Out of body experience

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Modern representation of a variant of an out-of-body experience.

Out of body experience ( OBE ), English out-of-body experience (OBE or rare OOBE), is an experience in which the person concerned claims to be outside their own body are, some possibility to consider their own body at rest (a variant of a Autoscopy ).

The AKE phenomenon can occur with overtiredness or lucid dreams , in exceptional states of consciousness and also under the influence of psychotropic substances . AKE could be generated artificially and repeatably in the laboratory, both through a certain falsification of perception through multimedia simulations and through targeted physical influencing of the nerve activity of the brain from outside.

In neuroscience , pathological AKE experiences are assigned to dissociative disorders that can be caused by accidents or temporary circulatory failure or by minor incidents such as fatigue or stress. The occurrence of migraines or epileptic seizures has also been reported. Out-of-body experiences can also be one of the symptoms of depersonalization disorder . This is very rarely diagnosed in Germany, only if those affected suffer from it in a clinically significant way.

Manifestations

LFS experiences vary in length and intensity outside of a sense of space and duration. Typical are feelings of detachment from the body, completeness (including actually amputated body parts), painlessness, comprehensive mobility through weightless floating and sliding forward, invisibility and changed perceptual states such as a "360 ° view" and "mental empathy" of objects, but no physical feeling , but effortless penetration of doors, objects, living beings, walls or the ceiling.

The AKE phenomenon can occur with overtiredness, while meditating , falling asleep (see hypnagogia ) or while dreaming (see lucid dream ) as well as with migraines , epileptic seizures and vascular brain damage. The LFS phenomenon is often described by people who were in extraordinary states of consciousness , for example under hypnosis , in trance or ecstasy or near death ( near-death experience ). Out-of-body experiences were also observed under the intense influence of psychotropic substances , mainly when using ketamine (cf. Agitated emergence , K-Hole ), but also when using LSD , cannabis , psilocybin , salvinorin A or mescaline . According to their statement, some people can also induce LFS willingly.

Individual processing

Out-of-body experiences are usually subjectively experienced as completely real processes and are usually idealized in retrospect. In some of those affected, they result in considerable psychological changes. For some of the people, they provide evidence of life after death .

In a survey, around 10 percent of respondents said they had had out-of-body experiences in their lives. The philosopher Thomas Metzinger estimated that around 8–15 percent of the world's population have had such an experience at some point in their life.

The Swiss psychiatrist and founder of analytical psychology Carl Jung experienced a heart attack in 1944 with near-death and out of body experience "in his. 1962 published autobiography " Memories, Dreams, Reflections, " he describes in detail this experience:

“It seemed to me that I was high up in space. Far below me I saw the globe bathed in wonderful blue light. I saw the deep blue sea and the continents. Ceylon was far below my feet, and before me was the subcontinent of India. My field of vision did not encompass the whole of the earth, but its spherical shape was clearly visible, and its contours shimmered silvery in the wonderful blue light. (...) Later I asked how high in the room one had to be to have a view from such a distance. It's about 1500 km! The sight of the earth from this height was the most wonderful and magical thing I had ever experienced. (...) "

- CGJung : Memories, Dreams, Thoughts (1962), from page 293

Explanatory models

Scientific investigations

Neurologically , the phenomenon is described as a dissociation between the ego and the body, which arises due to a lack of integration of proprioceptive , tactile and visual information of the body in connection with an additional vestibular dysfunction. The importance of the multisensory mechanisms for the development of AKE has been proven in recent years by various neurobiological and brain physiological studies that have contributed to the clarification of the processes and the brain structures involved with the help of artificial stimulation . Among other things, the following observations were made:

