Georg Freiherr von Eppstein

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Georg Epstein, around 1908

Georg Johannes von Eppstein (up to the ennoblement John George Epstein , * 20th March 1874 in Breslau , † 28. September 1942 in Theresienstadt ) was a German writer , Phaleristiker , court official, university curator and publicist .

Life

Origin and career

Georg Epstein was born as the son of the businessman Julius Epstein and his wife Jenny. Silbermann born in Breslau. He attended the Breslau Realgymnasium and the Johannesgymnasium and then studied philosophy and literature in Breslau . As a student, he also worked as an assistant editor for newspapers. In 1895 he went for one and a half years as an editor for Tilsit Allgemeine Zeitung after Tilsit , and then did his military service from. In the summer of 1898 he joined the Breslauer Frauen-Zeitung in Breslau as a columnist and theater critic . He received his PhD in 1899 for Dr. phil. and published various literary sketches, short stories and volumes of poetry .

At the turn of the century he moved to Berlin-Mitte . In 1901 the author, who was of Jewish origin, was baptized Christian in Berlin-Kreuzberg . As a publicist, he dealt with constitutional and historical topics, mainly compiling, editing and commenting on press reviews and archive sources. Epstein published variously together with Paul von Roëll (1854-1917), who was close to the Central Association of German Industrialists . He was co-editor and since 1903 responsible head of the semi-official body New Political Correspondence founded by Roëll in 1901 , in which official announcements and statements often appeared, which is why he regularly moved to Berlin ministries. In 1909 he published at the Silesian Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Breslau a legal state examination thesis on the right of dismissal of civil servants, which qualified him as a government assessor for civil servant career.

About von Roëll, who also worked as a nobleman and religious scholar and 1902-1903 was Princely Lippischer chamberlain , Epstein came into contact with the questions of the Lippe succession dispute and began to deal with the legal affairs of the then regent Leopold zur Lippe from the line Lippe-Biesterfeld to deal with. After his accession to the throne, Georg Epstein was brought in as legal and financial advisor to the Princely House and at the beginning of 1912 joined Prince Leopold IV zur Lippe as head of the civil cabinet . Until then he lived with his family in Berlin-Wilmersdorf , from 1912 as a Lippian subject in Detmold , where he had an official apartment as a cabinet councilor. His daughter Ingeborg († 1923), born in 1909, came from his marriage to Herta Reymann (1876–1938).

Order specialist and court official

As editor of the Teutonic Order Almanac , he gave together with v. Roëll and other religious scholars published an extensive, semi-official compilation that was supposed to list all German bearers of domestic and foreign orders who did not belong to any ruling or deposed princely house. He himself was awarded the Leopold Order of Lippe by Prince Leopold IV on January 30, 1912 , ennobled in 1915 and made a baron in 1918, and from then on called himself von Eppstein .

During the First World War , after his initial assignment in Poland, from the summer of 1915 he worked for some time in higher-level staffs in the area of ​​the contingent association of the Principality of Lippe , which was established in Belgium and France , and was temporarily employed as an orderly officer in the staff of General Hermann von François . In this function he also got to know the German Crown Prince Wilhelm , who at that time commanded the 5th Army and from November 1916 the German Crown Prince Army Group , which also included the Lippe contingent. Eppstein made friends with his (according to later anti-Semitic rumors, allegedly of Jewish origin) adjutant Louis Müldner von Mülnheim . In 1917 he was appointed to the Real Secret Council with the title " Excellency " and accompanied the prince on visits to the front and on official trips, including on his state visit to Munich from December 11th to 13th, 1917.

Georg von Eppstein worked as a curator with the title " Professor " at the Prince Leopold Academy for Administrative Sciences in Detmold, which was established by the Prince at the end of 1916 on Eppstein's initiative and built up in the following years , at which war disabled officers were to be retrained to become municipal officials . The academy, which existed until 1924, honored him for his commitment with an honorary doctorate .

