Amber deposits

Amber deposits from more than 200 sites from all continents (with the exception of Antarctica ) are known worldwide .

introduction

The number of amber sites is constantly growing. The following list will be updated continuously depending on the available sources. Nevertheless, the list with regard to the sites of discovery cannot be complete, since not all sites have been scientifically investigated, so the source situation is problematic. In addition, numerous sites are known from one geographical region, at least some of which provide amber of the same genesis. In such cases, reference is only made to any differences in the amber species, but not every location listed. For example, around 120 sites of Cretaceous amber are known in Spain, the geographical distribution and stratigraphic position of which indicate that amber from many of these sites has a consistent history of origin.

The age of the amber deposits ranges from Devonian to the most recent period of the Tertiary, the Pliocene . In this context, stone deposits are meant as sites of fossil resins of different ages. The term “amber deposits” has been dispensed with, since geology refers to a deposit as a minable deposit, but this does not apply to the vast majority of amber sites. The term amber is also used here in a broad sense. The opinion that has been taken in the specialist literature of the last few decades that amber in the narrower sense is only succinite is not taken into account in this consideration of geographical occurrences.

The number of sites is not synonymous with types of amber . Sometimes the characteristics of fossil resins from different geographical origins show similarities that point to a common genesis of these resins. Some names are used for amber deposits of different geographic origins due to similarities in their chemical / physical properties. As Rumänit example, Bernstein is designated, the in geographically distant regions, in Romania (Carpathians) and in Siberia (on the island Sachalin , however, is formed), independently of one another under similar conditions, and about the same time. Another example is the name succinite , a name which, when used today, points to a certain botanical origin of the fossil resin, which in literature is often used synonymously for amber in general and also serves as the name for Baltic amber . Even if Baltic amber is predominantly succinite, other fossil resins also occur in the areas where Baltic amber is found and together with it. These include, for example, Gedanit , Beckerit , Stantienit , Glessit and Krantzit .

Some names are traditionally coined. Once awarded - usually by the discoverer of a site - the name has become common, even if it suggests a differentiation from other fossil resins that cannot be maintained on closer inspection. The reverse case also occurs: a name that has already been assigned is carried over to new finds, although the fossil resins differ significantly from one another. Copalin is an example . This term is applied to fossil resins from the Eocene Londonton and to two fossil resins of different ages that were found in Austria (Cretaceous resin from the Rosental and ancient resin from near Gablitz near Vienna), i.e. three different fossil resins in total . Despite the similarity of names, none of these resins have anything to do with Copal .

There are also various trade names, some of which overlap or are similar to the terms listed in the table, but do not necessarily express the same thing. Such trade names are only mentioned here if they could lead to confusion (see China amber). Not to mention the trade names for amber imitations , which are strongly reminiscent of names for natural fossil resins (e.g. bermit is a common trade name in Russia for an imitation amber made from polyester resin and has nothing to do with the natural fossil resin Burmite, which comes from Myanmar ).

The above examples are representative of numerous problems, questions and misunderstandings that can arise from the not always clearly distinguishable names of fossil resins.

list

The following tabular list is intended to give an overview of as many amber sites worldwide as possible. Names used synonymously are taken into account if their use is known from more recent literature.

Overview of amber deposits (worldwide) ^(*)