  • By stimulating individual brain regions with the help of implanted electrodes , it was possible to induce an AKE experience that could be “switched off temporarily”, but this result has not yet been repeated and verified . The University of Virginia neurologist Bruce Greyson reassured that the experiment did not necessarily prove that all out-of-body experiences were such illusions. It would still be possible for some out-of-body experiences to occur in other ways. Olaf Blanke, one of the scientists who conducted or reported on the experiment, admits that the researchers did not fully understand the neurological mechanism that causes out-of-body experiences.
  • Investigations showed AKE in the stimulation of the angular gyrus located on the cerebral cortex .
  • According to research, stimulation of the temporal lobe also causes AKE. According to an investigation, other structures in the limbic system involved in the memory process , such as the tonsil nucleus and the hippocampus, are also involved in these processes . According to this thesis, the stress in the death process leads to the release of neuropeptides and neurotransmitters , in particular endorphins , which also evoke the feeling of happiness that is often observed in the context of near death.
  • The anesthetic ketamine can also trigger these phenomena.
  • During wakeful brain surgery, targeted white matter stimulation of the left temporoparietal junction cortex repeatedly caused an AKE. Each time, the patient experienced how he hovered over the operating table and looked down at himself.

Psychiatric and psychological research

Outside of religious studies and comparative cultural research, AKE-like experiences are discussed in psychiatric and psychological research as autoscopy and doppelganger phenomena. Only in the last few decades has the LFS phenomenon been investigated from various other scientific perspectives, such as those of neuroscience and physiology .

Out -of-body experiences are scientifically explained as illusions , flight dreams , lucid dreams or hallucinations . According to this explanatory model, the experiences would be the result of a (whatever kind of) psychological or physiological disorganization of the human brain. According to this, the AKE would be a misinterpretation of cognitive processes , which in the form of a nerve reaction to real stimuli (or residual stimuli in the state of death) leads to experiences that are perceived as real and to relived memories.

Cognitive science

  • In 2007, research groups from Switzerland and Sweden demonstrated experimentally that LFS-like phenomena as the illusion of an LFS can be artificially created ( simulated ) through simple technical test arrangements using data glasses and virtual reality .

Other attempts at explanation

The embedding of the AKE phenomenon in mythical and religious reference systems in the past led to the fact that AKE was mainly dealt with in spiritual contexts - for example, with the question of the possibility of rebirth of the soul, eternal life , bilocation , levitation and demonic influence. LFS phenomena are also described in the literature on death research .

Traditions of the concept of the soul

A comparative study of more than 50 cultural areas from 1979 showed that in most of them the idea existed that the mind or soul could leave the body. This has been linked to the observation that the manifestations of out-of-body experiences were also similar around the world. However, the interpretation of these experiences was largely dependent on the respective religious environment. This separation of body and soul resulted in religious studies and anthropology also to the concept of free soul . For methodological reasons, it is difficult to distinguish religious ideas from reports about LFS experiences.

History of the "LFS views"

(in the sense of views according to Immanuel Kant )

From antiquity to modern times

Free soul in the form of the Ba bird in the Egyptian Book of the Dead

The Greek philosopher Plato (* 428 / 427 v. Chr. † 348 / 347 v. Chr. ) Reported in the tenth book of his work "The State" by one who woke up in a battle apparently killed before cremation back to life. He told of experiences that correspond to out-of-body experiences.

Abraham Abulafia (1240–1291 / 92), mystic , philosopher and founder of the Prophetic Kabbalah described meditation techniques that should lead to out-of-body experiences.

The phenomenon of out-of-body experience was mentioned as an idea of ​​the journey of the soul or the free soul in Egyptian mythology , in Pythagoras and Plato and Neoplatonism as well as Pliny the Elder and manifested itself in various currents of faith ( cf.Theurgy and Chaldean Oracle and Redemption ), but only became more intense discussed from the Age of Enlightenment and increasingly since the 19th century. It was triggered, among other things, by reports about the LFS by shamans and other necromancers from non-written cultures. But above all the interest in esoteric occultism , in which special media in séances made contact with “supernatural beings” such as the deceased in the afterlife or went on a soul journey themselves, continuously nourished the interest in the topic. Under the terms “astral projections” or “astral visions”, access to an imagined world memory, the Akashic Chronicle, has been a popular subject of esoteric teachings in and around the Theosophical Society since the late 19th century ( Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn ).