His experiences during the November Revolution in Detmold, where he negotiated with local and visiting revolutionaries as one of the prince's closest advisers, are fragmentarily described in his biography of the Crown Prince, interspersed with autobiographical anecdotes. Since October 1918, he has been leading the way with the progressive Reichstag member Adolf Neumann-Hofer , who then played an important role as advisor and mediator in the days of the Detmold coup, an exchange of letters to sound out the possibilities of preserving the monarchy in Lippe. Eppstein later treated the events surrounding the end of the monarchy in Lippe in more detail in his Dutch book on Prins Bernhard (1936).

Last minute titles awarded

As head of the civil cabinet, he was also responsible for awarding orders, conferring titles and raising the nobility, which were a not insignificant source of income for many German small principalities during the empire . Eppstein's knowledge of religious orders and titles was not just a personal hobby, but also made him decisive for his position at court. Just like Eppstein of Jewish origin and a close advisor for a royal family, Kurt Kleefeld , a brother-in-law of Gustav Stresemann , who was ennobled by the Prince zur Lippe on November 12, 1918, the day of his abdication, was the last person ever to be ennobled in Germany . At the same time, the prince awarded the newspaper publisher and owner of the Meyersche Hofbuchhandlung and Hofbuchdruckerei in Detmold, who was friends with Eppstein , Max Staercke , who had supported the Biesterfeld family in the controversy for the succession to the throne (and who, despite his national liberal sentiments and against ethnic resistance in Detmold in the 1920s, was more consistent Opponents of anti-Semitism profiled) the title of Hofrat and Eppstein himself the title of baron .

These last minute medals and titles, in which Eppstein was obviously involved as civil cabinet chief, led to the emergence of anti-Semitic legends on the spot about the “court Jew” who renovated the princely house through “title hackers” after he presented himself to the prince as a “Jew the Prussian eastern provinces "(Eppstein came from Breslau)" offered "and" made indispensable ". These hateful representations, borne by anti-Jewish clichés, penetrated - supported by unfriendly contemporary witnesses - also into serious specialist literature.

Some time after the prince's abdication, Georg Freiherr von Eppstein moved to Berlin-Lichterfelde and in 1921 acquired a villa at Potsdamer Strasse 32, which he called "Haus Herta" out of admiration for his wife. Immediately after his nobility in 1915, he applied to the Prussian heraldry for recognition of his title of nobility (which he was allowed to use unchallenged throughout Germany as a subject of Lippe, but would have lost it if he returned to Prussian citizenship without recognition under nobility law) . Although the office tried hard to prevent it and was still investigating his father in 1917, curiously as a result of the abolition of the nobility in the Weimar Republic, his noble name and the designation "Freiherr" despite his return to Berlin succeeded until the end of his life to keep, because the heraldry ceased to exist with the empire and the titles had been transformed by law into parts of the name with the entry into force of the Weimar constitution and the Prussian law on the abolition of the privileges of the nobility of 23 June 1920 Contrary to what is claimed in older literature, the nobility's name was never revoked by the Nazis.

Monarchist and object of anti-Jewish hostility

In the 1920s he published several historical and contemporary history books, for which he studied literature and files and collected and compiled statements from contemporary witnesses. He showed particular interest and admiration for the former Chancellor Otto von Bismarck and the former German Crown Prince Wilhelm von Hohenzollern, whom he vehemently defended against critics in his biography published in 1926. Eppstein's work contains his own memories, but mainly reproduces other people's descriptions and assessments that he took from the writings of justification and memory books of former military personnel, politicians and courtiers published in large numbers at the beginning of the twenties. The anti-Semitism contained in this literature , which was articulated particularly shrilly in those right-wing national circles to which he was close in his political views, Eppstein tried to counter with factual arguments, but without recognizing its far-reaching significance for his personal fate.

Following his monarchist convictions, he was reserved about the Weimar Republic and regarded a restoration of the noble houses that had ruled until 1918 as a fundamentally desirable political scenario. In the autumn of 1923, immediately in the run-up to the Crown Prince's return to Germany, arranged by secret diplomacy between the Reich Chancellery under Gustav Stresemann and the contacts at the court, Eppstein accompanied the Crown Prince's adjutant Müldner von Mülnheim on one of his visits to Wieringen , Wilhelm's Dutch exile, and interviewed him the Crown Prince for his book project. In his biography of the Crown Prince, Eppstein describes the course of the return negotiations and the organizational details of the return journey, which he had insight into due to his friendship with Müldner, confirming Stresemann's decisive importance for the return of the Hohenzollern. Eppstein adored Stresemann, and Stresemann, like Eppstein, adored the former crown prince.