Amber occurrence (**) (other names)	References	Epoch of origin (Age in million years)	Remarks
Europe
Baltic amber ( Succinite , numerous accessory resins)	North Sea, Baltic Sea, bordering countries, especially Samland	Eocene (40–54)	The amber is not on the primary deposit (some of it has been relocated several times).
Bitterfeld amber ( Succinite, Goitschit , Durglessit, Bitterfeldit, Pseudostantienit, Glessit , Gedanit , Siegburgit , Scheibit )	Central Germany, Lausitz , Bitterfeld , Goitsche u. a.	Lower Miocene to Eocene (20–50)	At least the Goitsche deposit is possibly an occurrence of the same genesis as Baltic amber (albeit controversial) on a Miocene deposit. The names given as synonyms are mostly accessory (fossil) resins. Other finds associated with lignite deposits are known from Böhlen near Leipzig and from the open- cast lignite mining near Helmstedt (mainly Krantzit and Oxikrantzit ). The relationships between these amber deposits and the absolute age of the amber (primary deposit?) Are controversial.
Amber from Bavaria ( Schlierseerit )	At the Schliersee (Upper Bavaria)	Lower Cretaceous (90-100)	Small pieces with trapped microorganisms .
Jutland amber ( Succinite )	Denmark, Jutland	Eocene (40–54)	It is amber of the same genesis as Baltic amber, which was possibly (but probably not exclusively) transported from southern Scandinavia to the North and Baltic Sea areas around Denmark. The name Jutland amber is used almost exclusively in Denmark.
Amber from Bornholm	Denmark	Jurassic (160)	It is a very small occurrence. No organic inclusions are known.
Ukrainian amber ( Succinite , delatynite )	Various regions in Ukraine ( Rivne (Rovno), Lviv , Ivano-Frankivsk )	Eocene (40–54)	It is - at least in part of the sites - amber deposits possibly of the same origin as Baltic amber (is being discussed); on Eocene, Oligocene and Miocene deposits. Some of the deposits are located in the border region with Belarus and Poland and continue there. The occurrence discussed in the literature under the name " Rovno amber " (after the city of the same name in the northwest of Ukraine) is chemically identical to Baltic amber.
Sicilian amber ( Simetite )	Near Catania ( Sicily )	Probably Upper Miocene (5–6)	Shipped by the river Simeto (eponymous) from central Sicily to the east coast of Sicily (beach finds). With regard to age, the information varies considerably (1 million to> 25 million years). Fossil resins very similar to simetite were found in the Apennines .
Amber from the Italian Dolomites	In Cortina d'Ampezzo	Upper Triassic (220)	contains numerous microorganisms (among the oldest amber fossils at all).
Amber from Switzerland	Different locations	Paleocene (55), Keuper (200) and Carnium (220)	At least eight amber discovery sites of different ages, mostly located in the flysch zone between Lake Geneva and Lake Constance, are known. Organic inclusions only sporadically, e.g. B. in the so-called Plaffeiit (named after a town near the place where it was found) from the flysch on the northern edge of the Alps.
Amber from Austria (including Rosthornite , Hartite , Köflachite , Cookingite , Jaulingite , Copalin , Golling-Amber )	Different locations	u. a. Triassic (230), Lower Cretaceous (120), Eocene (50), Upper Miocene (8)	Mostly small amounts of fossil resins of different origins from at least twelve sites that are not related to each other. Organic inclusions only sporadically.
Amber from France	Paris Basin , Aquitaine Basin (SW France), Oise	Upper Cretaceous ( Cenomanian ) (85) and Eocene (53) (Oise); Charentese amber	An amber deposit (allingite) in southwestern Switzerland extends into France, and another is in the north of the Pyrenees .
Amber from Spain	At a) Santander ( Cantabria; El Soplao Caves) b) Penacerrade Moraza (Alava Amber) c) numerous sites; u. a. Teruel d) at Alicante	a) Lower Cretaceous ( Albium ) (110) b), c) chalk d) Upper Triassic	a) Inclusive, gray-bluish amber. It is said to be the largest Cretaceous amber deposit in Europe.
Amber from Portugal	Cliffs near Cascais	Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanium) (95-90)	The local site is called Belasiano .
