Indigenous peoples of the Russian north
The numerically small indigenous peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East ( Коренные, малочисленные народы Севера, Сибири и Дальнего Востока ) are a category of the indigenous peoples of the Russian Federation , according to the constitution of the Russian Federation 69, who enjoy special protection in the Russian Federation .
The so-called Unified Register of Indigenous Small Peoples of Russia (Jedinyj peretschen 'korennych malotschislennych narodow Rossii / Единый перечень коренных малочисленных народос 2000.) From March 24, 2000. ) Determines whether individual ethnic groups belong to this category .
The category includes 44 indigenous peoples, each with less than 50,000 members, from the Sami of the Kola Peninsula in the west to the Chukchi , Yupik ( Eskimo ) and Ainu in the far East. Larger ethnic groups among them are the Nenets and Khanty West siberia and settled between western Siberia and northern China Evenki . One of the smallest indigenous peoples of Siberia are the Enzen with fewer than 200 members. In ethnology, a summary of the two cultural areas "Siberia" (reindeer herders from Lapland to around Kolyma) and "Paleo-Siberia" (former hunters of the far northeast) is made.
The total number of members of these peoples is about 270,000.
Other peoples in the Asian part of Russia, which have more members as well as their own partial republics within the Russian Federation, are also often referred to as indigenous, although this status is controversial within Russia. They include Tuvins , Yakuts , Khakass and Buryats .
languages
Some of the languages of the indigenous peoples of the Russian north belong to the Urals language family , some of them from the Samoyed branch and some from Finno-Ugric , of which the Khanty and Mansi are the closest linguistic relatives of the Hungarians .
Another group belongs to the Turkic language family , such as the Shores , Teleuts , Cumandians and Altaians .
The languages of the Evens and Evenki belong to tunguso-Manchurian language family .
The languages of the Chukchi , Itelmens , Koryaks and some other peoples are isolated languages ; H. no evidence of a relationship to other living languages has been produced for them. They are grouped together as Paleo-Asian languages .
Legal and political position
An interest of the state in the small ethnic groups and their culture became particularly evident in the early years of the Soviet Union; In 1926/27 the Soviet authorities attempted to gain an overview of the people and cultures of the north of Siberia . Soon afterwards, however, measures to maintain power in the Soviet system were in the foreground.
The current situation is as follows:
Article 69 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation says:
"The Russian Federation guarantees the rights of the small indigenous peoples in accordance with the generally recognized principles and norms of international law and the international treaties of the Russian Federation."
The Russian law “On the Guarantees of the Rights of Small Indigenous Peoples of the Russian Federation” of April 30, 1999 defines the peoples of the north as
"Peoples who live in the traditional settlement areas of their ancestors in the traditional way, who pursue their traditional economic methods, have no more than 50,000 members within the Russian Federation and see themselves as independent communities."
This affects four different aspects:
- The settlement area
- the lifestyle
- the group size and
- the self-image
According to Donahoe / Halemba, the fact that the Russian legal norm defines the indigenous peoples in an exclusively “traditional” way of life without defining this term in any way is particularly problematic. Theoretically, it would therefore be possible for a person to lose their belonging to the indigenous peoples of the north by adopting an urban lifestyle. Likewise, emigrating from the traditional habitat could have the same consequences. Clearly in contradiction to the definition of the term 'indigenous peoples' recognized within the United Nations is the numerical upper limit of 50,000, which is the result of historical developments, but larger ethnic groups, such as Tuvins , Buryats and Yakuts, arbitrarily from recognition as "indigenous peoples" excludes.
While the Russian constitution does not elaborate on the special rights and privileges of indigenous peoples, the existing federal laws provide a number of privileges for traditionally operating indigenous communities:
- Exemption from property tax;
- Right to found obschtschiny ', i.e. indigenous family or tribal-based joint ventures;
- Privileged access to natural resources (forest, wildlife, fish stocks);
- Possibility of compensation for the extraction of natural resources in their areas;
- Ability to do alternative civilian service instead of military service;
- Possibility of earlier retirement.
However, these privileges are threatened by a variety of recent legislative initiatives. The economically liberal course pursued by Finance Minister German Gref is particularly in conflict with indigenous rights . The revisions of the soil (semel'ny kodex / земельный кодекс), forestry (lesnoi kodex / лесной кодекс) and water codes (Wodny kodex / водный кодельный кодекс) see long-term leases of private and collective farms in private and private farms To bring them to a position in which they are forced to pay market prices to the state for the use of their traditional livelihoods.
The most important political representation of the indigenous peoples of Siberia is RAIPON , based in Moscow. Nominally all members of the indigenous peoples of the north are members of this organization.
Their political influence is limited. While there were still several representatives of the northern peoples to be found in the last Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union and in the first State Dumas of the Russian Federation , since the parliamentary elections in 2004 there has been no member of these ethnic groups in either the Federation Council or the State Duma.