Contact with the Lippe House was not yet broken either; so in 1923 or 1924 Eppstein received a visit from the Hereditary Prince Ernst Leopold in his Berlin house . However, since the younger generation of the royal family soon subscribed to National Socialism (Ernst Leopold joined the NSDAP in 1928 as the first hereditary prince of a formerly ruling German noble house ), the connection with Eppstein, who was hostile in the Detmold public and dubbed "Court Jew", became increasingly common for the princes unpleasant. Eppstein was said in Nazi propaganda as well as in the left press that shortly before the end of his rule he had financially rehabilitated the prince through lucrative sales of titles and medals, which fit well into the anti-Jewish caricature of the 'agile' traders and at the same time Nobility disavowed. A scandal occurred on the occasion of the wedding of Prince's daughter Karoline (called Princess Lilli) in 1932, when Prince Leopold again dismissed Baron von Eppstein, who had already been invited to the party, under pressure from his children and family members. In view of the planned participation of SA music parades and NS party representatives in the wedding celebrations, the court feared for the reputation of the family in the right wing.

During the Nazi era , Georg von Eppstein hardly received any support from aristocratic circles and was increasingly left to his own devices. At the beginning of the 1930s Eppstein was also in financial difficulties and in the spring of 1932 had to pledge his life insurance to a Jewish lawyer who emigrated to Switzerland in 1933 . Apparently he also received a loan from a foundation of the Evangelical Church in Potsdam, which after his deportation demanded mortgage interest from the chief finance president. In May 1933, the former Prussian general and military history author Hermann von François, who had been friends with Eppstein since the World War and also lived in the Lichterfeld villa district, who had published the two-volume biography of the former crown prince together with Eppstein, died.

Book success in the Netherlands

Georg von Eppstein was able to draw a certain benefit from his previous relationships with the Princely House of Lippe when, in the run-up to Prince Bernhard zur Lippe-Biesterfeld's marriage to the heir to the throne of the Netherlands and future Queen Juliana , he succeeded in writing a book for the Dutch market in 1936 Dutch language about the noble house to which the future Dutch prince consort (a nephew of Prince Leopold zur Lippe) belonged. The book, which appeared about a month before the wedding in early December 1936 (just under three months after the engagement was announced), was widely announced and discussed in the Dutch press; It was considered a semi-official biography of the new member of the royal family and was published three times within a very short period of time. It was provided with personal prefaces of Prince Leopold, Prince Bernhard and his mother Armgard , in which Baron von Eppstein is honored as a loyal friend and best connoisseur of the history of the House of Lippe, and in addition to historical depictions and numerous pictures also contained several poems by Eppstein .

Together with his co-author Hofrat Max Staercke and the Utrecht publisher Albert W. Bruna (1902–1996), “Prof. von Eppstein ”, as he called himself, was officially welcomed by the royal court marshal as the biographer of the princely fiancé in Het Loo on November 11, 1936 and personally received by the adjutant of the Dutch Queen Wilhelmina and Prince Bernhard, and four days later gave the Dutch broadcaster Philips Omroep Holland -Indië (PHOHI) gave a radio interview in which he recommended the virtues of the personality of the future husband of their Crown Princess to the Dutch. He was, said Eppstein, strongly influenced by his father Bernhard, who taught him: “Never leave the path to God and that of human love, be faithful to everyone and respect even the least with whom you come together, then you will too Faithfulness to be given. ”If the prince adheres to his father's admonition, so Eppstein, the Dutch people will have a happy future with him.

Persecution and deportation

Stumbling stone in front of the house at Potsdamer Strasse 32 in the villa colony of Lichterfelde

However, this publication could not help him in the long term; rather, the National Socialists took it as an opportunity to exclude Eppstein from the Reich Chamber of Culture in February 1937 and to prohibit any further publication. According to reports in the Dutch left-wing press, the pretext that was supposed to show the author's alleged "unreliability" was the allegation that Eppstein had concealed in his biography, among other things, that Prince Bernhard was a member of the Reiter SS . In fact, he did not mention this fact (which is largely known to the Dutch public) in the biography, but according to reports in the Dutch press this was done at the express request of the Dutch royal family.