Amber from Hungary	hpts. north of Lake Balaton	Upper Cretaceous (70–90) and Triassic (220)	Usually called Ajkait (after the Hungarian city of Ajka ). The name is seen as a collective term for various fossil resins from this region. Further (partly historical) sites of various fossil resins of different ages. For example, the little-known Eocene-Oligocene "Bakony amber", which comes from the lignite near Zirc, or Triassic amber from the area around Lake Balaton .
Amber from the Czech Republic ( Walchowite , duxite )	At Valchov in Moravia and Duchcow (Dux) in Bohemia	Walchowite: Upper Chalk (100); Duxite: Miocene (20)	The occurrence of Valchov is also discussed as an amber of the same origin as the Baltic amber. The name Walchowit is considered out of date. Duxit is not a pure resin.
Amber from Romania ( Rumänit , Schraufit, Muntenit, Telegdit, Almaschit, Moldovit )	More than 300 sites, mainly in the eastern Carpathians .	Predominantly Oligocene (30)	Individual finds also from the Cretaceous and the Eocene. The deposits on the island of Sakhalin (see Siberian amber) are also known as Romanite.
Amber from Bulgaria	Different locations	Lower Cretaceous to Eocene (60–120)	The Eocene deposits in central Bulgaria are on secondary, the others on primary deposits.
Amber from Scotland ( middletonite )	near Kilmarnock (Scotland) and Leeds (Middleton) (England)	Carbon (older than 300)	On coal deposits. Contains plant fossil inclusions. Probably the oldest fossil-bearing amber in the world.
Amber from England ( copalite or copalin ); (Wealden-Amber ); ( Retinellite )	Copalit in London; Wealden Amber on the south coast (e.g. Isle of Wight ) Retinellite in Devonshire	Copalite: Eocene (Tarras) (50); Wealden Amber: Lower Cretaceous (135) Retinellite: Oligocene (30)	Not to be confused with occasional finds of Baltic amber (succinite) on the coasts of south-east England.
Amber from Svalbard		Palaeogene (55-60?)	Skilvika formation; with organic inclusions (e.g. plant parts of a sequoia tree)
Asia
Amber from Turkey	western Pontus Mountains	uncertain	stored in Grauwacke . IR spectrum is similar to that of Romanite . The so-called "Olti amber" mined in the province of Erzurum is not fossil resin, but gagat .
Lebanon amber	various sites, mostly in the Lebanon Mountains	predominantly Lower Cretaceous (around 130)	Mostly on primary deposit. Due to its age and the abundance of insects it is of particular palaeontological value. Amber from the Upper Jurassic is also reported.
Amber from Jordan and Israel	From Amman (Jordan) to the north of Israel and sites south of Jerusalem	Lower Cretaceous (around 130)	On a secondary deposit near where it originated. There is also the opinion in the literature that these deposits (at least those in northern Israel) are a continuation of the deposits of Lebanon amber from the chalk. Occasionally inclusions.
Siberian amber	Northern Siberia from the Taimyr Peninsula to Kamchatka	Chalk ( Albium to Santonium ) (70–100)	The various occurrences at various sites extend along the Siberian Arctic Coast. A deposit in the south of Sakhalin, which is also mostly subsumed under the term "Siberian amber", is of the Paleocene age (see Romanite ).
Caucasian amber	Lesser Caucasus between the Aghstafa and Arak rivers	Probably high chalk	There are two occurrences of different ages ( Cenomanium and Coniacium ) that extend over Azerbaijan and Armenia.
Birmit (also Burmese amber , Burma amber , Burmit )	Myanmar (formerly Burma or Burma)	Upper Cretaceous or Eocene	from the Hukwang Valley in the north of the country; presumably on a secondary deposit (Eocene).
Amber from Thailand	Southern Thailand (Khlong Thom)	probably Jura	Botanical source probably Agathoxylon
China amber (also Fushun amber )	Provinces Liaoning and Fujian	Eocene (40–54)	In coal seams of the Guchenzgi Formation, especially near the city of Fushun . The insect fauna is similar to that of Baltic amber. Chinese, Mongolian and Manchurian amber are trade names.
Borneo amber (also Sarawak amber )	Borneo ( Sarawak Province , Malaya)	Miocene (15-20)	Primary amber deposit in a brown coal deposit near Merit-Pila (Sarawak). Organic inclusions occur. Mother plant probably a wing fruit plant . More recent, very rich finds in the state of Sabah (in northeast Borneo) have not yet been fully investigated. It is possible that these fossil resins are of the same origin as the amber from Sarawak