The British theosophist Annie Besant , in her work Man and His Bodies , published in 1896, presented a subtle etheric body as a part of the physical body that is detached from the physical body during sleep (for more on this see there ).

Views in the vision literature

The soul leaves the body (illustration, 1808)
Dying man (woodcut 15th century)

In the ancient and religious vision literature , numerous reports or visions of journeys into heaven and the hereafter with "places seen in the hereafter" such as paradise or the rapture into another space or through space and time appear, for example

  • The ladder to heaven or Jacob : The biblical story in Gen 28.11  EU describes a dream vision of Jacob with ascent and descent between earth and heaven .
  • The Apocalypse of Paul (NHC) : It tells of the ascent of the apostle Paul through different spheres of heaven.
  • An ascension to heaven is described by the prophet Mohammed , during which Mohammed is said to have met the earlier prophets and seen paradise and hell . (Main article Ascension of Muhammad )
  • the Visio Thurkilli : a vision of a protector from the afterlife for the simple farmer Thurkill; the former separates Thurkill's soul from his body, who remains frozen (see also sleep paralysis ) but continues to breathe and travels with him into the hereafter.
  • the Visio Tnugdali : the vision that the soul of the knight Tnugdalus is led through hell and heaven by an angel.
  • the Visio Godeschalci : the vision that the clearing farmer Gottschalk wandered into the afterlife and returned to the earthly world. "

Representative of “LFS views” of the 1960s and 1970s

Robert A. Monroe and Charles Tart

In 1971 the American Robert A. Monroe published his first book Journeys Out Of The Body (published in German under the title The Man with Two Lives - Journeys Outside the Body ). In it he describes (believing in God, but without denomination ) his AKE experiences and his research to bring them about artificially. Together with his research colleague Charles Tart , he made the term “out-of-body experience” popular in the 1960s, because they found the historical term “astral projection” too occult and unscientific. According to his representation, a “second body” of a human or animal separates from the body during REM sleep , “learns” during this time on higher levels of consciousness, can travel indefinitely in terms of location and time and returns to the sleeping body, only a cultural protection mechanism prevents ( Fear) remembering it. Monroe developed and distributed the so-called Hemi-Sync method in the "The Monroe Institute (TMI)", which he founded , with which he promised deep relaxation and memorable AKE experiences for everyone. There is no scientific evidence for such effects. TMI is listed by the international Association for Transpersonal Psychology. His research was taken up by the US military under the project name "STARGATE".

Raymond Moody

The discussion of LFS was also the 1975 published book Life After Life ( life after death ) of the American doctor Raymond Moody fanned the numerous reports it has processed his patients and called for a broad dissemination of the phenomenon. Specialist scientists reacted largely skeptically to the book.

Elisabeth Kübler-Ross

The psychiatrist and death researcher Elisabeth Kübler-Ross published extensively on the subject of AKE, especially (but not only) in the form of near-death experiences that she addressed in her numerous books. After 1975, it sparked heated controversy with the claim that it could scientifically prove life after death.

Carlos Castaneda

The American anthropologist and writer Carlos Castaneda describes in his book The Teachings of Don Juan: A Yaqui Path of Knowledge , the use of psychoactive plants and mushrooms (e.g. peyote ) to gain access to the non-everyday, shamanically interpreted reality to get. His book, which was initially published as a dissertation , later found no support from ethnological experts, and critics described the work as a forgery. Castaneda later expressly distances himself from the use of psychotropic substances that would have irreversibly damaged his liver. In later books, such as B. The Art of Dreaming , he reports on lucid dreaming and out-of-body experiences.

