Klein-Faldern

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Klein-Faldern
City of Emden
Klein-Faldern coat of arms
Coordinates: 53 ° 21 '54 "  N , 7 ° 12' 43"  E
Residents : 8677  (March 31, 2009)
Postal code : 26725
Area code : 04921
map
Location of the city center in the city of Emden

Klein-Faldern is part of the city center of Emden within the Wallring and is statistically counted by the city administration as part of the city center (a total of 8,677 inhabitants). Klein-Faldern was incorporated into Emden in the early modern times. The name probably goes back to the word fald / valt (= cattle shed or cattle enclosure).

geography

Klein-Faldern is located east to south-east of the old town of Emden. To the north and northwest of the district is Groß-Faldern , separated from Klein-Faldern by the Falderndelft . At one point at the boiler lock , Klein-Faldern meets the Wolthusen district . To the east of Klein-Faldern extends Herrentor , in the south-west and south the district is bordered by the Friesland colony . To the west of Klein-Faldern, beyond the Old Inland Port, is the administrative district .

history

Early modern age

Klein-Faldern was a small village east of Emden until the 1570s. In the course of the increased influx of religious refugees from the Netherlands at that time, the city grew beyond its former borders in order to create living space, and Klein-Faldern was incorporated into the urban area.

After the completion of the Emden Wall in the early 17th century, the Klein-Faldern district was protected by two of the ten kennels: the White Mill Zwinger, which still exists today, and the adjoining Borssumer Zwinger . At the end of the 17th century, the Emszwinger , located directly on the Ems, was added - at that time the river still flowed closely past today's city center. The Emszwinger and Borssumer Zwinger were closed in the first half of the 19th century.

Development since the early 19th century

When the port of Emden was converted into a tide-free port in the 1840s and at the same time laid east of the newly created Emden fairway between the old inland port and the Ems polder , this also allowed Klein-Faldern to be expanded to the south. Until then, the development in a southerly direction only extended as far as Lienbahnstrasse.

Klein-Faldern experienced a significant expansion after the completion of the Hanover West Railway : The (then) Emden Hauptbahnhof (later name: Bahnhof Süd ) was inaugurated as a terminus on June 20, 1856 . In a contract with the Hanover state, the city of Emden committed itself to create an urban development link between the city center and the already built-up part of Klein-Faldern on the one hand, and the main train station, which at that time was several hundred meters apart and isolated. A transshipment point was created for the export of goods, which corresponds to today's combined transport : several tracks and goods sheds were built directly south of the main train station, and further south a new harbor basin called the railway dock . Goods coming by rail could be loaded directly onto ships from there. The urban expansion of Klein-Faldern towards the south-east, i.e. towards the main train station at the time, was still several decades away.

Instead, the city had a gas works built on the southeastern edge of Klein-Faldern around 1860 , the city's first. Together with the main train station and the increasing number of steam ships entering the port, it heralded the dawn of the industrial age . The gasworks was completed in 1861. The city of Emden had entered into a contract with the Nuremberg financier Emil Speng, who undertook to build the plant, lease it from the city for 35 years and then return it to Emden. On October 10, 1861, the first gas lamps burned in Emden .

Between 1876 and around 1900 several historicist villas of wealthy Emder were built on Bahnhofstrasse (today: southern part of Friedrich-Ebert-Strasse) ; the street was considered a preferred residential area. Among other things, Emden's Lord Mayor Leo Fürbringer moved into a newly built house there. The timber merchant and Senator Carl Dantziger had a house built with pillars, other villas belonged to the building contractor Kistenmacher, the English Vice Consul and Senator Franz You, the District Court Counselor Thomsen and the Fisheries Director Zimmermann. Villas were also built in Courbièrestrasse, which runs parallel to it, including the Emden shipowner Nübel. Due to the location at the main train station and the simultaneous proximity to the Borkum ferries , which at the time still started in the Old Inner Harbor , there were also good development opportunities for hoteliers and other restaurateurs: The Hotel Union was built in 1879, and one year later the Hotel Bellevue (today: Hotel Schmidt) and more hotels and restaurants in the following years.

When the Ems-Jade Canal was completed between 1880 and 1888 and the drainage situation for Emden and its surrounding area improved noticeably, there were also consequences for the Klein-Faldern district: for flushing the sluice , which was necessary for drainage until then , some of the inner-city watercourses in Emden were no longer necessary. In Klein-Faldern the so-called “skunk deep” was therefore filled, which got its name from the unpleasant smell caused by unsanitary waste. The deep, branching off from the Falderndelft, ran under Mühlenstrasse and Kranstrasse and had two side canals branching off at right angles between the streets mentioned. On the space occupied by the Tief, a new street was built, which was named Am Rosentief . When the Ems-Jade Canal was built, the sluice was abandoned, instead a swing bridge was built over what was then Neue Straße (today: Friedrich-Ebert-Straße).