Amber from Sumatra , ( Indonesia )	Different locations near Gunung-Tua in the center of the island	Miocene (approx. 20)	Small amounts are also reported from the island of Java .
Amber from the Philippines	The place of discovery is the island of Luzon	Pliocene (<5)
Amber from Japan (including Kuji amber , Chōshi amber )	Different locations, u. a. Iwate (Kuji) and Chiba ( Chōshi ) prefectures on the main island	Upper Cretaceous (85, Kuji), Lower Cretaceous (110, Chōshi)	Numerous other amber sites scattered across the country, the youngest Pliocene ages.
Amber from India (Cambay Amber)	Gujarat Province (Northern India; Gulf of Cambay)	Eocene (approx. 50)	Fossils (especially insects) in physical preservation; Botanical origin of the resin presumably from wing fruit plants.
America
Alaska amber (Arctic amber)	Mainly near the Kuk River (north of the Brooks range )	probably Upper Cretaceous (approx. 70)	partly on primary deposit, but mostly relocated. Contains plant fossils in great numbers.
Canadian amber ( Chemawinit , Cedarit )	Mainly at Cedar Lake in Manitoba and at Grassy Lake, Alberta	Chalk (70-79)	From Canada around 50 sites of mostly Cretaceous amber are known, including smaller occurrences of amber from the Eocene (in British Columbia ) and another probably Devonian age.
Amber from the USA	Numerous sites ( Alaska , California, etc.)	Triassic, Cretaceous and Tertiary	Amber of various origins, sites widely scattered; including Cretaceous Kansas amber ( jelinite ). Of particular importance is the New Jersey amber (see there). Triassic amber from Arizona. Patty C. Rice (1987) gives an overview of the sites.
New Jersey Amber ( Raritan )	hpts. New Jersey , USA	Upper Cretaceous (94–90)	The name Raritan goes back to the geological unit in which this amber is stored ( very likely in situ ) (Raritan Formation - lower Turonium).
Dominican amber	Caribbean island Hispaniola (Dom. Rep.)	Eocene to Miocene (15–40)	Firmly embedded in hard sandstone; probably partly on primary and partly on secondary deposit. Small finds from the neighboring islands of Jamaica and Costa Rica are probably of the same origin as Dominican amber.
Mexican amber ( Chiapas amber )	In the state of Chiapas (Mexico)	Miocene (13-20)	Different locations in Chiapas. Sandstone and clay layers with layers of lignite. Contains organic inclusions. (Another occurrence in Baja California ( Lower California ) is called bacalite in the Anglo-Saxon-speaking area . Assumed age: Upper Cretaceous)
Colombian amber	Colombia (South America)	controversial	There are many indications that it is not amber, but the much younger copal . Finds from the region around Bucaramanga (Santander province) are also known as Bucaramangite .
Amber from Ecuador ( Guayaquilite )	In the Ecuadorian province of Guayas near the capital Guayaquil	not clear	Physico-chemical studies show that this fossil resin, which occurs in lignite, is very similar to copalite from England
Amber from Peru	From the Iquitos area in northeastern Peru	Middle Miocene (approx. 18)	Inclusions: arthropods, pollen, spores, algae.
Amber from Nicaragua	On the Pacific coast in northern Nicaragua	Miocene (20)
Africa Various (sometimes extensive) finds on some African coasts that are not listed here and are often referred to as “amber” are copal.
Amber from Nigeria ( Amekit )	In Umuahia , in southern Nigeria	Upper Eocene (35)	Named for the Ameki formation in which it was found. No organic inclusions are known. A representative from the legume family is believed to be the botanical source of the resin
Amber from South Africa	South Africa ; Lesotho	Upper Triassic (South Africa) (220) and Lower Cretaceous (Lesotho) (135)	no inclusions.
Amber from Ethiopia	Ethiopia	Upper Cretaceous (95)	Inclusive. See Schmidt et al. (2010)
Australia and Oceania
Amber from New Zealand	South Island and North Island of New Zealand	Pliocene to Upper Cretaceous (4–100)	Mostly in connection with coal deposits, obviously on primary deposits. Occasionally mentioned under the name "Ambrit".
Amber from Australia	( Victoria , Tasmania and Queensland )	Pliocene to Upper Cretaceous (4–100?);	Amber from Victoria is Eocene, Tasmanian amber from the Pliocene and amber from Queensland probably from the Tertiary (certainly older than the Upper Miocene).
Amber from Majuro	Marshall Islands	indefinite	IRS curve is similar to that of Sarawak from Borneo