Others

The new Eckankar religion, developed by Paul Twitchell in the USA in 1965 as the "Science of Soul Travel ", includes exercises with out-of-body experiences as part of religious practice

The Brazilian physician and author Waldo Vieira proclaimed the science of consciousness , in which new insights should be researched using artificially induced out-of-body experiences as a method. He sees consciousness in three manifestations, in the physical body for the physical dimension, in the "psychosoma" ( astral body ) for the non-physical dimension and as a "mental soma" ( mental body ) for the spiritual dimension.

See also

reception

Other authors

(in chronological order of the year of birth)

literature

science

  • Olaf Blanke, Nathan Faivre, Sebastian Dieguez: Leaving Body and Life Behind: Out-of-Body and Near-Death Experience . In: Steven Laureys, Olivia Gosseries, Giulio Tononi: The Neurology of Consciousness: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuropathology , 2nd edition, Academic Press, Amsterdam 2015, ISBN 978-0-12-801175-1 , pp. 323–347 (English) . online (accessed June 14, 2016).
  • Michael Nahm: Out of body experiences . In: Gerhard Mayer, Michael Schetsche, Ina Schmied-Knittel, Dieter Vaitl : At the limits of knowledge. Handbook of Scientific Anomalistics , Schattauer, Stuttgart 2015, ISBN 978-3-7945-2922-3 , pp. 151–163.
  • Jane E. Aspell, Bigna Lenggenhager, Olaf Blanke: Multisensory Perception and Bodily Self-Consciousness: From Out-of-Body to Inside-Body Experience . In: MM Murray: The neural bases of multisensory processes . CRC Press, Boca Raton 2012, ISBN 978-1-4398-1217-4 . , chapter 24 (English). online (accessed June 13, 2016).
  • Hans-Otto Karnath , Peter Thier: Out-of-body experiences . In: Same: Cognitive Neurosciences , 3rd updated and expanded edition, Springer, Berlin 2012, ISBN 978-3-642-25527-4 , pp. 198-200.
  • Allan Hobson : Out of Body Experiences . In: The same: The optimized brain: how we repair, manipulate, ruin our consciousness , Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 2010, ISBN 978-3-608-94361-0 , pp. 196–198.
  • Susan Blackmore : Beyond the Body: An investigation into out-of-body experiences (with new postscript). Academy Chicago, Chicago 1992, ISBN 0-89733-344-6 (English).

Notions

Studies

  • A. Guterstam, M. Björnsdotter, G. Gentile, HH Ehrsson: Posterior cingulate cortex integrates the senses of self-location and body ownership. In: Current biology: CB. Volume 25, number 11, June 2015, pp. 1416–1425, doi: 10.1016 / j.cub.2015.03.059 , PMID 25936550 (free full text). Description for the general public as presented by the researchers (accessed June 15, 2016).
  • JJ Braithwaite, D. Samson, I. Apperly, E. Broglia, J. Hulleman: Cognitive correlates of the spontaneous out-of-body experience (OBE) in the psychologically normal population: evidence for an increased role of temporal-lobe instability, body-distortion processing, and impairments in own-body transformations. In: cortex; a journal devoted to the study of the nervous system and behavior. Volume 47, Number 7, 2011 Jul-Aug, pp. 839-853, ISSN  1973-8102 . doi: 10.1016 / j.cortex.2010.05.002 . PMID 20598679 .
  • Olaf Blanke: The Out-of-Body Experience: Disturbed Self-Processing at the Temporo-Parietal Junction. In: The Neuroscientist. 11, 2005, pp. 16-24, doi: 10.1177 / 1073858404270885 .
  • Olaf Blanke, Christine Mohr: Out-of-body experience, heautoscopy, and autoscopic hallucination of neurological origin. In: Brain Research Reviews. 50, 2005, pp. 184-199, doi: 10.1016 / j.brainresrev.2005.05.008 .

