45th century BC Chr.

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The 45th century BC Chr. Began on January 1 v 4500th And ended on December 31, 4401 BC. This corresponds to the period 6450 to 6351 before today or 5668 to 5552 radiocarbon years .

Age / Epoch

• Late Atlantic (AT3), lower level 1 (4550 to 4050 BC), with water levels rising again.
• The early Neolithic (4400 to 3500 BC) begins in Central Europe .

Developments, inventions and discoveries

4600 to 4450 BC Chr .:

• In the cemetery of Varna there are extremely rich grave goods made of gold jewelry.

Falkenstein in Lower Austria, where the Venus figurine was found

The Mannetje van Willemstad

4500 BC Chr .:

• The beginning of civilization in Kiš in Mesopotamia.
• The Għar Dalam phase (5000 to 4500 BC) ends on Malta , whose Neolithic farmers may have come from Agrigento in Sicily from 5000 BC. Were immigrated.
• Development of agriculture in Germany and the Netherlands .
• First recorded use of the plow in Mesopotamia . Introduction of the hook plow in Europe .
• Domestication of the water buffalo in China.
• First sails appear.
• Draft animals are used for the first time in the lower reaches of the Danube .
• The Venus von Falkenstein , a Venus figurine belonging to the Lengyel culture , is made in the Lower Austrian Weinviertel .
• With the cultivation of native rice varieties in India , agriculture reaches the southern Ganges plain ( Mahagara and Tchopani Mando ). Cord ceramic finds.
• Wet soil settlements in Northern Italy (Molino Casarotto).
• Gangdolmen in southern Portugal .
• Incised drawings on rocks near the Finnish Alta ( Lapland ), dated between 4500 and 500 BC. Chr.
• Copper mining in Rudna Glava, Serbia . Malachite veins follow in the rock up to 20 meters deep .
• First cast copper in Eastern Europe; the copper objects produced serve as hierarchical status symbols.
• Salt is mined in Solnizata in Bulgaria and a village with 350 inhabitants is being built around the production site.
• In Central and Eastern Europe, richly furnished individual graves are laid; A prime example is the discovery of Varna in Bulgaria , which is characterized by spectacular metal objects.
• Beginning of civilization in Crete , which already maintains contact with the Cyclades , the north coast of Africa and the Middle East .
• The ceramic Neolithic IA ends on Cyprus . Chirokitia settlement .
• Transition to predominantly cattle breeding in the wide steppe areas of southern Russia ( Black Sea area ), Kazakhstan ( Aral Sea ) and in the catchment area of ​​the Yenisei with simultaneous cultivation of grain .
• The horse is domesticated in the steppes of Eurasia .

4450 BC Chr .:

• Age of the wooden figure of Mannetje van Willemstad , which was found between the roots of an oak tree in the Netherlands.

Archaeological cultures

Cultures in North Africa

• Tenerife (5200 to 2500 BC) in the Ténéré desert with Gobero site .

Cultures in Egypt

• Merimde culture (4800 to 4250 BC) in Lower Egypt.
• The Omari culture on the Nile in Lower Egypt, around 4600 to 4400 BC. Chr, disappears at the end of the century.
• Beginning of the Naqada culture (Naqada I - 4500 to 3500 BC) in Upper Egypt .

Cultures in Mesopotamia and the Middle East

• Obed period (5500 to 3500 BC) - Obed III
• Tappe Sialk (6000 to 2500 BC) in Iran - Sialk III
• Amuq (6000 to 2900 BC) in Turkey - Amuq D
• Mersin (5400 to 2900 BC) in Anatolia - Mersin 16
• Eridu (from 5300 to approx. 1950 BC) in Mesopotamia - Eridu 19-9
• Tappa Gaura (5000 to 1500 BC) in northern Mesopotamia - Tappa Gaura 17-14
• Nineveh (from 6500 BC) in northern Mesopotamia - Nineveh 3
• The culture of Susiana (5500 to 4400 BC) in Iran - Susiana C - is coming to an end