RAIPON representatives are calling for a federal agency to be set up, such as a ministry for indigenous peoples. However, the success of their claim is very uncertain.
List of small indigenous peoples
Surname | Historical name | Settlement area (* = ethnic group only settles in individual Rajons ) | Russian name | Transcription | Own designation (according to [4] ) | Population (according to the 2002 census) | Population (according to the 2010 census) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aleutian Islands | Kamchatka Region * | алеуты | aleuty | Aleut, Unagan | 540 | 482 | |
Aljutors | Kamchatka Region * | алюторы | aljutory | Alutal'u | |||
Chanting | Ostyaks | Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug , Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug , Tyumen Oblast *, Tomsk Oblast , Komi Republic | ханты | chanty | Chanty, Chande, Kantek | 28678 | 30943 |
Dolganen | Krasnoyarsk Territory *, Sakha | долгане | dolgane | Dolgan, Tyakixi | 7621 | 7885 | |
Evenks | Tungus | Sacha , Krasnoyarsk Territory *, Khabarovsk , Amur Oblast , Sakhalin Oblast , Buryatia , Irkutsk Oblast , Region Transbaikalien , Tomsk Oblast , Tyumen Oblast | эвенки | ewenki | Evenk | 35527 | 37843 |
Ewenen | Lamuts | Sakha , Khabarovsk Region , Magadan Oblast , Chukchi Autonomous Okrug , Kamchatka Region * | эвены | eweny | Ewen | 19071 | 22383 |
Enzen | Krasnoyarsk Territory * | энцы | enzy | 237 | 227 | ||
Eskimo | Eskimo | Chukchi Autonomous Okrug , Kamchatka Region * | эскимосы | eskimosy | Yupik | 1750 | 1738 |
Itelmenen | Kamchadals | Kamchatka Region *, Magadan Oblast | ительмены | itel'meny | Itel'men ', Ienm'm'i | 3180 | 3193 |
Jukagiren | Sacha , Magadan Oblast | юкагиры | jukagiry | Odul, Wadul | 1509 | 1603 | |
Kamchadals | Kamchatka Region *, | камчадалы | kamtschadaly | 2293 | 1927 | ||
Kereken | Chukchi Autonomous Okrug | кереки | kereki | 8th | 4th | ||
Keten | Yenisei-Ostyak | Krasnoyarsk Territory | кеты | kety | Ket | 1494 | 1219 |
Koryaks | Kamchatka Region *, Chukchi Autonomous Okrug , Magadan Oblast | коряки | koryaki | Various, u. a. Tschavchyw, Tschaw'tschu (reindeer herder); нымылгын Nymylgyn (resident); Nymylg - aremku (nomad) | 8743 | 7953 | |
Cumandians | Altai region , Altai Republic | кумандинцы | kumandinzy | 3114 | 2892 | ||
Mansen | Woguls | Khanty and Mansi Autonomous Okrug , Tyumen Oblast *, Sverdlovsk Oblast , Komi Republic | манси | mansi | Mansi | 11432 | 12269 |
Nanai | Golden | Khabarovsk , Primorye | нанайцы | nanajzy | Nanaj, Nani | 12160 | 12003 |
Negatives | Khabarovsk region | негидальцы | negidal'zy | 567 | 513 | ||
Nenets | Samoyed | Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug , Nenets Autonomous Okrug , Arkhangelsk Oblast *, Khabarovsk Region *, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug , Komi Republic | ненцы | nenzy | 41302 | 44640 | |
Nganasans | Tawgi Samoyed | Krasnoyarsk Territory * | нганасаны | nganasany | nja-nganasa (mask.), nja-ny (fem.), nja-tansa (people) | 834 | 862 |
Niwchen | Giljaks | Khabarovsk region , Sakhalin Oblast | нивхи | niwchi | Niwch | 5162 | 4652 |
Oroken (Ulten) | Sakhalin Oblast | ороки | oroki | Ul'ta | 346 | 295 | |
Oroch | Khabarovsk region | орочи | orochi | 686 | 596 | ||
Seeds | Rag | Murmansk Oblast | саами | saami | Sámi | 1991 | 1771 |
Shear | Kemerovo Oblast , Khakassia , Altai Republic | шорцы | schorzy | sheared | 13975 | 12888 | |
Selcup | Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug , Tyumen Oblast *, Tomsk Oblast , Krasnoyarsk Territory | селькупы | sel'kupy | 4249 | 3649 | ||
Soyotes | Buryatia | сойоты | sojoty | 2769 | 3608 | ||
Tasen | Primorye region | тазы | tasy | 276 | 274 | ||
Telengites | Altai Republic | теленгиты | telengity | 2399 | 3712 | ||
Teleoples | Kemerovo Oblast | телеуты | teleuty | 2650 | 2643 | ||
Todscha Tuvins | Tuva | тувинцы-тоджинцы | tuwinzy-todschinzy | tozhu (тожу) | 4442 | 1858 | |
Tofalars | Karagassen | Irkutsk Oblast | тофалары | tofalary | Tofa | 837 | 762 |
Chelkans | Altai Republic | чельканцы | chel'kanzy | 855 | 1181 | ||
Chuvans | Chukchi Autonomous Okrug , Magadan Oblast | чуванцы | chuvanzy | 1087 | 1002 | ||