Web links

Commons : Out-of-body experiences  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

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  3. ↑ a b c Olaf Blanke, Nathan Faivre, Sebastian Dieguez: Leaving Body and Life Behind: Out-of-Body and Near-Death Experience . In: Steven Laureys, Olivia Gosseries, Giulio Tononi: The Neurology of Consciousness: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuropathology , 2nd edition, Academic Press, Amsterdam 2015, ISBN 978-0-12-801175-1 , pp. 323–347 (English) . online (accessed July 15, 2016).
  4. ↑ Daphne Simeon, Jeffrey Abugel: Feeling Unreal: Depersonalization Disorder and the Loss of the Self , Oxford University Press, New York 2006, ISBN 978-0-19-517022-1 , p 63rd
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    Brain researchers create “out-of-body” experiences. On: Wissenschaft.de from September 19, 2002.
    The Swiss research team Blanke / Seeck received the internationally renowned Swiss Pfizer Prize in the field of neurology, PDF and PDF in 2005 ( Memento of March 27, 2018 in the Internet Archive ).
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  21. ↑ EM Bos, JK Spoor, M. Smits, JW Schouten, AJ Vincent: Out-of-Body Experience During Awake Craniotomy. In: World neurosurgery. [Electronic publication before printing] May 2016, doi: 10.1016 / j.wneu.2016.05.002 , PMID 27178238 .
  22. ^ P. Kügler: Supernatural and incomprehensible. Religious transcendence from a philosophical point of view. Münster et al. 2006, p. 53; see. U. Weger: The alien self. The doppelganger phenomenon as an object of psychology. ( Memento of October 24, 2004 in the Internet Archive ) In: magazin info3. July 2000.
  23. ↑ see the respective sections on the state of research in the literature listed in the individual references as well as: L. Levitan / S. LaBerge: Other Worlds. Out-Of-Body Experiences and Lucid Dreams . In: Nightlight. 3: 2-3, 1991, pp. 4-11; SJ Blackmore: OBEs, lucid dreams and imagery. Two surveys. In: Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research. 76: 4, 1982, pp. 301-317 ( PDF ); SJ Blackmore: Spontaneous and deliberate OBEs: a questionnaire survey. In: Journal of the Society for Psychical Research. 53 (1986), pp. 218-224 ( PDF ).
  24. ↑ B. Lenggenhager et al: Video Ergo Sum: Manipulating Bodily Self-Consciousness. In: Science. 317, no. 5841 BC August 24, 2007, pp. 1096-1099 ( abstract ); HH Ehrsson: The Experimental Induction of Out-of-Body Experiences. In: Science. 317, no. 5841 BC August 24, 2007, p. 1048 ( abstract ); in addition: "Out of body experience" induced in the laboratory ( memento of the original from September 3, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . In: aerzteblatt.de. v. August 24, 2007; see also video. (under web links ). @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.aerzteblatt-studieren.de
  25. ^ RL Morris et al: Studies of Communication During Out-of-Body Experiences. In: Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research. 72 (1978), pp. 1-22; Robert Novella: Out of Body Experiences and the Astral Hypothesis. Part 1. , Retrieved November 13, 2016, In: The New England Journal of Skepticism. 5 (2) 10/1/2002; see. Roy D. Salley: Comments on the OBE / Lucid Dream Controversy. ( Memento of February 27, 2012 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on June 8, 2012. In: Lucidity Letter. 5 (1) 1986, pp. 47-55; An overview of the different research approaches is provided by: Nelson Abreu: Methodology for Investigating the Hypothesis of Anomalous Remote Perceptions as Objective Phenomena . Conference-Lecture Toward a Science of Consciousness VI. Tucson, Arizona 2004.