In truth, his exclusion at that time corresponded to the intensified pace of the chambers against remaining “non-Aryan” cultural workers from 1935 and especially at the end of 1936 on the instructions of Goebbels . While 428 Jewish writers were still members of the Reichsschrifttumskammer in 1934, according to a report by Vice President Heinz Wismann to Reich Propaganda Minister Goebbels at the end of May 1935, there were only five Jewish writers in the Reichsschrifttumskammer , making Eppstein one of the very last "Jews" (his Christian religious affiliation played no role according to National Socialist logic) should have heard. In a circular of April 29, 1936, Reichskulturwalter Hans Hinkel informed the chambers that by May 15, "all full Jews, three-quarter Jews, half-Jews, quarter Jews, those married to full and three-quarter Jews, and those married to half and quarter Jews" should be excluded from all chambers be. However, this schedule could not be adhered to due to the bureaucratic effort and the understaffing of the chambers. The time of Eppstein's expulsion from the chamber therefore fits into the course of the anti-Semitic purges of the cultural scene, especially since it cannot be ruled out that the chamber administration only became aware of him through his Dutch book publication.

Eppstein apparently did not consider emigrating to the Netherlands, even though he mastered the Dutch language .

The Eppstein couple, childless since the death of their daughter, lived in the spacious villa in Berlin-Lichterfelde together with several different roommates and subtenants . At the beginning of August 1938, Eppstein's non-Jewish wife, Herta, died and was buried in Berlin in the grave in which their daughter, who died in 1923 at the age of just fourteen, was buried. With this, Eppstein also lost the limited possibilities of protection through a " mixed marriage " with a " German-blooded " partner. After the November pogroms in 1938 , state reprisals and the plundering of Jews intensified, for example through the successively arbitrary increase in the Jewish property tax or the ordinance on the use of Jewish property . In November 1938, the former Prince Leopold asked Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands for help in obtaining a passport, but Bernhard refused.

Since Jews were not allowed to own weapons, Georg von Eppstein had to hand over his honorary saber , which he discussed with neighbors. In the last years of his life, Eppstein built up a friendly relationship with the daughter of a neighbor of Jewish origin who was arrested briefly in November 1938 and was subsequently able to emigrate. According to contemporary witnesses, he was popular in the neighborhood ; neighbors and friends reacted “horrified” to his deportation , according to a doctor living in the neighborhood. As a precautionary measure, he had already bequeathed his house to non-Jewish lodgers who were friends with him in 1937; However, the not yet executed will became invalid due to a “property confiscation order before deportation” and the property fell to the German Reich. Georg von Eppstein was arrested on June 26, 1942 and deported on July 2, 1942 with the 13th Alterstransport to Theresienstadt , where he died at the end of September 1942 (according to the death certificate of an intestinal infection ).

In his memory, a stumbling block was laid near his former house at Potsdamer Strasse 32 in Berlin-Lichterfelde. A life story of Georg von Eppstein is a research desideratum.

