CBM 8032

CBM 8032
Manufacturer	Commodore
Type	Office computer
publication	1980 (January) 1981
End of production	1982
Factory price	1,500 US $ (1980) 3,950 DM (1982)
processor	MOS Technology 6502 1 MHz clock frequency 8-bit data bus
random access memory	32 KB RAM (max. 96 KB)
graphic	MOS Technology 6545 80 × 25 characters 640 × 200 pixels monochrome
Sound	Beeper (1 channel, 1 bit)
Disk	8 inch floppy disks (SS, SD) 5¼ inch floppy disks (DS, SD) audio cassettes
operating system	Commodore BASIC V4.0
predecessor	CBM-4000 series (1979)
successor	CBM-700 series (1982) CBM 8296 (1984)

The CBM 8032 is an early 8-bit - microcomputers of the US technology company Commodore International . The desktop computer, designed for professional data processing in the office as well as scientific-technical applications in laboratories or workshops, has an 8-bit main processor, 32 KB RAM, 18 KB permanent memory (ROM), a special chip for screen output and one integrated into the housing 80-character green monitor. The CBM 8032, developed in the second half of 1979 under the leadership of chief engineer Bill Seiler, was presented to the world public in January 1980 on the occasion of the Winter Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas ( Nevada ).

The CBM 8032 is part of the successful CBM-8000 series from Commodore, whose models were introduced as the successor to the older CBM-4000 series and represent the third and last generation of office computers in the CBM series. This first computer family, which Commodore had brought to market maturity and constantly evolving, was finally replaced by the completely newly developed models of the CBM-600 / CBM-700 series , which, however, could not match the sales figures of the previous series.

At the time of launch in North America, the manufacturer's suggested retail price for the CBM 8032 was US $ 1,500. The computer, prefabricated in the United States, received an internal power supply adapted to the German power grid in the Commodore branch in Braunschweig and was then also available in Germany from 1981 . The price for the basic unit in Germany in 1982 was 3,950 DM. The total number of copies of the CBM 8032, which was very inexpensive compared to the office computers that had dominated the market to date, was well over 10,000 units until production was discontinued in 1982. This makes the computer one of the most popular office computers of its time in Germany.

development

After a meeting with the successful British computer manufacturer Clive Sinclair in 1980, Jack Tramiel , at that time managing director of Commodore International, decided to develop primarily new devices for the lowest market segment based on the model of the cheap computer Sinclair ZX80 . However, within the company he founded, Tramiel encountered fierce opposition to this project. In particular, chief engineer Chuck Peddle , who designed the Commodore PET, the first microcomputer for Commodore in 1976/77, did not want to support this change in the company's direction. After some quarrels, a compromise was found: The electronics company's development department was divided into two departments, one for inexpensive home computers and the other for professional, but more expensive office computers.

In order to be able to keep up with the rapid development on the computer market, the computers of the CBM series, which were already ready for series production, were continuously revised and further developed by the newly founded office computer department. The design philosophy of the all-in-one models of the Commodore PET series, which, along with the TRS-80 from RadioShack and the Apple II, is considered a pioneer of the modern microcomputer industry, was developed by the newly formed development team around Bill Seiler in terms of system architecture and housing shape and screen integration was largely adopted when planning the CBM 8032, but some points were modified or new components were added.

As in the case of the Commodore PET, the housing of the CBM 8032 is made of light beige painted metal, which is why no additional radiation protection plates are necessary inside the computer to shield the main board . In contrast to the original model, the CBM 8032 has a professional typewriter keyboard with spring springs, significantly more storage space, a more powerful operating system with a more extensive BASIC command set, twice the screen resolution and a factory-installed monochrome 12-inch green monitor ( fat screen ) with a slightly different housing shape, which is now flush with the sides of the actual computer housing, but still resembles an isosceles trapezoid . In addition, with the CBM 8032, as with the previous models of the CBM-3000 series and the CBM-4000 series , the development team did not use a data recorder embedded in the housing in order to gain more space for the keypad and numeric keypad. The computer can therefore only be operated sensibly if an external mass storage device , e.g. a floppy disk drive or a datasette , is connected.

