History of Bad Aibling
The history of the Upper Bavarian city of Bad Aibling is closely linked to the history of Central Europe . When Epininga was first mentioned in a document in 804, the place was probably already several millennia old, as is suggested by finds from the Copper Age and the Bronze Age as well as later evidence from the Celtic and Roman times .
In the High Middle Ages , Aibling was an important administrative center for the Sigbotons , who controlled extensive lands between the Vilstal and Chiemgau as well as South Tyrol and Lower Austria in addition to the Sundergau . For more than 1200 years, Aibling had a supraregional importance as a court seat and district town.
Bad Aibling has been a moor and thermal spa at the same time since the 19th century . Several larger clinics as well as educational and scientific institutions mark the continued high importance of the tertiary sector for the Bavarian medium-sized center , which today has around 18,000 inhabitants.
prehistory
The Bad Aiblings area was created as a result of the silting up of the 420 km² Rosenheimer See before 10,000 BC. BC This was at the end of the Würm glacial period in 15000 BC. Formed from meltwater from the Inn glacier , but flowed away after the Inn had cut a path a few millennia later. In the process, large moorland areas formed , but only from around 3000 BC. First indications of a continuous settlement activity can be found. From approx. 500 BC A Celtic settlement could be proven, which probably had assimilated the previous Illyrian inhabitants .
Antiquity: Romans and Baiuwaren
The Roman expansion came through the campaign of Drusus in 15 BC. Also in the alpine region. The Inn subsequently formed the border between the provinces of Noricum and Raetia , so Bad Aibling was included in the latter and developed into an oppidum . Around 470 AD, however, the Romans were no longer able to maintain supreme power over the Germanic provinces, so that Bavarians occupied the Bad Aibling area. A farm for the Agilolfing dukes was built on the Hofberg . The place itself, which probably had a more village-like character, belonged to the property of Epino, a vassal of the Agilolfinger, and later of his heirs.
Middle Ages: administrative tasks and urban development
With the deposition of the last Agilolfing Baiuwaren duke Tassilo III. Bavaria was drawn into the Franconian Empire and the previous ducal court in 788 was converted into a royal court ( Palatinate ) of the Carolingian ruling dynasty . In 855 King Ludwig the German stayed here during Lent, in 898 the Emperor Arnulf of Carinthia . The first written mention of Bad Aibling in an early form of the name dates from January 13, 804, at that time as Epininga . In the same document, the current districts of Berbling , Mietraching and Willing are also mentioned for the first time. The former came to the Freising Monastery in 815 , later to the Margarethenzell Monastery in Bayrischzell in 1080 .
Little information about the historical development of the place is available from the following centuries; with the decline of Carolingian power it lost its importance. In 927 there is evidence of a court chapel as a separate church of the Salzburg archbishops . In the 11th and 12th centuries, Aibling regained administrative importance, as King Heinrich II raised it to the bailiwick of the Bamberg diocese in 1007 , i.e. the administrative seat of its Upper Bavarian possessions. The bailiwick rights initially lay with the Sulzbach-Kastl family , but were acquired by the Counts of Falkenstein-Neuburg in 1180 and passed to the Wittelsbach family in 1230 .
The first mention of today's district of Harthausen was in 1141, and in 1244 Aibling itself was named a market town . Around 1250 (other information: 1200) the place fell from the previous owners, the Falkensteiners, to the Wittelsbach family. In the divisions of his property in 1255 it fell to Duke Ludwig II ("the Strict") . Some time later, probably in 1268, the church, which had not been used as the Salzburg court church for some time, was able to acquire the rights of a parish church . In 1293 the Hofberg became the seat of a nursing court , which was expanded into a nursing office in 1300 . In this year Ellmosen was mentioned for the first time, for Harthausen this is documented in 1331.
In 1321, the citizens of Munich were granted city rights , and from the 14th century onwards, Aibling was considered a city , which, in addition to local self-government, also meant acquiring lower jurisdiction . This was accompanied by the expansion of power in the town church, which as the main church of the Aibling dean's office temporarily administered a large area and was rebuilt in Gothic style in 1431. In 1424 and 1442 the market rights were confirmed, in 1481 market freedom was granted. The economic importance of Aibling was limited, however, as the city, in contrast to Rosenheim, was in a less favorable location in terms of traffic.
Modern times: disasters and reconstruction
In 1553 Harthausen became the main team of the Aiblinger regional court. Apart from that, however, the early modern period was marked by a series of devastating catastrophes for Aibling. First of all, the city fires should be mentioned, the most destructive of which raged in 1498, 1503, 1730, 1747, 1765 and 1811. In 1564 and 1634 plague epidemics reduced the population noticeably, which was reflected in the term “the great death” for the epidemics. In total, it is estimated that two thirds of the population died. At the end of the Thirty Years' War in 1648, Aibling was attacked by Swedish troops who, after bitter fighting, were able to take it on June 13, looted and finally occupied it after almost all of the defenders had fallen.