Cultures in East Asia

China :

• Laoguantai culture (6000 to 3000 BC), upper Yellow River
• Dadiwan culture (5800-3000 BC), upper Yellow River
• Beixin culture (5400 to 4400 BC) in Shandong
• Qingliangang culture (5400 to 4400 BC) on the lower Yangtze River
• Hemudu culture (5200 to 4500 BC, later dating 5000 to 3300 BC), Zhejiang
• Baiyangcun culture (5000 to 3700 BC, is also dated to more recent: 3000 to 1700 BC), Yunnan
• Yangshao culture (5000 to 2000 BC), central and northern China
• Caiyuan culture (4800 to 3900 BC), northwest China ( Ningxia )
• Majiabang culture (4750 to 3700 BC), Lower Yangtze River
• Hongshan Culture (4700-2900 BC), Northeast China

Korea :

• Early Jeulmun period (6000 to 3500 BC)

Japan :

• Jōmon period (10,000 to 300 BC) - Earliest Jōmon period - Jōmon II (8,000 to 4,000 BC)

Cultures in Europe

Neolithic spherical bottom vessel from the Havelland ( Rössen culture , 4500 BC)

Eastern Europe :

• Dnepr-Don culture (5000 to 4000 BC) in Ukraine and Russia
• Kurgan cultures (5000 to 3000 BC) in Kazakhstan and Eastern Europe
• Lengyel culture (4900 to 3950 BC)
• The Sredny Stog culture (4500 to 3500 BC) begins north of the Sea of Azov .

Northeast Europe :

• Neman culture (7000 to 3000 BC).
• Pit ceramic culture (4200 to 2000 BC) (however radiocarbon dating : 5600 to 2300 BC)
• Narva culture (5300 to 1750 BC)

"Lady of Pazardžik", 4500 BC BC ( Karanovo VI , late Copper Age )

Southeast Europe :

• The Sesklo culture (6850 to 4400 BC) in northern Greece is coming to an end
• Dimini culture (4800 to 4000 BC) in Thessaly
• Cucuteni culture (4800 to 3200 BC): phase A or Tripolje B 1 (4500 to 4200 BC)
• Gumelniţa culture (4700 to 3700 BC): phase Gumelniţa A2 (4500 to 3950 BC)
• Varna culture (approx. 4500 to 4100 BC) in northern Bulgaria
• Karanovo Cultures in Southern Bulgaria - Karanovo VI, Late Copper Age (4500 to 4000 BC)

Central Europe :

• Band ceramic cultures (5600 to 4100 BC) in France , Belgium , Germany , Austria , Czech Republic , Poland , Slovakia , Hungary , Romania and Ukraine
• Ertebølle culture (5100 to 4100 BC)
• Swifterbant culture (5000 to 3400 BC) in the Netherlands , Belgium and Lower Saxony
• Beginning of the Tiszapolgár culture (4500 to 4000 BC) in Hungary and Slovakia,
• the Münchshöfen culture (4500 to 3900/3800 BC) in eastern Central Europe and
• of the Rössen culture (4500 to 3500 BC) in East Germany

Western Europe :

• Chassey-Lagozza-Cortaillod culture (4600 to 2400 BC)
• Megalithic cultures :
  • France (4700 to 2000 BC)
  • Malta - Gray Scorba Phase (4500 to 4400 BC).

Cultures in america

North and Central America :

• Archaic period .
• Coxcatlán phase (5000–3400 BC) in Tehuacán (Mexico)

South America :

• Chinchorro culture (7020 to 1500 BC) in northern Chile and southern Peru.
• Middle Pre-Ceramic (7000 to 4000 BC) in northern Chile . Lower Alto Barranco and Alto Aguada along the Pacific coast and Rinconada in the hinterland.

Web links

Commons : 45th century BC Chr.  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files