• All-in-one predecessor models of the CBM-8000 series
• 

  Commodore PET

• 

  CBM 3008 from the CBM-3000 series

• 

  CBM 4016 from the CBM-4000 series

Housing, keyboard, interfaces

By today's standards, the CBM 8032 is very massive and heavy. The calculator measures 42 cm × 47 cm × 36 cm (width × depth × height) and weighs 22.7 kg . The built-in green monitor has a screen diagonal of 31 cm and is able to display 80 × 25 characters in monochrome (green on black) on the screen. In addition, the CBM 8032 has a simple, directly into the motherboard speaker diaphragm integrated to produce simpler beeps (English beeper ). On the back of the monitor there are ventilation slots embedded in the housing and a rotary control for adjusting the brightness. The German version of the CBM 8032 requires an input voltage of 220 V , the power consumption of the computer is 250 W . The power supply is integrated in the housing.

The keyboard of the CBM 8032 consists of 73 keys and has a separate numeric keypad to facilitate the input of large amounts of data . With regard to the keyboard layout, customers could choose between two options: a commercial and a technical-scientific version of the keyboard with additional graphic symbols.

The CBM 8032 has a total of four interfaces , all of which are implemented as circuit board connectors and allow the connection of printers , plotters , modems , mass storage devices , measuring devices and other peripheral devices . There are three interfaces on the back: an IEC bus without standard connectors for Commodore peripheral devices as well as peripheral devices from other manufacturers with a 24-pin IEEE488 connector, an 8-bit word length parallel interface with 24 contacts similar to the Commodore 64 for special peripheral devices without connections according to the IEC standard (English user port ) and a connection with twelve contacts for external data recorders (English cassette port ). Another data recorder can be connected to the right-hand side of the computer housing using a corresponding circuit board connector. In addition, the CBM 8032 has two internal 50-pin header plugs on the main board , which can be used to expand the system itself.

Microchips

8-bit main processor of the type
MOS Technology 6502 (1981)

Logo of the group's own chip manufacturer MOS Technology

Opened CBM 8032 with main board (1981)

Main processor

→ Main article : MOS Technology 6502

The CBM 8032 has an 8-bit main processor of the type MOS Technology 6502 , which is clocked at 1 MHz . The CPU of the CBM 8032 has an 8-bit data bus and 16-bit address bus structures , which is typical for computers with an 8-bit architecture . All models of the CBM-8000 series contain a CPU of this type, which was widespread at the time, the use of which goes back to the original Commodore PET 2001 .

Graphics chip

In addition to the CPU, the manufacturer's newly developed graphics processor MOS Technology 6545 is used, which is based on the Motorola 6845 graphics chip and functions as a control circuit for the cathode ray tube of the built-in screen of the CBM 8032. The graphics chip of the CBM 8032, also known as the “Cathode Ray Tube Controller” (CRTC for short), is designed exclusively for professional applications such as word processing or spreadsheets , which is why it can handle upper and lower case letters, but is neither capable of color nor can it generate sprites . The MOS Technology 6545 also does not have a real graphics mode , so that images can only be displayed on the screen using the 64 special characters and graphic symbols of the built-in CBM-ASCII character set.

The main performance feature of the MOS Technology 6545 is that it can display 80 characters per line in a size of 8 × 8 pixels with a maximum resolution of 640 × 200 pixels . Since the MOS Technology 6545 is able to display 25 lines on the screen, a total of 2000 characters can be seen on the monitor at the same time, each of which occupies 1 byte of graphics memory. The CBM 8032 clearly surpassed the graphics chips of the then market-leading home computers , such as the Texas Instruments TI-99 / 4A , Commodore VC20 , TRS-80 or Apple II , at least in terms of text display and processing. The number of characters that can be displayed per line (80) and the size of the main memory (32 KB) were therefore used to give the computer a meaningful model name in contrast to the hobbyist market.