At the end of the 19th century, when the railway dock rapidly lost importance for rail freight traffic in the direction of the Ruhr area due to the construction of the Dortmund-Ems Canal , the harbor basin was used as a "bathing establishment". In 1896 a striking new structure was built on Courbièrestrasse, the 35-meter-high water tower crowned by battlements in the style of the time , which kept its function as a pressure generator in the Emden water network until 1974.

As a connecting road between the Faldernbrücke over the Falderndelft, the avenue in the direction of Borssum as well as the Neue Straße and the Bahnhofstraße, a new road was planned in 1896 and completed by 1901: Martin-Faber-Straße, which is now the main thoroughfare between the Emden city center and the eastern suburbs is. It was named the first street in Emden after a person from Emden and the third street in Emden after a person (the other two in the years before were Bismarckstraße and Wilhelmstraße, now Neutorstraße, the latter named after Kaiser Wilhelm I). Until then, street names had mostly only been named after geographical conditions.

Shortly before the outbreak of World War I, Richardstrasse was laid out and tenement houses were built on the east side. The street was named after Franz Richard, President of the Münster Railway Directorate from 1907 to 1921. Richard was not only considered a supporter of the Emden port expansion, but also a promoter of social housing.

Weimar Republic and National Socialism

During the Weimar Republic there was still a severe shortage of living space in Emden . This deficiency should be counteracted by promoting social housing . In addition to the city's building policy, housing cooperatives played an important role. At that time, the longest residential block in Emden was built in Klein-Faldern: On the former dike between Faldern and Borssum , the civil servants building and housing association built rental apartments along Petkumer Strasse between Courbièrestrasse and the sports field of the Freie Turnerschaft. The west side of Richardstraße was also built on, and the last vacant lots were filled on Hafenstraße (today: Friedrich-Naumann-Straße). Here, too, mainly rental apartments were built.

The Herrentorstief led to Klein-Faldern until the 1930s. It branched off from Fehntjer Tief near the Herrentorsbrücke and almost led to Neue Straße (Friedrich-Ebert-Straße). At the height of the Hotel Heeren there were several so-called stairs - stairs on the canal bank, on which mainly the peat boatmen from the East Frisian fen areas unloaded their goods. However, the watercourse was filled in in the 1930s and the street Am Herrentor was widened in its place.

In front of the communist meeting point, the Kap Horn restaurant (today: Herrentor ), a stumbling block reminds of the innkeeper Friedrich W. Scheiwe.

During the Weimar Republic was small Faldern beside the also dockside neighborhoods Borssum , colony Friesland and Port Arthur / Transvaal one of the strongholds of Emden KPD . The restaurant "Kap Horn" (today: "Herrentor") of the communist landlord Friedrich Scheiwe was considered the meeting place for the Emden communists. The Gödeken brothers, who were arrested during the Nazi dictatorship , lived in the street Auf dem Spieker . Hinrich was Goedeken to four years in prison convicted, arrested and after serving the sentence even before the prison by the Gestapo to the Oranienburg concentration camp brought later to the Neuengamme concentration camp laid. The last trace of him can be found on a list of those dead in Neuengamme concentration camp who perished when the Cap Arcona sank. After 40 months in prison, Gödeken's brother Johannes was immediately taken into custody by the Gestapo and handed over to Penal Division 999 , which was deployed in Rhodes , among other places , during the Second World War . He was taken prisoner by the British and returned to Emden after the war. The third of the Gödeken brothers, Richard, was charged before the People's Court and received an eight-year prison sentence as a KPD functionary. During the war he was used as a slave laborer in armaments factories and freed by American soldiers in the spring of 1945.

