Julius von Haynau
Julius Jakob Freiherr von Haynau (born October 14, 1786 in Kassel , † March 14, 1853 in Vienna ) was an Imperial and Royal Privy Councilor , Chamberlain , Feldzeugmeister and owner of Infantry Regiment No. 59 , who was included in the list of the most famous Austrian generals .
Life
He was born as the son of the future Elector Wilhelm I of Hessen-Kassel and his lover, Rosa Dorothea Ritter . He had six siblings; his brother Wilhelm Karl (1779-1856) was an Elector of Hesse general. He spent his childhood together with some of his siblings with his mother, who was exiled to Babenhausen Castle . He and his siblings were legitimized on March 10, 1800 and elevated to barons of Haynau .
In 1801 he entered Austrian service and was promoted to captain after the campaign of 1805. As such he made the war of 1809 and as a major the wars of 1813–1815. In 1844 already Lieutenant Field Marshal and Division Commander in Inner Austria, he became Division Commander in Temeschburg in 1847 , but was soon relieved of his post due to incompatibility. In 1848, when the revolution broke out , he voluntarily rejoined his regiment in Italy as a colonel and became a commander in Verona. On July 25, 1848, by sending a brigade to Sommacampagna, he made a decisive contribution to the victory of the imperial army in the Battle of Custozza , accelerated the fall of Peschiera del Garda and kept calm in Bergamo , Brescia and Ferrara with iron severity . At the end of March 1849 he put down the uprising in Brescia with brutal severity and took over the supreme command of the demolition of Venice.
On May 22, 1849, he arrived in Pressburg and on June 1, while being promoted to Feldzeugmeister as the successor to Ludwig Freiherr von Welden, he took over the high command in Hungary with unlimited powers. He waited for reinforcements from the Russians and quickly suppressed the revolution in Hungary . First he assembled the main imperial army on the right bank of the Danube , repulsed the Hungarian attacks on the Waag sector in the Battle of Pered (June 21) and began his counter-offensive by storming Raab fortress (June 28). At the beginning of July he enclosed the Komorn Fortress on three sides and threw the Hungarian main army under Görgey and Klapka back on the fortress on July 2nd and 11th in the Battle of Ács and again before Komorn . On July 19th his right wing of the army reached the capture of Ofen- Pesth, and three days later he started the pursuit of the Hungarians to the Tisza . On August 5th he defeated the Hungarians under Dembinski in the battle of Szöreg and on August 9th, his victory at Temesvár against General Bem decided the war and the lifting of the sieges of Temesvár and Arad .
The general fought resolutely against all opponents of the monarchy and was therefore notorious among them as the “hyena of Brescia” or the “ blood judge of Arad ”. On his orders, thirteen Hungarian generals were executed on October 6, 1849, as well as the first Hungarian Prime Minister Lajos Batthyány in Budapest on the same day . These were deeds that secured his military reputation, but at the same time made him a figure of hatred for the rising bourgeoisie.
After the defeat of the Hungarians, he was appointed commander of the 3rd Army in Hungary in autumn 1849, but in 1850 he took his leave prematurely due to disputes with the ministry. From Graz , where he had retired, he traveled, where he was attacked and ill-treated in London and Brussels , which led to diplomatic resentment.
Haynau died in Vienna in 1853 and was buried in the St. Leonhard Cemetery in Graz . He was married to Theresia Weber von Treuenfels (born May 29, 1787, † October 21, 1851). She was the daughter of Lieutenant Field Marshal Franz Weber von Treuenfels († 1809).
Awards
The general was honored with numerous medals:
- Commander of the Imperial Austrian Order of Maria Theresa , 1849, confirmed on March 26, 1850
- Grand Cross of the Royal Hungarian Order of Saint Stephen
- Order of the Iron Crown 1st class
- Commander's Cross of the Austrian Leopold Order
- Imperial and Royal Military Merit Cross of Emperor Franz Joseph I.
- Imperial Russian order of St. Andrew with diamonds
- Imperial Russian Order of Alexander Nevsky
- Imperial Russian Order of St. Anna 3rd Class
- Imperial Russian Order of St. George 3rd Class
- Imperial Russian Order of the White Eagle
- Grand Cross of the Royal Bavarian Max Joseph Order
- Grand Cross of the Royal Hanoverian Guelph Order
- Grand Cross of the Hessian Order of the Golden Lion
- Knight of the Hessian Military Order of Merit , March 14, 1814
- Royal Sicilian Order of January
reception
By the imperial resolution of Franz Joseph I. from 28 February 1863 Julius was Haynau in the list of "most famous, to the everlasting emulation worthy warlords and generals of Austria" added to their honor and memory of a life-size statue in the Feldherrenhalle of time The newly established Imperial and Royal Court Weapons Museum (today: Heeresgeschichtliches Museum Wien) was built. The statue was created in 1866 by the sculptor Vincenz Pilz (1816–1896) from Carrara marble and was dedicated by Emperor Franz Joseph himself.
Julius von Haynau, who became an honorary citizen of Budapest during his lifetime , was revoked posthumously in 2011 under the national conservative city leadership. To this day he is still an honorary citizen of Vienna and the cities of Graz , Bratislava , Arad and Sopron .
literature
- Karl Schönhals : Biography of the kk Feldzeugmeister Julius Freiherrn von Haynau . (3rd edition, Graz 1853; digitized version )
- Constantin von Wurzbach : Haynau, Julius Jacob Freiherr von . In: Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich . 8th part. Kaiserlich-Königliche Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, Vienna 1862, pp. 154–158 ( digitized version ).
- Wilhelm Edler von Janko : Haynau, Julius Freiherr von . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 11, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1880, p. 160 f.
- Wolfgang von Wurzbach: Josef Kriehuber and the Viennese society of his time . 2nd volume. Vienna 1957.
- Haynau Julius Jacob Frh. Von. In: Austrian Biographical Lexicon 1815–1950 (ÖBL). Volume 2, Publishing House of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1959, p. 228 f. (Direct links on p. 228 , p. 229 ).
- Nikolaus von Preradovich : Haynau, Julius Freiherr von. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 8, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1969, ISBN 3-428-00189-3 , p. 155 f. ( Digitized version ).
- Georg Wittenberger: Stadtlexikon Babenhausen . Babenhausen 1995
Web links
- Entry on Julius von Haynau in the Austria Forum (in the AEIOU Austria Lexicon )
Individual evidence
- ^ A b Karl Freiherr von Schönhals: "Biography of the kk Feldzeugmeister Julius Freiherrn von Haynau", Verlag August Hesse, Graz 1853, pp. 131, 132
- ↑ Johann Christoph Allmayer-Beck : The Army History Museum Vienna. The museum and its representative rooms . Kiesel Verlag, Salzburg 1981, ISBN 3-7023-0113-5 , p. 30
- ^ Budapest revised the list of its honorary citizens in Pester Lloyd of March 25, 2011, accessed on April 2, 2011.
personal data | |
---|---|
SURNAME | Haynau, Julius von |
ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Haynau, Julius Jakob Freiherr von (full name) |
BRIEF DESCRIPTION | Austrian general |
DATE OF BIRTH | October 14, 1786 |
PLACE OF BIRTH | kassel |
DATE OF DEATH | March 14, 1853 |
Place of death | Vienna |