Sound generation

In contrast to most home computers popular around 1980, such as the Atari 800 or the TI-99/4 , the CBM 8032 does not have its own sound chip . The computer was intended purely as an office computer for serious applications and sound effects were more likely to come from game consoles and slot machines . Instead, the computer has a simple piezo - Speaker and his sound ability exhausted in the production of 1-bit tones of three octaves can be selected. With the help of this loudspeaker, only unison melodies can be generated, but no more sophisticated sounds or sound effects. A special feature of the CBM 8032 and all other models in the CBM-8000 series is that a short ringing sound is heard as soon as the cursor has reached the 75th column of the screen, regardless of the line just described.

I / O modules

The input and output operations of the computer are controlled by an I / O module of the MOS Technology 6522 type, commonly referred to as MOS Technology VIA (short for Versatile Interface Adapter ). In addition, two other modules of the type MOS Technology 6520 are used, which are known as MOS Technology PIA (short for Peripheral Interface Adapter ) and control the data transfers with the peripheral devices currently connected via the interfaces.

Memory chips

Four static RAM chips of type 2114 with a storage capacity of 512 bytes each are installed in the CBM 8032 , which are reserved for the graphics memory . This means that the computer has a total of 2 KB graphics memory, which is required for the image construction but does not have to be constantly refreshed. Another 16 dynamic 2 KB RAM chips of the type 4116-3N ensure a free working memory of 32 KB . Of this, 22 KB of RAM are freely programmable. 2 KB RAM serve as input / output memory and are reserved for data exchange with connected peripheral devices.

The operating system of the CBM 8032 is housed in four 4 KB ROM chips, three of which (MOS 901465-20, -21 and -23) mainly contain the Commodore BASIC V4.0 and the machine language monitor TIM (English BASIC ROM ), while the fourth ROM chip (MOS 901465-22) mainly contains the routines of the operating system kernel (called Kernal ROM at Commodore ). The CBM-ASCII character set is housed in its own 2 KB ROM chip (MOS 901447-10), the so-called character set ROM (English Character ROM ). This gives the computer a total of 18 KB of ROM. All ROM modules used in the computer come from MOS Technology, a company that has been part of the Commodore Group since September 1976 .

Computer architecture

The system bus of the CBM 8032, with which the main processor MOS Technology 6502 communicates with its technical environment, has a classic 8-bit architecture and consists of a data bus , a control bus and a management bus. The bidirectional data bus, which is central to the computer's operating speed, operates with a word length of 8 bits. The data transfer always takes place byte serial and bit parallel. The transfer rate depends on the slowest currently connected peripheral device.

The eight data lines of the data bus are also used by the control bus and the management bus. The control bus primarily regulates bus access and the data flow directions on the data bus and, for this purpose, uses three data lines for its control signals in the handshake process. The management bus itself occupies five data lines and has the task of defining the signals sent via the data bus as data, memory addresses or control signals.

Expandability

All electronic components of the CBM 8032 are located on the main board , which is easily accessible by screwing on and flipping up the upper part of the housing , which has several free sockets for inserting additional EPROM memory chips with DIP housing and 24 connection pins . Using this socket, the native operating system of the CBM 8032 can be expanded to include a German character set with umlauts or additional BASIC commands. Popular EPROMs were, for example, the BASIC extensions Extrabasic +1 and Extrabasic +2 as well as the NewTIM S machine language monitor equipped with 41 additional commands , which had already been developed for the older models of the CBM-3000 series .

The computer's factory-installed 32 KB RAM memory can be expanded by 64 KB if necessary . Because the upper 32 KB of the address space is already occupied by video memory, interfaces ( memory mapped I / O ) and ROM chips, bank switching techniques must be used when using memory expansions . For this purpose, Commodore offered a conversion kit with a 64 KB additional board, with the help of which the CBM 8032 can be brought up to the performance level of the successor model CBM 8096-SK developed by Commodore Deutschland GmbH without soldering with a total of 96 KB RAM. All you have to do is remove the main processor and put the additional board in its place on the corresponding socket. To address this particular memory configuration, its own operating system version called was also LOS 96 necessary that a new operating system kernel and a private BASIC - interpreter there.

