atlantic (AT2 - 5050 to 4550 BC) to the Late Atlantic (AT3, lower level 1 - 4550 to 4050 BC)
• 4500 BC Chr .:
  • The Middle Neolithic begins on the Iberian Peninsula following the cardial or imprint culture . Carihuela cave .

Archaeological cultures

Cultures in North Africa

• Tenerife (5200 to 2500 BC) in the Ténéré desert with Gobero site .
• Egypt :
  • Beginning of the Omari culture (4600 to 4400 BC) in Lower Egypt .
  • From 4570 BC The Merimde culture begins in the Nile Valley (4570 to 4250 BC)

Cultures in Mesopotamia and the Middle East

• The Halaf culture (5500 to 5000 BC, also 5200 to 4500 BC) - late stage - disappears at the end of the century
• Obed period (5500 to 3500 BC) - Obed II.
• Tappe Sialk (6000 to 2500 BC) in Iran - Sialk III
• Amuq (6000 to 2900 BC) in Turkey - Amuq D
• Mersin (5400 to 2900 BC) in Anatolia - Mersin 19-17
• Eridu (from 5300 to approx. 1950 BC) in Mesopotamia - Eridu 14-12, temple construction phases XV-XII
• Byblos in Lebanon - late Neolithic (5300 to 4500 BC)
• Tappa Gaura (5000 to 1500 BC) in northern Mesopotamia - Tappa Gaura 19-18
• Nineveh (from 6500 BC) in northern Mesopotamia - Nineveh 3
• Susiana (5500 to 4400 BC) in Iran - Susiana B
• The sites of Haggi Mohammed (5000 to 4500 BC) and
• Can Hasan (4900 to 4500 BC) in Turkey come to a standstill

Cultures in East Asia

• China :
  • Laoguantai culture (6000 to 3000 BC), upper Yellow River
  • Dadiwan culture (5800-3000 BC), upper Yellow River
  • Beixin culture (5400 to 4400 BC) in Shandong
  • Qingliangang culture (5400 to 4400 BC) on the lower Yangtze River
  • Hemudu culture (5200 to 4500 BC, later dating 5000 to 3300 BC), Zhejiang
  • Baiyangcun culture (5000 to 3700 BC, is also dated to more recent: 3000 to 1700 BC), Yunnan
  • Yangshao culture (5000 to 2000 BC), central and northern China
  • Caiyuan culture (4800 to 3900 BC), northwest China ( Ningxia )
  • Majiabang culture (4750 to 3700 BC), Lower Yangtze River
  • Hongshan Culture (4700 to 2900 BC) in Northeast China.
• Korea :
  • Early Jeulmun period (6000 to 3500 BC).
• Japan :
  • Jōmon period (10,000 to 300 BC) - Earliest Jōmon period - Jōmon II (8,000 to 4,000 BC).

Cultures in South Asia

• Mehrgarh (7000 to 2600/2000 BC) in Balochistan - Mehrgarh II (5500 to 4800 BC) and Mehrgarh III (4800 to 3500 BC)
• Namazgadepe (5300 to 1700 BC) in Turkmenistan - Namazgadepe II (until 4300 BC)

Cultures in Europe

• Eastern Europe  :
  • The Chwalynsk culture (5200 to 4500 BC) in Russia disappears at the end of the century
  • Dnepr-Don culture (5000 to 4000 BC)
  • Kurgan cultures (5000 to 3000 BC)
• Northeast Europe :
  • Neman culture (7000 to 3000 BC)
  • Narva culture (5300 to 1750 BC)
  • Pit ceramic culture (4200 to 2000 BC) (however radiocarbon dating : 5600 to 2300 BC)

Gold objects from the Varna burial ground

• Southeast Europe :
  • Sesklo culture (6850 to 4400 BC) in northern Greece
  • The Vinča culture or Danube civilization (5400 to 4500 BC) in Serbia , western Romania, southern Hungary and eastern Bosnia disappears at the end of the century.
  • Dimini culture (4800 to 4000 BC) in Thessaly
  • Cucuteni culture (4800 to 3200 BC) in Romania , Moldova , Ukraine : Pre-Cucuteni I-III (4800 to 4500 BC) or Tripolje A.
  • Karanowo cultures in southern Bulgaria - Karanowo V, early Copper Age (4950 to 4500 BC)
  • Gumelniţa culture (4700 to 3700 BC) in Romania and Moldova - phase Gumelniţa A1 (4700 to 4350 BC)
• Central Europe :
  • Band ceramic culture (5600 to 4100 BC) in France , Belgium , Germany , Austria , Czech Republic , Poland , Slovakia , Hungary , Romania and Ukraine
  • Tisza culture (5120 to 4490 BC) in Hungary
  • Ertebølle culture (5100 to 4100 BC) in Denmark and Northern Germany
  • Swifterbant culture (5000 to 3400 BC) in the Netherlands , Belgium, and Lower Saxony (in the Netherlands it dates from 5700 to 4100 BC)
  • The stitch band ceramics (4900 to 4500 BC) in Germany, the Czech Republic and Austria disappeared towards the end of the century
  • Lengyel culture (4900 to 3950 BC) in Hungary, Austria and the Czech Republic. First objects made of copper
• Western Europe :
  • The Chassey-Lagozza-Cortaillod culture (4600 to 2400 BC) sets in
  • Megalithic cultures :
    • France (4700 to 2000 BC)
• Southern Europe :
  • Malta - Għar Dalam phase (5000 to 4500 BC).
• North and Central America :
  • Archaic period
  • Coxcatlán phase (5000–3400 BC) in Tehuacán (Mexico)
• South America :
  • Chinchorro culture (7020 to 1500 BC) in northern Chile and southern Peru
  • Middle Pre-Ceramic (7000 to 4000 BC) in the north of Chile lower levels Alto Barranco and Alto Aguada along the Pacific coast and Rinconada in the hinterland.

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Pearson, GW et al. a .: High-Precision 14C measurement of Irish oaks to show the natural 14C variations from AD 1840 to 5210 BC . In: Radiocarbon . 28 No. 2B, 1986, pp. 911-934 .
2. ↑ Stuiver, M. u. a .: INTCAL98 Radiocarbon age correlation, 24,000-0 cal BP . In: Radiocarbon . 40, No. 3, 1998, p. 1041-1083 .
3. ↑ Olmos, O. and Sanhueza, J .: El precerámico en la costa sur de Iquique . In: Revista Chungará . tape 13 . Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica - Chile 1984, p. 143-154 .