In 1698 a hospital for the poor and a hospital had to be built to alleviate the misery in the city. But in the years 1704/1705 and 1742 it was again occupied several times by Austrian troops as part of the Spanish and Austrian War of Succession . In addition to the military restrictions, this resulted in high tax obligations on both occasions. In 1705, many residents of the city also took part in a Bavarian popular uprising against the Austrian occupying forces of Joseph I , which ended in the Sendlinger Murder Christmas and also claimed human lives among those from Aibling.
A phase of reconstruction began in the second half of the 18th century, which in the following decades turned Aibling into a prosperous town. In 1754/1755 the parish church on the Hofberg was redesigned according to plans by the Munich builder Johann Michael Fischer and extended on his advice. The church builder Abraham Millauer took over the implementation . In 1765 the town hall on Marienplatz was also rebuilt. At that time Aibling had a population of about 900 people.
1800–1918: Administrative reforms and development into a health resort
During the Second Coalition War , three French divisions under Jean-Victor Moreau moved into Aibling in 1800 . The nursing court was converted into a regional court that year (like all Bavarian nursing courts), but it was dissolved as early as 1807 and incorporated into the Rosenheim regional court. Under Napoleon Bonaparte , as a result of the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss 1803 and 1804, the secularization took place in Bavaria , which also had some effects on Aibling: Berbling fell from Scheyern Monastery to Willing, the St. George's Chapel in Thürham was demolished.
After the suppression of Napoleonic rule over Europe , the municipal edicts in 1818 again brought about a Bavarian administrative reform, which led to the fact that the villages of Ellmosen , Mietraching and Willing , which had previously belonged to Aibling, became independent municipalities. A census in 1830 therefore showed a population of 1,088 inhabitants. It was not until 1838 that the Aibling district court was established again; the old care lock had meanwhile been completely renovated.
The history of the health resort Aibling began with the opening of the brine and mud baths by the district court doctor Dr. Desiderius Beck in 1845. This single-storey bathhouse was the first mud bath in Bavaria. With the opening of the Mangfall Valley Railway (route Munich - Holzkirchen - Aibling - Rosenheim ) on October 31, 1857 and the establishment of the power station in 1894, modern technologies finally found their way into the city, which in turn promoted the spa business. Recognition was not long in coming: 50 years after the opening of the moor bath, it was officially announced in 1895 that Prince Regent Luitpold of Bavaria "had graciously deigned to approve that the Aibling market would in future be called 'Bad Aibling'" Spa was recognized. At the end of the 19th century there were four large spa hotels, the Ludwigsbad , the Wittelsbach , the Theresienbad and the Wilhelmsbad , and numerous villas were built during this period (especially during the founding period ).
On May 27, 1897, the Bad Aibling – Feilnbach local railway was opened. The following year, the Bad Aiblinger waterworks came into being through the purchase of the Niklasreuth springs. In 1900 a district office was finally established in the city. In 1904 the Protestant Christ Church was consecrated, and in 1907 the city's first Kurhaus was officially opened.
1918–1952: Political unrest and military camps
After the First World War , a revolutionary workers' council was established in Bad Aibling, as in many other cities, on February 23, 1919, and the Soviet republic was proclaimed on April 7th . Only a few days later, on April 15th, Red Guards marched in from Munich. However, after the Munich council government was overthrown, anti-communist associations also marched into Aibling on May 4th. It was the White Guard of the Chiemgau Freikorps .
Until the emerging Weimar Republic , Bad Aibling grew steadily, in 1925 it had 4,577 inhabitants. On April 1, 1933, it was promoted to city. As part of the armament of the Third Reich , the Bad Aibling air base was built on the site of a former sports airfield , which turned the place into a garrison town and where the Stuka preschool 1 was located from 1942 . In 1940 the town hall building from 1765 was destroyed by a serious fire.
On May 28, 1945, a military train manned by soldiers and an empty train collided in the east of Bad Aibling. The accident , which occurred in a confusing forest, claimed five lives and 21 injured, some seriously.
After the end of the Second World War in 1945, Bad Aibling belonged to the American zone of occupation . The US Army set up a prisoner of war camp called PWE 26 on the site of the air base . Günter Grass and Joseph Ratzinger are said to have met there as prisoners.
In 1946 the facility was closed; the barracks of the former prisoner-of-war camp served as a DP camp for former soldiers of the royal Yugoslav army who had been deported to Germany during the war. This camp was initially administered by the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration and later by the International Refugee Organization . From the winter of 1948/1949 onwards there was a DP camp for children and young people from over 20 nations, who also fell under the mandate of the IRO, in the barracks buildings of the air base: the Kinderdorf Bad Aibling ( IRO Children's Village Bad Aibling ). The facility was the largest of its kind within the American occupation zone. It accommodated a total of over 2,300 children and young people and closed its doors at the end of 1951.