Publications

  • Various volumes of poetry and short stories: First hiking trips, poems and sketches (1896); Arys'er Soldier Life, Humoresque in Verses (1897); Falling Laub, novella (1898); Else, a dance of songs (1899); In passing, new poems and sketches (1901).
  • Studies on the history and criticism of Socratism (Berlin, Emil Streisand Verlag, 1901).
  • Ed. With Paul von Roëll: Bismarcks Staatsrecht: the statement of Prince Otto von Bismarck on the most important questions of German and Prussian constitutional law: according to official private and contemporary sources (Berlin, Ferd. Dümmlers Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1903; review (PDF) by Paul Laband ). One with Conrad Bornhak ed. 2., rework. Edition published in Berlin, Hafen-Verlag, 1923.
  • Fairy Tale People (novel, 1905).
  • Edited with Paul von Roëll, Karl Schiller, Otto v. Trotha: Deutscher Ordens-Almanach: Handbook of knights and women of the order of German citizenship. Edited and published with official support and according to official sources (published in two-year succession in October 1904, 1906 and 1908 in Leipzig and Berlin, publisher: Deutscher Ordens-Almanach GmbH, discontinued after three editions).
  • The regulations of the German federal states about the way of wearing and the return of medals and decorations. Edited and compiled by Georg Epstein from official sources (in: Deutscher Ordens-Almanach 1906/1907, Berlin 1906).
  • Contributions to the right of termination of military personnel, civil servants, clergy and teachers at public educational institutions according to Paragraph 570 BGB (Berlin, W. Moeser Buchdruckerei, 1909).
  • Germany and Hungary: a contribution to the political and economic relations of the two countries in the past, present and future (Detmold, Meyersche Hofbuchhandlung und Hofbuchdruckerei, 1916).
  • The influence of the Hungarian constitution on the legal status of the dual monarchy (Detmold, Meyersche Hofbuchhandlung and Hofbuchdruckerei, 1917).
  • Prince Bismarck's dismissal: according to the previously unpublished notes left behind by the State Secretary of the Interior, State Minister Dr. Karl Heinrich von Boetticher and the head of the Reich Chancellery under Prince Bismarck Dr. Franz Johannes von Rottenburg (Berlin, August Scherl Verlag, 1920).
  • The German Crown Prince: The Man / the Statesman / the Historian (Leipzig, Max Koch Verlag, 1926). (Note: The volume forms a two-volume complete work together with the first volume of war history written by Hermann von François, which was published at the same time: The German Crown Prince: The Soldier and Heerführer. )
  • From outside and at home. German poems (Berlin and Zurich, Eigenbrödler-Verlag, published in several partly expanded editions 1928–1931)
  • You! A quiet story from a youth (Berlin and Zurich, Eigenbrödler-Verlag, 1930) (note: extended version of the story Ins neue Land, published in 1910. A quiet story ).
  • Add. with Max Staercke : Prins Bernhard: het vorstelijk Huis Zur Lippe-Biesterfeld ( Utrecht , AW Bruna & Zoon's Uitgevers, 1st and 2nd edition 1936, 3rd edition 1937).