The graphics capabilities of the CBM 8032 can also be improved through extensions. Commodore brought out a single-point graphics card that can be attached to the 50-pin internal expansion slot and was primarily intended for CAD applications. The graphics card is on a small additional circuit board and is equipped with an EPROM module, which contains an extension of the command set of the native Commodore BASIC V4.0. The graphics card mentioned is available in two versions: Version A has an EF9365 vector graphics processor, which in interlace mode achieves a maximum resolution of 512 × 512 pixels, Version B, in turn, is equipped with an EF9366 vector graphics processor, which has a maximum resolution of 512 × Provides 256 pixels.

Model variants

CBM 8032-SK (1981)

The CBM 8032 was offered in three model variants, all of which are based on the same motherboard. In addition to the best-selling original version, the CBM 8032 from 1980, the CBM 8032-32B, which has an even larger housing to accommodate an internal 5¼-inch floppy disk drive, and the CBM 8032-SK, which has a smaller, more ergonomic housing, has a pivoting green monitor and a remote keyboard. The abbreviation "SK" stands for English. "Separate keyboard" .

Further features of the CBM 8032-SK, which was brought to market in 1982 and which became the basis for the subsequent CBM model CBM 8096-SK, are a revised power supply as well as more convenient sockets on the IEC bus and the user port instead of the unwieldy PCB connector on the CBM 8032. Since the completely redesigned motherboard originally intended for the new model was not yet available, the CBM 8032 motherboard that was not designed for this had to be used as an emergency solution. In order to fit into the housing of the CBM 8032-SK at all, the CBM-8032 main board, which has already proven itself in use, was initially rotated by 90 °. Elaborate internal cabling then ensured a connection between the circuit board plugs, which are no longer located at the housing openings, and the new sockets mentioned.

In contrast to the CBM 8032-32B, which was never for sale in Europe, the CBM 8032-SK was sold in Germany for a short time. The basic device cost 2,295 DM . CBM 8032-SK, which could be rather described as transitional version, was soon replaced in German-speaking by the successor model CBM 8096-SK, also for 2295 DM was available and in addition to the ergonomic body from the factory with a memory of 96 KB is equipped . The revised motherboard was only used in the CBM 8296.

operating system

The built-in operating system of the CBM 8032 consists of three components and comprises a total of 18 KB of ROM . It contains the operating system kernel both a BASIC - interpreter and a simple machine language monitor , can be read with the aid of the computer's memory and manipulated as needed. The operating system is available immediately after the computer has been commissioned and waits for instructions from the user.

Operating system kernel

The operating system kernel of the CBM 8032 (English "kernel" , at Commodore Kernal ) is responsible for the configuration of the hardware as well as the native Commodore BASIC V4.0. In addition to the power-up routine, it contains u. a. the operating system routines required for data and process management, a jump table for using the subroutines of the operating system and some test routines for checking the functionality of individual system components. The operating system kernel of the computer has a size of 5 KB ROM.

Commodore BASIC V4.0

→ Main article : Commodore BASIC

The heart of the native operating system is the Commodore BASIC V4.0, which serves both as a user interface and as a programming environment. The command line interpreter is ready for operation immediately after switching on the computer and waits for commands to be entered. The BASIC dialect of the CBM 8032 is backwards compatible with the BASIC versions of the older CBM series. It occupies a further 12 KB of ROM and has an extensive instruction set for the time, comprising a total of 91 system commands, instructions and functions as well as 26 error messages to facilitate programming. Among the system commands are also some commands like DLOAD, DSAVE, DIRECTORY, HEADER, COPYor SCRATCH, which is specially designed to run on external CBM disk drives are designed.