In 1952 the area was taken over again by the US Army and expanded into the Bad Aibling Station used by the secret service.
From 1952: developments since the Second World War
After the war, the spa business was resumed at an early stage; In 1955 there were 4,335 spa guests in the city. With the opening of the "Wendelstein" health clinic of the Federal Insurance Agency for Salaried Employees (BfA), Bad Aibling also became a health resort for social insurance providers in 1964. In the same year, the city received a fully biological sewage treatment plant, three years later the new Kurhaus and another year later the Wilhelm Leibl Realschule was inaugurated. In the course of the district reform 1971–1980, the Bad Aibling district was dissolved in 1972. The previous district town itself and most of the Mangfall valley became part of the Rosenheim district .
In 1971 the Mangfall Valley Railway was electrified , but two years later the Bad Aibling – Feilnbach local railway was shut down. From 1973 the cityscape also changed with the inauguration of the new town hall and the new district savings bank and the redesign of Marienplatz. After the establishment of the Realschule, the educational system in Bad Aibling was further improved in 1974 with the opening of the Bad Aibling grammar school and the relocation of the Alpenland business school from Kolbermoor to Bad Aibling. 1973 and 1978 also included the municipal reform of Bad Aibling, which now incorporated the previously independent municipalities of Ellmosen , Mietraching and Willing . Various structural changes in the city took place in the following period, including the construction of the southern bypass, which opened in 2000.
In 2002, under the name Bad Aibling Thermal 1, a deep drilling for thermal water took place, which was finally sunk to a final depth of 2,299.7 m. In 2004 Bad Aibling celebrated the 1200th anniversary of the first documentary mention. In the course of this historical reconsideration, the city game 1648 , which takes place against the background of the unsuccessful defense at the end of the Thirty Years' War, was premiered. After the successful deep drilling a few years earlier, construction work began on the Bad Aibling thermal baths in 2005 . The development of the zero-energy city of Mietraching began on the site of the former Bad Aibling station . The following year, the spa town established a town partnership with Cavaion Veronese in northern Italy.
In 2007 the historic spa hotel Ludwigsbad burned down after an arson attack. In the same year, however, the thermal bath was opened, which had 2 million visitors by 2014. Building H8 , one of the tallest wooden buildings in Germany, was erected in the Mietraching district in 2011 . In 2013, the Bad Aibling District Court was finally dissolved. After more than 1200 years, the city is no longer the seat of a court. As part of the surveillance and espionage affair in 2013 , it became known at the same time that secret services were still operating in Bad Aibling with the BND and NSA even after the Bad Aibling station of the Echelon system was closed in 2004.
In the years from to 2013, the town center of Bad Aibling was also redesigned, for example the new town hall was put into operation in 2012.
On February 9, 2016, a serious railway accident occurred at the municipal sewage treatment plant on the Holzkirchen-Rosenheim railway line . Two trains collided head-on on a single-track line with 11 dead and over 18 seriously and 63 slightly injured.
literature
- Hugo von Stransky-Greiffenfels: Bad Aibling in the foothills of the Bavarian highlands. F. Straub, Munich 1863 ( online , contains some historical-topographical details).
- Christian Höschler: Home (less). The IRO Children's Village Bad Aibling, 1948–1951 . Berlin 2017, ISBN 9783745059816 .
- Walks through the old Bad Aibling. Photographs from the years 1920–1940. Geiger, Horb am Neckar 1989, ISBN 3-89264-328-8 .
- W. Keitz, B. Weigert: Bad Aibling. The spa town and its districts in words and pictures. Geiger, Horb am Neckar 1993, ISBN 3-89264-855-7 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ LfU press release: Ice Age geologists investigate the lost Rosenheimer See
- ↑ The Chronicle of Bad Aibling ( Memento of the original dated September 23, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Eberhard von Angerer, Brigitte Konrad, Dr. Manfred Heider, Herbert Brunner, Nicole Romeike (2012): Integrated urban development concept for the city of Bad Aibling
- ↑ Parish Church of the Assumption of Mary ( memento of the original from February 15, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Quotation from: The Chronicle of Bad Aibling ( Memento of the original from 23 September 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ The training there at that time is described in detail by: Hans Peter Eisenbach: Front operations of a Stuka flier Mediterranean and Eastern Front 1943–44. Helios Verlag, Aachen 2009, ISBN 978-3-938208-96-0 .
- ^ Grass: Together with Ratzinger as a prisoner of war (Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger)
- ↑ Did Grass roll dice with the Pope in the ground? (stern.de)
- ^ Ratzinger and Grass (open book)
- ↑ Christian Höschler: Home (less). The IRO Children's Village Bad Aibling, 1948-1951 . Berlin 2017, ISBN 978-3-7450-5981-6 .