literature

Web links

Wikisource: Georg von Eppstein  - Sources and full texts

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Obituary report from the Czech National Archives in Prague, published in the Holocaust.cz project (database of Holocaust victims, supported by the Embassy of the Federal Republic of Germany in Prague ).
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h Hildegard Frisius: Shall I be my brother's keeper? Christians of Jewish origin in Lichterfelde and Steglitz. Edited by the Ev. Johannes-Kirchengemeinde Berlin Lichterfelde-West, 2009; Pp. 23-28.
  3. ^ A b c Franz Brümmer : Lexicon of German poets and prose writers from the beginning of the 19th century to the present. Volume 2, 6th edition, Leipzig 1913, p. 153 .
  4. ↑ See Wilhelm Kosch (Ed.) Et al .: Deutsches Literaturlexikon , Vol. 7, Zurich 2005, Sp. 564.
  5. ^ A b Paul Laband in: Archives for Public Law , 18 (1903), pp. 127–128.
  6. ↑ The German Crown Prince , p. 275.
  7. ↑ Bibliographical reference: Sudoc / Worldcat .
  8. ↑ a b c Jürgen Hartmann: "Gnawed by the teeth of reform and indifferentism". On the religious orientation of the Jewish Lipper from the middle of the 19th to the 20th century. In: Rosenland. Zeitschrift für Lippe History , No. 14 (June 2013), p. 34 and Note 61.
  9. ↑ a b c Kai Drewes: Jüdischer Adel: Nobilitierungen von Juden in Europa des 19. Century. Campus Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2013, page 342 f., Note 220.
  10. ↑ a b The German Crown Prince , p. 346 f.
  11. ↑ a b Review by Hans Ficker in: Lorenz R. Rheude (Hrsg.): Archiv für Stamm- und Wappenkunde. Organ of the Roland Association for the promotion of core, coat of arms and seal customers. 9th year 1908/09. Paper mill b. Roda i. Saxony-Anhalt 1909, p. 94. - On the work cf. Eckart Henning, Dietrich Herfurth: medals and decorations: manual of the phaleristics. Böhlau Verlag, Cologne / Weimar 2010, p. 160 f.
  12. ↑ Award roll of the Princely Lippian Order of Leopold with the Crown (2nd class), there also the later award of the Order of Leopold, 1st class is noted (information from the phaleristic website Ordensmuseum , accessed on June 29, 2014).
  13. ↑ See Jürgen Hartmann: Felix Fechenbach, the Social Democratic Press Service and the final phase of the Weimar Republic in Lippe. In: Rosenland. Zeitschrift für Lippe History , No. 15 (September 2013), p. 37, note 35.
  14. ^ The German Crown Prince , p. 40; 275.
  15. ↑ a b The German Crown Prince , pp. 402–405 (describes, inter alia, Eppstein's visit to the Crown Prince in Wieringen , accompanied by Müldner in the autumn of 1923).
  16. ↑ Helmut Reichold: Bismarck's wrists: Duodez in the 20th century. A study on federalism in the Bismarckian Empire. Ferdinand Schöningh, Paderborn 1977, p. 249 f.
  17. ↑ Helmut Reichold: Bismarck's wrists: Duodez in the 20th century. A study on federalism in the Bismarckian Empire. Paderborn 1977, p. 99 f., 194 f. Like Julia Alexandra Luttenberger: Administration for the welfare state - welfare state through administration ?: Labor and social administration as a political problem-solving instrument in the Weimar Republic. LIT-Verlag, Berlin 2013, p. 176 in the Google book search; see. recently Carsten Doerfert: The Fürst Leopold Academy for Administrative Sciences. Attempt and failure of a university in Detmold (1916–1924). Publishing house for regional history, Bielefeld 2016.
  18. ↑ a b Helmut Reichold: Bismarck's wrens: Duodez in the 20th century. A study on federalism in the Bismarckian Empire. Paderborn 1977, pp. 254-257.
  19. ↑ Helmut Reichold: Bismarck's wrists: Duodez in the 20th century. A study on federalism in the Bismarckian Empire. Paderborn 1977, pp. 206-212.
  20. ^ Kai Drewes: Jüdischer Adel: Nobilitierungen von Juden in Europa des 19. Century. Campus Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2013, p. 104 f., Note 280. See the description of the process and the background by Christian Bommarius: And then nobody came . In: Berliner Zeitung , February 5, 2011; accessed on February 5, 2016.
  21. ^ Andreas Ruppert: Max Staercke (1880-1959) - publicist and politician in Lippe. In: Rosenland. Zeitschrift für Lippische Geschichte , No. 12 (September 2011), pp. 35–52 (here: 48 f.).