Machine language monitor TIM

The built-in machine language monitor allows the individual memory cells of the CBM 8032 to be read out and manipulated. It goes back to the KIM-1 single-board computer from MOS Technology , which was brought to market in 1976 and is called TIM ( Terminal Input Monitor ). TIM has six commands: to display the memory contents, to display the register contents, to call a machine language program, to return to the BASIC interpreter, to load and finally to save a machine language program. The rather sparsely equipped TIM only takes up 1 KB of ROM. It operates with hexadecimal numbers and can be called from the BASIC interpreter with the commands (Entry via breakpoint) or (Entry by call) . MRGXLSSYS 1024 SYS 54386

Peripherals and software

Both in the United States and in Germany, the CBM 8032 and its model variants were mostly offered in combination with a CBM floppy disk drive, also manufactured by Commodore, and a printer . The manufacturer's recommended retail price for a bundle consisting of the computer and a 5¼-inch double floppy disk drive of the type CBM 4040 was US $ 2829.95 in North America in the summer of 1982. For a complete package with the more powerful 5¼-inch double floppy disk drive of the type CBM 8050, US $ 4,085 had to be paid at the same time.

A similar package was particularly popular in Germany, which in addition to the computer and the 5¼-inch double floppy disk drive CBM 8050 contained a suitable serial matrix printer , mostly the model CBM 4022 or CBM 4022P, which was connected to the CBM 8032 via the IEEE-488 interface can be connected. The price for this complete package was DM 7,661 in 1982.

The CBM 8050 has one read / write head per drive and can store up to 500 KB of data on 96 tracks per single-density diskette inserted . Overall, a stately 1 MB of data can be managed with this package without the need to change the diskette , which made the computer attractive for professional office users with a medium budget. In addition, the package intended for IT in the office contained tried and tested user software in a file management program called Ozz from the Bristol Software Factory and the Visicalc spreadsheet from Personal Software from 1979, which was generally regarded as a killer application and ported from the Apple II to the CBM 8032 duration.

In addition to the native Commodore BASIC V4.0, versions of the popular programming languages UCSD Pascal (from 8096) and TCL Pascal were also available for the CBM 8032 .

• Commodore peripherals for the CBM 8032
• 

  5¼-inch double
  CBM 4040 floppy disk drive

• 

  5¼ inch floppy disk drives of the types
  CBM 4031, 4040 and 8050

• 

  
  CBM 4022P serial matrix printer

Market success

After Commodore had waived the usual price surcharges for devices offered in Europe or overseas by American manufacturers of approx. 25-30% and offered the computers of the CBM series in Germany from 1980 onwards at significantly cheaper prices than the competition from Apple , Tandy or Texas Instruments , sales of the CBM 8032 skyrocketed. After the United States, Germany became Commodore's second most important sales market, especially in the field of professional office computers. These price reductions were flanked by an advertising campaign aimed at adolescents and young adults with a passion for technology, for which they won the 17-year-old Schleswig-Holstein high school student Nils Seidel, the national winner of the Jugend forscht competition in 1981. Seidel had a program for non-numerical data processing of chemical reactions the CBM 8032.

Particularly popular in Germany were the package offers with 5¼-inch double floppy disk drive and printer that enabled immediate work. With the CBM 8032 and the other models of the CBM series, Commodore succeeded in conquering a market share of at least 17 percent in office computers by 1982. According to its own admission, Commodore had already sold 45,000 copies of the various CBM series in German-speaking countries by this time. How large the share of the CBM 8032 was in these sales figures is not known.

reception

In his review written for the American computer magazine Byte in August 1982, Harold Dickerman praised the aesthetically pleasing design of the CBM 8032, which goes well with conventional office furnishings. In addition, Dickerman positively emphasizes the performance of the new graphics processor MOS Technology 6545, the increased ease of use of the programming environment , the disk commands of the Commodore BASIC V4.0 and the excellent quality of the user software already available such as Wordpro or VisiCalc . In spite of some remaining weaknesses, the improved system documentation and the manual are also praised. On the other hand, the manufacturer is criticized by Dickerman for its lax marketing and lack of support from third-party software providers. In 1984 the CBM 8032 ended up just behind the Commodore VC20 , Commodore 64 and Apple IIe home computers from the same manufacturer in another benchmark test .