Many Jewish citizens of Emden have lived in Klein-Faldern for centuries. Many of them worked as cattle dealers and / or butchers and ran their businesses in the district. After the National Socialists "seized power " in 1933 , they found themselves increasingly exposed to persecution. Some Jews fled Germany to the United States in time , but many died in the east. These included members of the Abraham Cohen family on Neue Strasse (Friedrich-Ebert-Strasse), who were murdered in the Warsaw ghetto and in the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp . Rebekka Glös and her children (Am Herrentor 6) died in the Litzmannstadt ghetto or in Auschwitz. Members of the Philippstein family (Neue Straße 29) died in the Litzmannstadt ghetto and in the Kulmhof extermination camp (Chelmno). Several Jewish families named van der Wyk lived scattered in the densely built-up Klein-Faldern. Amalie and Sigmund van der Wyk (Stahlbogengang 4) were murdered in the Warsaw Ghetto, Auguste, Isaak and Moritz van der Wyk (Kranstrasse 81) in Kulmhof with car exhaust fumes. Berta, Frieda and Samuel van der Wyk (Kranstrasse 75) suffered different fates: Berta perished in Kulmhof, Frieda in the Sobibor concentration camp , while Samuel died in an old people's home in the Litzmannstadt ghetto. Elise, Meier, Riekchen, Simon and Sophie van der Wyk (Mühlenstrasse 42) had a similar experience: While Simon was able to save himself to Great Britain, the others died in the Litzmannstadt ghetto, in Auschwitz and Kulmhof. The residents of Mühlenstrasse 44, Auguste, Iwan, Joachim, Markus and Simon van der Wyk, were torn apart. They were murdered in Litzmannstadt, Kulmhof, Auschwitz and Sachsenhausen concentration camp . The Jewish Windmüller family also lived on Mühlenstrasse, where their father Moritz Windmüller ran a butcher shop. The family emigrated to Groningen in the Netherlands as early as 1933 , where Max Windmüller worked in the resistance after the neighboring country was occupied by the German Reich in 1940.

During the Nazi dictatorship , three of a total of 35 larger air raid shelters in the Emden urban area were built in the district : on Mühlenstrasse / An der Bonesse, on Lienbahnstrasse and at Süd Bahnhof. The Mühlenstraße bunker had eight floors with 411 places, the one on Lienbahnstraße had two floors with 450 places and the one at the south station had four floors with 560 places. However, the Emden bunkers were often much more occupied, which is why Emden was the only city in Germany where all residents could find shelter in bunkers during the air war . The Reichsbahn's warning center was also housed in the station bunker. The Lienbahnstraße bunker was completed on June 14, 1941, making it the first large bunker in Emden that was ready for occupancy. Since it was built without a crash plate, it was also the only bunker in Emden that suffered a major crack from bombs in the heavy air raid on the city on September 6, 1944, killing nine people and tearing their lungs. The Mühlenstrasse bunker was finished on December 10, 1941, the one at the south station on December 2, 1942. The bunkers were built by companies from Emden and Leer, which also employed forced laborers. Further planned bunkers were to be built on the steel arched corridor and the old water tower on today's Friedrich-Ebert-Straße, but they were no longer built. In contrast to the almost completely destroyed neighboring districts of the old town and Groß-Faldern, Klein-Faldern suffered relatively little war damage.

There were two foreign and forced labor camps on Brandenburger Strasse. One of them housed people who were employed by the Neumann company in building the bunker. Another foreign and forced labor camp was located in a barrack at the south station. The inmates there were used to work for the Reichsbahn.

post war period

The gas works on Martin-Faber-Strasse was modernized in the 1950s, but continued to operate on a coal basis. The coal required for operation was brought to a transshipment facility on the An der Bonesse road by barge and loaded onto trucks by crane, which shuttled back and forth between the transshipment point and the gas works. This inevitably resulted in a large burden of coal dust for the residents. In June 1968 they switched to natural gas imported from the Netherlands and the loading crane on the Bonesse was dismantled.

The old Emden main station, after the opening of the Emden-West station, also called station south to distinguish it and damaged in the war, went out of service in 1971: the last passenger train left on September 25th of that year. The function as the main station and this name was taken over by the Emden main station , completed in 1973 , formerly Emden-West.

In the late 1980s, the headquarters of the WHJanssen Group, which operates the Upstalsboom hotel chain, and the Parkhotel Upstalsboom were built on the site of the former Borssumer Zwinger and where the water tower had been until 1976 . The railway site at the railway dock, which lay fallow for decades and the rails of which were gradually overgrown, came into the focus of Emden's urban development in the 2000s: The planning envisaged the demolition of the remaining rails and some of the goods sheds to create residential building land near the city center to accomplish. Currently (as of March 2013) many of the houses in the new building area have already been completed. A certain number of the residential buildings are located directly at the railway dock with direct access to the water. For marketing reasons, the city's own Sparkasse Emden or its real estate subsidiary Emder Bau und Boden calls the construction area "Neuer Delft", although the railway dock historically does not belong to the ranks of the earlier Emden port arms Ratsdelft and Falderndelft , as it was only built centuries after the Delfts mentioned .

politics

East Frisia in its entirety - and Emden in particular - has been a stronghold of the SPD for decades. In the 2013 federal election , the residents of Klein-Faldern voted largely in line with the Emden result. The SPD received 47.34 percent of the vote, the CDU 23.4, the Greens 8.51, the Left 6.38, the FDP 3.45 and other parties 10.88. For comparison: In the entire urban area, the SPD achieved 48.59, the CDU 25.98, the Greens 9.15, the Left 6.04 percent and the FDP 3.13 percent. Other parties accounted for 7.04 percent across the city. In the 2009 Bundestag election, however, the SPD was around ten percentage points below its urban result, from which the FDP, the Left and, above all, the Greens (around five percentage points above their urban result) benefited. The SPD also scored slightly below average compared to the overall city result in the state elections in Lower Saxony in 2013 , as did SPD Mayor Bernd Bornemann in his 2011 election.