  22. ↑ "The contemporaneous assertion made by anti-Semites that Eppstein pursued" order and title cheaters [] "on a large scale has found its way into serious research literature, cf. Reichold, Bismarcks Zaunkönige , p. 99 f. (Quotation p. 100, note 50) “(Kai Drewes: Jüdischer Adel , Frankfurt / M. 2013, p. 342 f., Note 220). Reichold's account ( Bismarcks Zaunkönige , Paderborn 1977), to which Drewes' statement refers, is based on Eppstein's memories of the Lippian government minister Karl-Ludwig Freiherr von Biedenweg (1846-1940) (see pp. 99, 141 ; see also individual record 35 below) as well as letters from the prince's son Ernst Leopold to the author (see pp. 273, 299), both later National Socialists (see Jürgen Hartmann: Felix Fechenbach, the Social Democratic Press Service and the final phase of the Weimar Republic in Lippe . In: Rosenland 15, September 2013, p. 37 with notes 31 and 33). In addition, Eppstein's secret civil cabinet, as a “subsidiary government” (Reichold, p. 99), was in competition with the official state government headed by Biedenweg, which is why the latter, in his memoirs, spoke massively about the “unbearable interference” of Eppstein (i.e. the reign of the prince in the bourgeoisie State government) complained (p. 141). Reichold also uncritically adopts the disparaging expressions cited above about Eppstein (p. 99, pp.).
  23. ↑ According to § 22, see Preußische Gesetzessammlung 1920, No. 32, p. 373 ( digitized version , PDF; 1.2 MB).
  24. ^ But so claims Reichold, Bismarcks Zaunkönige , p. 141, note 73. The opposite is proven by Frisius, Shall I be my brother's keeper? , P. 25, note 109.
  25. ↑ On this type of literature cf. Frank-Lothar Kroll : Wilhelm II. In: ders. (Ed.): Prussian rulers. From the first Hohenzollern to Wilhelm II. 2nd edition, Munich 2009, p. 290.
  26. ↑ Cf. The German Crown Prince , p. 343 f.
  27. ↑ See Der deutsche Kronprinz , pp. 337–341.
  28. ↑ Kurt Koszyk : Gustav Stresemann: The democrat loyal to the emperor. A biography. Kiepenheuer & Witsch , Cologne 1989, p. 266 f .; see. Representation of the process in the files of the Reich Chancellery in the Federal Archives : The return of the Crown Prince .
  29. ^ The German Crown Prince , pp. 151–157.
  30. ↑ See ibid. u. P. 314 fu ö.
  31. ^ Karl Heinrich Pohl : Gustav Stresemann. Biography of a cross-border commuter. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2015, ISBN 3-525-30082-4 , pp. 282–284.
  32. ^ This is confirmed by Ernst Leopold in the minutes of his interrogation on March 24, 1947 during the Nuremberg war crimes trials (Witness writings ZS 1171, p. 23); Source verified Jürgen Hartmann: Felix Fechenbach, the Social Democratic Press Service and the final phase of the Weimar Republic in Lippe. In: Rosenland. Zeitschrift für Lippe History , No. 15 (September 2013), p. 37, note 31.
  33. ↑ See Stephan Malinowski : From the king to the leader. Social decline and political radicalization in the German nobility between the German Empire and the Nazi state. Akademie Verlag, Berlin 2003, p. 570.
  34. ↑ Jürgen Hartmann: Felix Fechenbach, the social democratic press service and the final phase of the Weimar Republic in Lippe. In: Rosenland. Zeitschrift für Lippe History , No. 15 (September 2013), p. 37, note 31.
  35. ^ Andreas Ruppert: Heinrich Drake 1933–1947. Lecture at Brake Castle , November 29, 2006. Published in: Rosenland. Zeitschrift für Lippische Geschichte , No. 5 (February 2007), pp. 18–28 (here p. 20). See also Stephan Malinowski: From King to Leader. Berlin 2003, p. 125, note 32. - Malinowski refers to the description in the memoirs of Karl-Ludwig von Biedenweg (1846–1940), who headed the government of the Principality of Lippe as Minister of State from 1913–1918, and in 1917 he was himself a baron became and in 1932 (like several of the prince's sons) was already a member of the NSDAP; see. Jürgen Hartmann: Felix Fechenbach, the Social Democratic Press Service and the final phase of the Weimar Republic in Lippe. In: Rosenland. Zeitschrift für Lippe History , No. 15 (September 2013), p. 37, note 33.
  36. ↑ As in Reichold: Bismarck's wrens: Duodez in the 20th century. A study on federalism in the Bismarckian Empire. Paderborn 1977, p. 194.