Chukchi | Chukchi Autonomous Okrug , Kamchatka Region * | чукчи | chukchi | Lyg'oravetl'an | 15767 | 15908 | |
Tschulymer | Tomsk Oblast , Krasnoyarsk Territory | чулымцы | tschulymzy | Ijus Kižiler / pestyn Kižiler | 656 | 355 | |
Tubalars | Altai Republic | тубалары | tubalary | 1565 | 1965 | ||
Udehe | Primorsky Krai , Khabarovsk Territory | удэгейцы | udegejzy | Udee, Uddee, Udehe | 1657 | 1496 | |
Ultschen | Khabarovsk region | ульчи | ul'chi | 2765 | |||
Wepsen | Republic of Karelia , Leningrad Oblast | вепсы | wepsy | Weps', Wepsja, Ljudinkad, Tjagalažet | 8240 | 5936 |
Peoples not entered in the register
- Ingrier ( Ingermanland )
- Komi-Ishemzen
- Woten
- The Pomors , descendants of Russian old settlers in the European far north , whose way of life is very similar to that of the "small peoples", also strive for recognition as an indigenous people of the north .
Organizations
Russia
- Association of the Indigenous Peoples of the North (RAIPON)
- Network of indigenous peoples in Russia L'auravetl'an
- Foundation for the Development of the Indigenous Small Peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East "Batani"
International
- Society for Threatened Peoples
- Survival International
- pro Sibiria eV - partnership with Siberia (Germany)
See also
Web links
- The indigenous peoples in the far north Geographische Rundschau (pdf)
- The peoples of Siberia Survival International
English:
- Ethnic Groups. Norsk Polar Institute
- Digital Humanities of the North (in German, English and Russian)
- The Red Book of the peoples of the Russian Empire
literature
- Yuri Slezkine : Arctic Mirrors. Russia and the Small Peoples of the North . Ithaca, London (Cornell University Press) 1994. ISBN 0-8014-2976-5 .
- James Forsyth: A History of the Peoples of Siberia. Russia's North Asian Colony 1581–1990 . Cambridge (University Press) 1992. ISBN 0-521-40311-1 .
- Erich Kasten (Ed.): People and the Land. Pathways to Reform in Post-Soviet Siberia . Dietrich Reimer, Berlin 2002. ISBN 3-496-02743-6 . Online edition: http://www.siberian-studies.org/publications/peopleland.html .
- Rohr, Johannes: Adaptation and self-assertion. The indigenous peoples of northern Russia . In: Osteuropa 2-3 2011 (61st year), pp. 387–416.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Chapter 3. Federal structure | The Constitution of the Russian Federation. In: www.constitution.ru. Retrieved May 11, 2015 .
- ^ Johannes Rohr: Indigenous Peoples in the Russian Federation . Ed .: International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs (= IWGIA Report . Volume 19 ). Copenhagen 2014, ISBN 978-87-92786-49-4 , pp. 69 . [1]
- ↑ A brief overview can be found in the UNESCO red book of endangered languages: Northeast Asia [2]
- ↑ Polar Census 1926–1927
- ↑ The Constitution of the Russian Federation, chap. 3: Federal structure, Art. 69 [3]
- ↑ a b c d Brian Donahoe / Agnieszka Halemba: The indigenous peoples of Siberia: land rights, legalism and lifestyle , in infoeMagazin No. 19, pp. 18-21
- ↑ Gulwaira Schermatowa: privatization of forests: New legislation in Russia. Rights of indigenous peoples are curtailed. in: infoeMagazin 19, pp. 30–31
- ↑ Land rights are the key question , interview with Mikhail Todyschew, RAIPON, in: infoeMagazin 19, pp. 36–38
- ↑ census results for the indigenous peoples of the North: Единый перечень коренных малочисленных народов Российской Федерации online ( Memento of 14 October 2006 at the Internet Archive ) results of the census of 2010: Всероссийская перепись населения 2010: Том 4: Национальный состав и владение языками, гражданство: Национальный состав населения
- ↑ В.А. Тураев, Р.В Суляндзига, П. В. Суляндзига, В.Н. Бочарников: Энцыклопедия коренных, малочисленных народов Севера, Сибири и Дальнего Вкостока РоссийВостока . Москва 2005, p. 143
- ↑ L'auravetl'an Indigenous Information Network by Indigenous Peoples of Russia
- ↑ Batanifund.org website (currently not available)
- ↑ Indigenous Volker Survival International
- ↑ pro Sibiria eV - Partnership with Siberia ( Memento of the original from June 2, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Website