Economy and Infrastructure

Companies

The Stadtwerke Emden registered offices and its workshop and fleet operating on the site of the former gasworks at Martin Faber Street. The company is 100 percent owned by the city. Other public service providers include the Emden Waterways and Shipping Office at the old inland port and the Emden branch of Niedersachsen Ports (formerly Emden Port Authority).

The Emden district association of the German Red Cross has its headquarters on Friedrich-Ebert-Straße.

The WHJanssen hotel group, known for the Upstalsboom hotel chain, which is mainly represented on the North and Baltic Seas, has its headquarters in the district . The hotel chain operates, among other things, the four-star Upstalsboom Parkhotel, which is located right next to the company headquarters on Friedrich-Ebert-Straße. There are also other hotels, guest houses and restaurants in Klein-Faldern.

Various retailers are located on Friedrich-Ebert-Strasse, Kranstrasse and Mühlenstrasse, and a supermarket operated by the Edeka retail group provides local supplies .

traffic

The main thoroughfare in Klein-Faldern is the street An der Bonesse / Martin-Faber-Straße / Petkumer Straße, which is part of Landesstraße 2 , which runs through Emden in an east-west direction . The more centrally located section of An der Bonesse, with around 12,800 vehicles per day (as of the beginning of the 2000s), is one of the more heavily used road sections in Emden. On Petkumer Strasse at the Friedrich-Ebert-Strasse intersection, almost 12,300 vehicles were counted every day. The street train is not only part of the main connection from Emden's eastern districts from Borssum to Petkum to the city center. Petkumer Straße is also the shortest route to the city center from the Emden-Ost exit on the A31 . On the section of Friedrich-Ebert-Straße between Petkumer Straße and Straße Am Herrentor around 5500 vehicles drive daily, on the section between Straße Am Herrentor and the bridge over the Falderndelft ( Rotes Siel ) there are around 3300. The traffic from the The neighboring district of Herrentor has to use one of these two routes, as Herrentor with its around 2000 inhabitants only has this road access. Large parts of Klein-Faldern are designated as 30 km / h zones .

In the 1970s, there were plans to build an inner-city traffic ring from Friedrich-Ebert-Strasse over Sleedrieverstrasse and a new bridge to be built over the Rote Siel to Nordertorstrasse and Philosophenweg. Starting from the confluence of the Philosophenweg in the Auricher Straße / Neutorstraße, a relief road should lead along the wall to the confluence of the Ringstraße in the Abdenastraße / Larrelter Straße. After the presentation of this draft plan by the planning office Dr. Schubert was criticized for it. This expansion never took place; traffic is routed via Friedrich-Ebert-Straße, Brückstraße and Nordertorstraße.

Klein-Faldern is - as one of the few districts of Emden - served by two bus lines, lines 501 and 503 of the Emden city transport network. The first line runs from Petkum via Borssum and Klein-Faldern to the central bus station and on to Barenburg and Harsweg . There is also a short line from Borssum to Barenburg. Line 503 runs from Herrentor via the central bus station and Constantia to the Dollart-Center shopping center in Larrelt . Due to this frequency, Klein-Faldern has an above-average bus service network compared to other parts of the city. There is also a collection point for the call taxi service in the Kranstrasse area.

Urban planning

Houses on Kranstrasse

In terms of architecture, Klein-Faldern is considered to be the inner city part of Emden that survived the bombings in World War II best. Therefore, dozens of houses from older construction periods, mainly from the 19th century, can still be found in the district. Older buildings of the (Dutch) Renaissance architecture that used to shape the cityscape of Emden, however, no longer exist in Klein-Faldern: They were often replaced by new buildings as early as the 19th century, although typical stylistic elements such as the emphasis on the gable were reused. Many of the replacement buildings that became necessary after the war were built with gable ends , but in the case of larger houses also with eaves . Most of these buildings have three to four storeys (including the small attic). They are partly bricked , partly plastered . These building types predominate on Mühlen-, Kran- and Friedrich-Ebert-Straße.

The southern part of Klein-Faldern, which was not settled until the late 19th century, has a large number of town villas, especially along Friedrich-Ebert-Straße. There are also blocks of flats built in the early 20th century, mostly with three floors. After the track systems of the former south station around the railway dock were abandoned, the site was renovated. Since then, single-family houses have been built there, including multi-storey buildings directly on the waterfront of the dock. