Kietrz

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Kietrz
POL Kietrz COA.svg
Kietrz (Poland)
Kietrz
Kietrz
Basic data
State : Poland
Voivodeship : Opole
Powiat : Głubczycki
Gmina : Kietrz
Area : 18.87  km²
Geographic location : 50 ° 4 ′  N , 18 ° 0 ′  E Coordinates: 50 ° 4 ′ 0 ″  N , 18 ° 0 ′ 0 ″  E
Height : 234 m npm
Residents : 6005 (June 30, 2019)
Postal code : 48-130
Telephone code : (+48) 77
License plate : OGL
Economy and Transport
Street : Opava - Racibórz
Głubczyce - Racibórz
Next international airport : Katowice
Ostrava



Kietrz ( German Katscher , Czech Ketř ) is a town in the powiat Głubczycki of the Opole Voivodeship in Poland. It is the seat of the town-and-country municipality of the same name with around 10,900 inhabitants.

Geographical location

The city is located in the Upper Silesia region on the Troy , about twenty kilometers southeast of Głubczyce (Leobschütz) . The border with the Czech Republic runs about two kilometers south .

Neighboring towns are Pietrowice Wielkie (Groß Peterwitz) in the east, Gródczanki (Ratsch) in the southeast, Lubotiń (Liptin) in the southwest, Nowa Cerekwia (Deutsch Neukirch) in the west and Księże Pole (Knispel) and Czerwonków (Tschirmkau) in the northwest.

history

In the area of ​​today's city, at a river crossing, very early traces of settlement can be detected along old trade routes. The country was a transit area for travelers from the Roman Danube provinces to northern Europe and vice versa. With the beginning of the era, parts of the Vandal tribe were still the inhabitants. After their departure as part of the migration of peoples , Slavs immigrated in the 6th century and later, from around 1250, also German colonists when the area belonged to the margraviate of Moravia . The first documented mentions of a settlement at this point come from the 11th century.

King Ottokar II gave his faithful, Bruno von Schauenburg , Bishop of Olmütz , gratitude for their participation and support in the crusade in 1255 against the rebellious, pagan Prussians , in addition to the Hotzenplotzer Land and the area around Katscher. This in turn did not manage the property himself, but enfeoffed some confidants and in this way created his own house power to consolidate his position. Katscher is located in the Moravian border area and was founded under German law before 1266 by the diocese at the Troja crossing, via which the connection from Opava to Cosel led. A large mill with several gear trains and fish ponds was created. The parish church is also documented for 1266. In 1321 Katscher was raised to town by the Olomouc bishop Konrad . In 1557 the Olomouc bishops awarded Katscher as a fief to the noble Gashin family . For Bailiwick District Katscher belonged to 1706 the villages Langenau, Knispel, Ehrenberg and Krotfeld. Around 1713 the Wiedmut settlement was incorporated.

As a property of the Olomouc bishops, Katscher belonged politically to Moravia until 1742. In that year it fell to Prussia after the First Silesian War , along with most of Silesia . The at that time controversial negotiations about the demarcation of the border when Silesia left, caused Maria Theresa to conclude that this corner of Moravia would also be given to Prussia in return. (The Hotzenplotzer Land remained under the control of the Habsburgs .) From 1816 it was incorporated into the Leobschütz district and until 1877 belonged to the barons, from 1653 to Imperial Counts von Gaschin , from whom Count Henckel von Donnersmarck acquired it. Hand-weaving was initially of economic importance, followed by plush, carpet and blanket factories as well as enamelling and plastering factories from the 19th century. In 1896 Katscher was connected to the Leobschütz-Ratibor railway line with the Groß Peterwitz – Katscher small railway. The largest company in the city since 1907 was Davistan AG, later an armaments company important to the war effort under the name Wilhelm Schaeffler AG . At the beginning of the 20th century, Katscher had a Protestant church, two Catholic churches, a synagogue , a district court and a castle.

  • Plague column on the former market square

  • town hall

  • Remains of original buildings in the old town

  • Former factory building

  • St. Thomas Church

In 1945 Katscher belonged to the district of Leobschütz in the administrative district of Opole in the Prussian province of Silesia of the German Empire .

Katscher was badly damaged in World War II and occupied by the Red Army in the spring of 1945 . In the summer of 1945 Katscher, like almost all of Silesia, was placed under Polish administration by the Soviet occupying power in accordance with the Potsdam Agreement . The Polish place name Kietrz was introduced for Katscher, and then the immigration of Polish migrants began, some of whom came from areas east of the Curzon Line , where they had belonged to the Polish minority. In the period that followed, most of the German population was expelled from Katscher .

Demographics

Population development until 1945
year Residents Remarks
1803 1325
1810 1298
1816 1279 including 38 Protestants, 1159 Catholics and 82 Jews
1818 1498
1821 1446
1825 1549 including 1,389 Catholics, 48 ​​Evangelicals and 112 Jews
1834 1952
1840 2422 including 2279 Catholics, 35 Evangelicals and 108 Jews
1852 2845
1855 2626
1861 3086 68 Protestants, 2,870 Catholics, 148 Jews; in 636 households (with the exception of three Moravian German is spoken in all)
1867 3360 on December 3rd
1871 3607 including 50 Protestants and 160 Jews (150 non-Germans); according to other data 3606 inhabitants, of which 66 are Evangelicals, 3354 Catholics, 186 Jews
1890 3976 including 99 Evangelicals and 137 Jews
1900 4082 mostly Catholics
1933 8820
1939 8921

Church affiliation

Even after the political transition to Prussia in 1742, the previously Moravian enclave Katscher still belonged to the Archdiocese of Olomouc. The Katscher Commissariat, founded in 1742, comprised the part of the Diocese of Olomouc that fell to Prussia and consisted of the Dean's offices Katscher, Hultschin and Troplowitz . After the loss of the Hultschiner Ländchen , from 1923 the Katscher commissioner consisted of the deans Katscher, Branitz and Leobschütz . In the period from 1938 to 1945, the Sudeten German areas of the Archdiocese of Olomouc were also incorporated into it. It was not until 1972 that Pope Paul VI divided. With an Apostolic Constitution, the district of the Katscher / Kietrz Commissariat, which had previously belonged to the Archdiocese of Olomouc, was incorporated into the Archdiocese of Breslau . With the papal bull “Totus Tuus Poloniae Populus” of March 25, 1992, the organization of the Church in Poland was changed. The area of ​​the deaneries Branice, Głubczyce and Kietrz was incorporated into the diocese of Opole , which belongs to the ecclesiastical province of Katowice .

There is evidence of Jewish settlement in Katscher since the 18th century. The initially growing community became smaller again during the period of industrialization due to emigration to larger cities, comprised only 42 people in 1933 and fell victim to persecution by the Nazis . There are no more traces of the former synagogue and the Jewish school.

Attractions

  • The St. Thomas Church, already mentioned in 1266, was rebuilt by Nikolaus von Gaschin in 1563–1577 and rebuilt in 1720–1722 as a foundation by Munich's Matthäus Geldner. The uniform interior dates from the second quarter of the 18th century. The paintings of the Four Evangelists and Maria Magdalena are by the Troppau painter Josef Lux. The painting of the main altar was created by the Munich court painter Johann Kaspar Sing .
  • The Katscher Castle was built in the second half of the 16th century. From 1557–1877 it belonged to the noble Gashin family , then to Count Henckel von Donnersmarck until the expropriation in 1945 . In 1945 it was destroyed and not rebuilt. Remains of ruins are present.
  • The column of the Visitation of the Virgin Mary on the Ring was donated by Johannes von Berge in 1730.
  • The nature reserve Góra Gipsowa was established in 1935 by the Opole Nature Conservation Authority as the "Kalkberg bei Katscher nature reserve" and was one of the first nature reserves in the German Empire. It is located south of Kietrz and is an important northwestern location of a south-east European, Pontic flora.

Personalities

  • Melchior Ferdinand von Gaschin (1581–1665), governor of Opole-Ratibor and the county of Glatz
  • Richard Henkes (1900–1945), Pallottine Father, Seliger, teacher at the Katscher Pallottine School
  • Richard Keilholz (1873–1937), web school director and self-taught naturalist and local researcher
  • Alfons Luczny (1894–1985), Lieutenant General in the Air Force in World War II
  • Richard Preiß (1902 – after 1945), politician (NSDAP)
  • Wilhelm Schaeffler (1908–1981), German entrepreneur
  • Albrecht Schönherr (1911–2009), Protestant theologian
  • Joachim Pokorny (1921–2003), German engineer and university professor, self-taught naturalist and local researcher and honorary citizen in his native town of Kietrz

local community

The town and a number of villages belong to the town-and-country municipality (gmina miejsko-wiejska) Kietrz.

Twin cities

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Meyer's Large Conversation Lexicon . 6th edition, Volume 10, Leipzig and Vienna 1907, p. 755.
  2. ↑ a b c d Alexander August Mützell and Leopold Krug : New topographical-statistical-geographical dictionary of the Prussian state . Volume 5: T – Z , Halle 1823, pp. 306–307, item 303.
  3. ↑ a b Felix Triest : Topographisches Handbuch von Oberschlesien , Wilh. Gottl. Korn, Breslau 1865, pp. 851-855 .
  4. ^ Johann Georg Knie : Alphabetical-statistical-topographical overview of the villages, spots, towns and other places of the royal family. Prussia. Province of Silesia, including the Margraviate of Upper Lusatia, which now belongs entirely to the province, and the County of Glatz; together with the attached evidence of the division of the country into the various branches of civil administration . Breslau 1830, pp. 946-947.
  5. ^ Johann Georg Knie : Alphabetical-statistical-topographical overview of the villages, spots, cities and other places of the royal family. Preusz. Province of Silesia . 2nd edition, Breslau 1845, p. 843.
  6. ^ Kraatz: Topographical-statistical manual of the Prussian state . Berlin 1856, p. 282.
  7. ↑ a b Felix Triest : Topographisches Handbuch von Oberschlesien , Wilh. Gottl. Korn, Breslau 1865, p. 825, point 48 .
  8. ^ Felix Triest : Topographisches Handbuch von Oberschlesien , Wilh. Gottl. Korn, Breslau 1865, p. 852 .
  9. ^ A b Royal Statistical Bureau: The municipalities and manor districts of the province of Silesia and their population. Based on the original materials of the general census of December 1, 1871. Berlin 1874, pp. 378–379, item 2 .
  10. ^ Gustav Neumann: Geography of the Prussian State . 2nd edition, Volume 2, Berlin 1874, pp. 181-182, item 13.
  11. ↑ a b c Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. Leobschütz district (Polish Glubczyce). (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
  12. ↑ "Vratislaviensis - Berolinensis et alarium"
  13. ^ From the history of the Jewish communities in the German-speaking area, Leobschütz (Silesia) , last section: Katscher, accessed on October 6, 2016
  14. ^ In the Dehio Handbook of Art Monuments in Poland Silesia . Munich • Berlin 2005, ISBN 3-422-03109-X , p. 445, the East Bohemian town of Braunau is erroneously given as the place of birth .