Hillel Segal praised the excellent price-performance ratio , the high image quality of the built-in monitor, the technical reliability and the comparatively good benchmark results of the computer, some of which were particularly good in the field of bookkeeping , in the American trade journal Computerworld of March 22, 1982 outperform the much more expensive competing products. However, the sparse system documentation as well as the cumbersome printer commands of the Commodore BASIC V4.0, which, moreover, do not allow structured programming, are criticized.

Hans-Joachim Sacht describes the CBM 8032 as well as the other models of the CBM-8000 series in his technical guide, desk computers for home + work from 1984, as "mature and suitable for many applications."

Selected bibliography

• Brian Bagnall: Commodore: A Company on the Edge. Variant-Press, Winnipeg 2010, ISBN 978-0-9738649-6-0 .
• Boris Kretzinger: Commodore. The rise and fall of a computer giant. Scriptorium-Verlag, Morschen 2005, ISBN 3-938199-04-0 .
• Bernd Leitenberger: Computer history (s). The first years of the pc. Books-on-Demand-GmbH, Norderstedt 2012, ISBN 978-3-8423-5164-6 .
• Adam Osborne and Carroll S. Donahue: PET / CBM Personal Computer Guide. Osborne / McGraw-Hill, Berkeley 1980, ISBN 978-0-931988-55-4 .
• Adam Osborne and Carroll S. Donahue: CBM Computer Handbook. te-wi, Munich 1981, ISBN 3-921803-13-6 .

Web links

Commons : CBM-8000 series  - collection of images, videos, and audio files

Online computer museums

• 8-bit nirvana technology history review article
• Commodore Computer Online Museum of technical and historical overview articles
• Home Computer Museum short review article
• Old-Computers.com technical history review article (English)
• Oldcomputers.net technical history overview article, which also refers to the previous model CBM 4032 (English)