  26. ↑ D. Shells: A Cross-Cultural Study of Beliefs in Out-of-Body Experiences. In: Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research. 49, pp. 697-741 (1978).
  27. ↑ Original English text: “Plato included in the 10th book of The Rebublic a rather detailed account of the case of Er, who was apparently killed in battle but revived before of the cremation of his body. He narrated experiences that corresponded in many ways to reports of what parapsychologiasts today called out-of-the-body experiences. "In: Ian Stevenson: Research into the evidence of man's survival after death , The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, Vol. 165 No. 3, 1977, (pdf)
  28. ↑ Anil Ananthaswamy: Kabbalah : Mystical lessons for modern neuroscience, at newscientist.com
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  30. ↑ Krause, Gerhard, Müller, Gerhard (both eds.): Theologische Realenzyklopädie , Volume 33, de Gruyter, Berlin 1977, p. 403, accessed on October 20, 2011.
  31. ^ Helmut Zander : Anthroposophy in Germany. Theosophical worldview and social practice 1884–1945 , Göttingen 2007, pp. 622f
  32. ^ Far Journeys . Doubleday, New York 1985, ISBN 0-385-23182-2 . English: The second body - expedition beyond the threshold . Heyne, Munich 2007, ISBN 3-453-70061-9 . P. 13
  33. ↑ Hemi-Sync Patent .
  34. ↑ Hyman, Ray (1996). "Evaluation of the Military's Twenty-year Program on Psychic Spying". Skeptical Inquirer 20: 21-26.
  35. ^ Jacobsen, Annie (2017). Phenomena: The Secret History of the US Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis . Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-34936-9 .
  36. ↑ cia.gov: Approved collection of documents by the CIA
  37. ^ Raymond A. Moody: Life After Life. Covinda 1975; German: life after death . Reinbek 1977.
  38. ^ Robert Todd Carroll : The Skeptic's Dictionary: A Collection of Strange Beliefs, Amusing Deceptions, and Dangerous Delusions , John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey (USA) 2003, p. 251, ISBN 0-471-27242-6 , online (accessed June 15, 2016).
  39. ^ Elisabeth Kübler-Ross. In: Jessica Bendiner, Elmer Bendiner: Biographical dictionary of medicine . Facts on file, New York / Oxford 1990, ISBN 0-8160-1864-2 .
  40. ↑ Jane Holden Kelley: Yaqui Women: Contemporary Life Histories . University of Nebraska Press, 1978, ISBN 978-0-8032-0912-1 , pp. 24-25.
  41. ^ Larry Baron: Slipping inside the Crack between the Worlds: Carlos Castaneda, Alfred Schutz, and the Theory of Multiple Realities . In: Journal of Humanistic Psychology . 23, No. 2, Spring 1983, pp. 52-69. doi : 10.1177 / 0022167883232007 .
  42. ^ Edward H. Spicer: Review: The Teaching of Don Jaun: A Yaqui Way of Knowledge . In: American Anthropologist . 71, No. 2, April 1969, pp. 320-322.
  43. ↑ Michael Hozzel: Magic and change of consciousness from an anthropological point of view , Heidelberg, 1977
  44. ↑ Conscientiology - Introduction in iacworld.org
  45. ↑ Waldo Vieira : Projectiology: A Panorama Of Experiences Of The Consciousness Outside The Human Body . 1st edition. International Institute of Projectiology and Conscientiology, Rio de Janeiro 2002, ISBN 85-86019-58-5 ( https://psicologiadoespirito.files.wordpress.com/2016/09/projeciologia-panorama-das-experic3aancias-fora-do-corpo -waldo-vieira.pdf Projectiology [PDF] Original title: Projeciologia: Panorama das experiências da consciência fora do corpo humano . pt).
  46. ^ Waldo Vieira: Projections of the Consciousness . 3. Edition. International Academy of Consciousness, 2007, ISBN 978-1-934079-50-8 ( IAC: Projections of the Consciousness ( Memento of March 1, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) - Original title: Projeções da Consciência . Pt). Projections of the Consciousness ( Memento from March 1, 2012 in the Internet Archive )