  37. ↑ See Stephan Malinowski: From the king to the leader. Berlin 2003, p. 486 u. Note 46. - Malinowski calls the criticism of militant National Socialist circles of the Prince's connections (with Eppstein), which is documented well into the 1940s and which is mostly put forward behind the scenes, “ideal typical” for widespread “[d] enunciatory accusations against nobles [,] who praised Jews and 'fellow Jews' in their castles at the expense of the people ”. Since, on the other hand, the (mostly younger) representatives of the royal family themselves openly advocated National Socialism and made an anti-Semitic profile, Malinowski sees this as an example of the tense dynamic between nobility-critical and anti-Jewish clichés (known since the late German Empire Interplay between noble anti-Semitism and anti-Semitic criticism of the nobility ”).
  38. ↑ Felix Fechenbach : When your Highness gets married ... - then SA makes music! - Princess Lilli and the court Jew - The princely Nazi family in Lippe-Detmold (Article in the Social Democratic Press Service of October 10, 1932). Published in: Jürgen Hartmann: Felix Fechenbach, the Social Democratic Press Service and the final phase of the Weimar Republic in Lippe. In: Rosenland. Zeitschrift für Lippe History , No. 15 (September 2013), pp. 36–38.
  39. ↑ The German Crown Prince , p. 55 f.
  40. ↑ a b Discussed by Jacob Steur: Van Eppstein en Staercke, Prins Bernhard. Het vorstelijk Huis zur Lippe-Biesterfeld. In: Historia 2 (1937), Utrecht, January 1937, pp. 375-377. Proof from Jantje L. van Essen: In Memoriam Jacob Steur 1905-1978: Bibliography van J. Steur. In: Nederlands Archievenblad 82 (1978), pp. 203-218 (208).
  41. ↑ a b Cf. Koen van Stigt Thans: II Kroniek 1936 - 1939 v0.14 ( memento of February 7, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) (chronological press review ), p. 89 f. ( Schager Courant , November 12, 1936; Amersfoortsch Dagblad / De Eemlander , November 16, 1936); P. 113 f. ( Leidsch Dagblad , December 3, 1936) at academia.edu, accessed on February 4, 2016.
  42. ↑ Bibliographical reference: [Literature on] Bernhard (1911-2004), Prins der Nederlanden 1937-2004 . ( Memento of the original from February 10, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. politiekcompendium.nl @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.politiekcompendium.nl
  43. ↑ The exclusion in the Börsenblatt for the German book trade of February 18, 1937 was officially justified with Section 10 of the National Socialist Culture Chamber Ordinance ( First Ordinance for the Implementation of the Reich Chamber of Culture Act of November 1, 1933): "Section 10. Admission to a single chamber can be rejected or a member can be excluded if there are facts from which it emerges that the person in question does not have the reliability and suitability required to carry out his or her activity. ”(cf. Presse-Slg. below, like Krantenbank Zeeland , 25. February 1937, p. 1, and Gleichltd.)
  44. ↑ Cf. Koen van Stigt Thans: II Kroniek 1936 - 1939 v0.14 (chronological press review ), p. 148/150 ( Leidsche Courant , February 24, 1937; De Tribune , March 8, 1937; source: Press Collection Gerard de Boer ) at academia.edu, accessed on February 4, 2016.
  45. ↑ Ralf Georg Reuth: Joseph Goebbels Tagebücher , 3rd edition Munich 2003, ISBN 3-492-21414-2 , vol. 3, p. 966 with note 48. For details, see here .
  46. ↑ Jan-Pieter Barbian : The working and living conditions of the writer. In: ders., Ernst Fischer, Reinhard Wittmann (Hrsg.): History of the German book trade in the 19th and 20th centuries. Third Reich. Part 1. De Gruyter, Göttingen 2015, ISBN 978-3-598-24806-1 , pp. 7–72 (here: pp. 26–28; quote: p. 27).
  47. ^ The German Crown Prince , p. 164 ff.
  48. ↑ How the prince fought for the life of a Jew. In: Westfalen-Blatt . No. 58 (2019), November 9, 2019
  49. ↑ Walther Hofer: The National Socialism. Documents 1933-1945. FiTb 6084, revised. New edition Frankfurt / M. 1982, ISBN 3-596-26084-1 , pp. 298 f.
  50. ↑ Cf. Peter Thiel (Hrsg.): Literarisches Jahrbuch: Annual review of the literary products of the German tongue in the aesthetic, dramatic and musical-dramatic field combined with a lexicon of living German writers (born 1902). Cologne, Hoursch & Beohstedt, 1903, p. 189.
  51. ^ "Overview of the latest publications in Germany and abroad", in: Ludwig Elster (Hrsg.): Yearbooks for Economics and Statistics , III. Series, Volume 65 (1923), p. 183.
personal data
SURNAME Eppstein, Georg Freiherr von
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Epstein, Georg
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German writer and court official
DATE OF BIRTH March 20, 1874
PLACE OF BIRTH Wroclaw
DATE OF DEATH September 28, 1942
Place of death Theresienstadt ghetto