(*) Sources mainly: Poinar 1992, Krumbiegel 1994, Reineking von Bock 1981, as well as more recent individual contributions in various specialist publications. In addition to the listed types of amber and deposits, other, mostly insignificant, individual finds are known from various regions of the world (including Greece, Bulgaria, England, Croatia, Greenland, Brazil, Chile, Madagascar, India).

(**) broken down by continent, within the continent without a system. Terms that have become common names (such as Baltic amber, succinite ) are shown in italics. Otherwise, these are geographical specifications that are not (yet) used as a name for the amber in question (e.g. amber from Switzerland). The amber names often refer to only one or some of several types of amber that are known from the named region.

See also

• Amber

Individual evidence

1. ^ N. Vávra: Amber and other fossil resins. In: Journal of the German Gemological Society. Vol. 31, No. 4, pp. 213-254, Idar-Oberstein 1982.
2. ↑ N. Vávra: Fossil resins from the Alpine Mesozoic. In: Amber - Tears of the Gods. Bochum, 1996, ISBN 3-921533-57-0 .
3. ↑ G. Gierłowska: Guide to Amber Imitations. Gdańsk 2003, ISBN 83-917704-3-5 .
4. ↑ ^{a b c d} S. Ritzkowski: K-Ar age determination of the amber-bearing sediments of the Samland (Palaeogene, Kaliningrad district). In: Metalla (special issue) 66, 19-23, Bochum 1997.
5. ^ Sven Gisle Larsson: Baltic Amber - a Palaeobiological Study. Entomograph Volume 1, Klampenborg (DK) 1978.
6. ↑ E. Perkovsky et al .: Rovno Amber. In: Biodiversity of fossils in amber from the major world deposits. Ed .: D. Penney; Pp. 116-136; ISBN 978-0-9558636-4-6 .
7. ↑ Amber from the Italian Dolomites .
8. ↑ ^{a b c d e} A. Breda et al .: The Carnian Pluvial Event in the Tofane Area (Cortina D'Ampezoo, Dolomites, Italy). In: Geo.Alp Vol. 6, pp. 80–115, Innsbruck, 2009
9. ↑ M. Soom: Amber from the northern edge of the Swiss Alps. In: Amber News. Stuttgart Contributions to Natural History - Series C - No. 18, pp. 15-20, Stuttgart 1984.
10. ↑ Norbert Vávra: Amber and related organic minerals from Austria. In: Contribution. Paläont. 29: pp. 255–280, Vienna 2005. [1]
11. ↑ Norbert Vávra: "Rich in poor sites": Overview of the fossil resins in Austria. In: Amber News. Stuttgart Contributions to Natural History - Series C - No. 18, pp. 9-14, Stuttgart 1984.
12. ↑ Dario De Franceschi, Jean Dejax and Gaël de Ploëg: Extraction du pollen inclus dans l'ambre (Sparnacien du Quesnoy (Oise), bassin de Paris). In: CR Acad. Sci. Paris, Earth and Planetary Sciences 330, 2000, 227-233.
13. ↑ Enrique Peñalver and Xavier Delclos: Spanish Amber . In: David Penney (Ed.): Biodiversity of fossils in amber . Siri Scientific Press, Manchester (UK) 2010, ISBN 978-0-9558636-4-6 , pp. 236-270 .
14. ^ W. Weitschat: Largest Amber Deposit in the Cretaceous in Europe? In: World Amber Council . Gdansk 2009, p. 6 - 7 .
15. ↑ C. Gröhn: Everything about amber. Neumünster 2013.
16. ^ N. Vavra: Chemical Characterization of Fossil Resins ("Amber") - A Critical Review of Methodes, Problems and Possibilities: Determination of Mineral Species, Botranical Sources and Geographical Attribution . In dependence. Geol. B.-A. Volume 49, pp. 147-157, Vienna, 1993.
17. ^ KH Neuwald: Finds of fossil resins in Hungary. In: Fossilien , No. 1, Korb 2006.