Individual evidence

1. ^ ^{A b} Brian Bagnall: Commodore: A Company on the Edge. Variant-Press, Winnipeg 2010, p. 207.
2. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k} Hans-Joachim Sacht: desktop computer for home + work. Humboldt-Taschenbuchverlag, Munich 1984, p. 148.
3. ↑ Sol Libes: Bytelines. In: BYTE. Volume 7, No. 11, 1982, p. 540.
4. ^ Brian Bagnall: Commodore: A Company on the Edge. Variant-Press, Winnipeg 2010, p. 344.
5. ↑ ^{a b c} Hillel Segal: "Users 'Generally Pleased' With CBM 8032", In: Computerworld. Volume 16, No. 11, 1982, p. 26.
6. ^ Winnie Forster: Game consoles and home computers 1972-2009. Utting: Gameplan (2009), p. 23.
7. ↑ ^{a b c} "Price question: Why special word processing systems when this universal desktop computer is available for the same price?" (Advertisement), Ed. Commodore Deutschland GmbH, In: Der Spiegel , Vol. 36, No. 13, 1982, p. 104 f.
8. ↑ ^{a b} Manfred Bues, Gerhard J. Pleil: Spiegel publishing series Markets in Change. Volume 12: Microcomputers for Commercial Applications. Spiegel-Verlag, Hamburg 1984, p. 212.
9. ↑ Bernd Leitenberger: Computer history (s). The first years of the pc. Norderstedt: Books-on-Demand-GmbH 2012, p. 202
10. ↑ Central units CBM 8032/8096. Commodore Germany GmbH, Frankfurt / M. 1980, p. 1.
11. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g} CBM 8032 operating manual. Commodore Germany GmbH, Frankfurt / M. 1980, p. 208.
12. ↑ ^{a b c} Sascha Hoogen: CBM 8032 (SK) . 8-Bit-Nirvana, accessed on July 6, 2014 (German). 
13. ^ Boris Kretzinger: Commodore. The rise and fall of a computer giant. Morschen: Scriptorium-Verlag (2005), p. 23.
14. ↑ ^{a b} Adam Osborne u. Carroll S. Donahue: CBM Computer Handbook. Munich: te-wi (1981), pp. 7-1.
15. ^ ^{A b} Brian Bagnall: Commodore: A Company on the Edge. Variant-Press, Winnipeg 2010, p. 208.
16. ↑ Adam Osborne et al. Carroll S. Donahue: PET / CBM Personal Computer Guide. Berkeley: Osborne / McGraw-Hill 1980, p. 209.
17. ↑ Adam Osborne et al. Carroll S. Donahue: PET / CBM Personal Computer Guide. Berkeley: Osborne / McGraw-Hill 1980, p. 7.
18. ^ Adam Osborne, Carroll S. Donahue: PET / CBM Personal Computer Guide. Osborne / McGraw-Hill, Berkeley 1980, p. 160.
19. ↑ ^{a b} Commodore PET 8032 . (No longer available online.) Dansretropod.com, archived from the original on July 14, 2014 ; accessed on July 11, 2014 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
20. ↑ CBM 8032 operating manual. Commodore Germany GmbH, Frankfurt / M. 1980, p. 201 f.
21. ↑ ^{a b} CBM 8032 operating manual. Commodore Germany GmbH, Frankfurt / M. 1980, p. 201.
22. ↑ ^{a b} CBM 8032 operating manual. Commodore Germany GmbH, Frankfurt / M. 1980, p. 202.
23. ↑ Rudolf Schineis: NewTIM S V1.5 - CBM-Series 3000th Self-published: o. O. 1980, p. 1.
24. ↑ Central units CBM 8032/8096. Commodore Germany GmbH, Frankfurt / M. 1980, p. 2 f.
25. ↑ High Speed ​​Graphics for CBM 8032, CBM 4016 and CBM 4032 (with 12 "Monitor) - Instructions. (PDF) Commodore Deutschland GmbH, accessed on July 21, 2014 (English, translation by Mike Naberezny). 
26. ↑ ^{a b} Thorsten Kuphaldt: Office computers - CBM 4000 and 8000 series. Commodore-Computer-Online-Museum (CCOM), accessed on July 11, 2014 (German). 
27. ↑ Boris Jakubaschk: Commodore 8032-SK. Homecomputermuseum.de, accessed on July 13, 2014 (German). 
28. ↑ ^{a b c} Dietmar Eirich, Peter Herzberg (Hrsg.): Computer Jahrbuch '85. Heyne, Munich 1984, p. 114.
29. ↑ ^{a b c} central processing units CBM 8032/8096. Commodore Germany GmbH, Frankfurt / M. 1980, p. 2.
30. ^ Adam Osborne, Carroll S. Donahue: PET / CBM Personal Computer Guide. Osborne / McGraw-Hill, Berkeley 1980, p. 277.
31. ↑ CBM-8032 Operating Manual. Commodore Germany GmbH, Frankfurt / M. 1980, p. 193.
32. ↑ CBM-8032 Operating Manual. Commodore Germany GmbH, Frankfurt / M. 1980, p. 195.
33. ↑ Harold Dickerman: The Commodore 8032 Business System. In: BYTE. Volume 7, No. 8, 1982, p. 368.
34. ↑ Bernd Leitenberger: Computer history (s). The first years of the pc. Norderstedt: Books-on-Demand-GmbH 2012, p. 201.
35. ↑ Non-numerical data processing of chemical reactions with a micro-computer . (No longer available online.) Jugend forscht Foundation, archived from the original on August 12, 2014 ; accessed on August 12, 2014 (German). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
36. ↑ Harold Dickerman: The Commodore 8032 Business System. In: BYTE. Volume 7, No. 8, 1982, p. 367.
37. ↑ Harold Dickerman: The Commodore 8032 Business System. In: BYTE. Volume 7, No. 8, 1982, pp. 368-374.
38. ^ ^{A b} Harold Dickerman: The Commodore 8032 Business System. In: BYTE. Volume 7, No. 8, 1982, p. 375.
39. ^ David H. Ahl: "Creative Computing Benchmark", In: Creative Computing. Volume 10, No. 3, 1984, p. 6.