18. ^ N. Vavra: Chemical Characterization of Fossil Resins ("Amber") - A Critical Review of Methodes, Problems and Possibilities: Determination of Mineral Species, Botanical Sources and Geographical Attribution . In: . Dependence Geol B.-A. . tape 49 . Vienna 1993, p. 147-157 .
19. ^ N. Vavra: Fossil resin ("amber") form the Paleocene of Renardodden (E Cape Lyell; West Spitsbergern, Svalbard). Mitt. Geol. Palaeont. Inst. Univ. Hamburg, issue 86, Hamburg 2002.
20. ↑ B. Kosmowska-Ceranowicz: A new specimen in the Museum of the Earth's world fossil resin collection. - In Bursztynisko 32, Gdansk 2010.
21. ↑ ^{a b c d e} V. V. Zherikhin et al .: An overview of Asian fossil resins with inclusions. In: Amber - Views - Opinions. Warsaw 2006.
22. ^ M. Philippe et al .: A Jurassic amber deposit in Southern Thailand. Historical Biology, 2005; 17: 1-6
23. ↑ Fushun amber insect fauna.
24. ^ G. Hillmer, PC Voigt & W. Weitschat: Amber in the rainforest of Borneo. In: Fossilien 6, pp. 336-340; 1992.
25. ↑ B. Kosmowska-Ceranowicz & J. Fudala: Fossil resin or copal from Sabah? - In: Bursztynisko. 26, pp. 28–29, Gdańsk 2006.
26. ↑ Dieter Schlee: The Bernstein Cabinet. Stuttgart Contributions to Natural History, Series C, Issue 28. Stuttgart 1990, ISSN  0341-0161 .
27. ^ Amber from India
28. ↑ H. Alimohammadian et al .: First record of an exceptionally diverse and well preserved amber-embedded biota from Lower Eocene (~ 52 Ma) lignites, Vastan, Gujarat. In: Current Science Vol. 89, No. 8, Bangalore 2005.
29. ^ McKellar & Wolfe: Canadian Amber. In: Biodiversity of fossils in amber from the major world deposits. Ed .: David Penney, Manchester (UK), ISBN 978-0-9558636-4-6 , pp. 149-166.
30. ↑ McKellar & Wolfe: Canadian Amber (PDF; 5.9 MB) .
31. ↑ Report on Jelinit by Susie Ward Aber, Emporia State University, Emporia, Kansas, USA .
32. ^ Patty C. Rice: Amber - The Golden Gem of the Ages. 2nd edition, New York 1987 (pp. 212-213).
33. ↑ Grimaldi & Nascimbene: Raritan (New Jersey) Amber. In: Biodiversity of fossils in amber from the major world deposits. Ed .: D. Penney, Manchester (UK) 2010, ISBN 978-0-9558636-4-6 , pp. 167-191.
34. ↑ Manuel A. Iturralde-Vinent: Geology of the Amber-Bearing Deposits of the Greater Antilles. - Caribbean Journal of Science, Vol. 37 (3-4), University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, 2001.
35. ^ Monica M. Solórzano Kraemer: Mexican Amber. In: Biodiversity of fossils in amber from the major world deposits. Pp. 42-56; Ed .: David Penney, Manchester (UK) 2010. ISBN 978-0-9558636-4-6 .
36. ^ RL Langenheim et al .: Age and occurrence of the fossil resins bacalite, kansasite, and jelinite. In: Journal of Paleontology , March 1965, pp. 283-287.
37. ↑ ^{a b} B. Kosmowska-Ceranowicz: Comparison of selected types of amber and their properties from different geographical regions. - Digression f. and publ. DGG, 236: pp. 61–68, Hannover 2008.
38. ↑ Pierre-Olivier Antoine et al .: Amber from western Amazonia reveals Neotropical diversity during the middle Miocene. In: PNAS Vol. 103, No. 37, pp. 13595-13600, Washington 2005.
39. ^ Jean H. Langenheim: Plant Resins. Portland (USA) 2003.
40. ^ B. Gomez et al .: Lower Cretaceous plant cuticles and amber (Kirkwood Formation, South Africa). ; in CR Palevol 1 , 83-87. 2002
41. ↑ S. Hand et al .: Australian Cape York Amber. In: Biodiversity of fossils in amber from the major world deposits. Pp. 69-79; Ed .: David Penney, Manchester (UK) 2010. ISBN 978-0-9558636-4-6 .

literature

• Gisela Reineking von Bock: Bernstein. Callwey Verlag, Munich 1981, ISBN 3-7667-0557-1 .
• George O. Poinar, Jr .: Life in Amber. Stanford University Press, Stanford (Cal.) 1992, ISBN 0-8047-2001-0 .
• Wilfried Wichard, Wolfgang Weitschat: In the amber forest . Gerstenberg, Hildesheim 2004, 2005. ISBN 3-8067-2551-9 .
• Wilfried Wichard, Wolfgang Weitschat: Atlas of the plants and animals in the Baltic amber . Publishing house Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, Munich 1998, ISBN 3-931516-45-8 .
• Brigitte and Günter Krumbiegel: Bernstein - fossil resins from all over the world . Wiebelsheim 2005, ISBN 3-494-01400-0 .
• Dieter Schlee: Notes about ambers and copals from all over the world. Bernstein-Nachrichten, Stuttgart Contributions to Natural History, Series C, No. 18, Stuttgart 1984, ISSN  0341-0161 , pp. 29-37.
• Andrew Legun: Amber in British Columbia. Geological Fieldwork 1996, Paper 1997-1
• Michael Ganzelewski and Rainer Slotta (eds.): Bernstein - Tears of the Gods. Publications from the German Mining Museum No. 64, Bochum 1996, ISBN 3-921533-57-0 .
• Kerstin Hinrichs: Bernstein, the "Prussian Gold" in art and natural history chambers and museums of the 16th - 20th centuries , Berlin [2010], DNB 1004381409 (Dissertation HU Berlin 2007, 484 pages full text - online PDF, free of charge, 484 pages, 11.7 MB).
• Evgeny E. Perkovsky, Vladimir Yu. Zosimovich, Anatoly Yu. Vlaskin: Rovno amber Fauna: a preliminary report. In: Acta zoologica cracoviensa. 46 (suppl. - Fossil Insects), Kraków 2003, pp. 423-430.
• Alexander R. Schmidt, Vincent Perrichot, Matthias Svojtka, Ken Anderson, Kebede Belete, Robert Bussert, Heinrich Dörfelt, Saskia Jancke, Barbara Mohr, Eva Mohrmann, Paul C. Nascimbene, André Nel, Patricia Nel, Eugenio Ragazzi, Guido Roghi, Erin E. Saupe, Kerstin Schmidt, Harald Schneider, Paul A. Selden , Norbert Vávra: Cretaceous African life captured in amber. In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. early edition, April 5, 2010 (abstract)
• David Penney (Ed.): Biodiversity of fossils in Amber from the major world deposits. Siri Scientific Press, Manchester (UK) 2010. ISBN 978-0-9558636-4-6 .
• Norbert Vavra: Systematics and nomenclature of fossil resins. In: Properties of amber and other fossil resins from around the world. Vol. 10 of the Editorial Series of the Scientific Center of the Polish Academy of Sciences Conference Proceedings and Monographs. Vienna 2011, pp. 39–54. ISBN 978-3-9503154-3-1 .

Web links

• Amber and other fossil resins. Contribution to the definition of terms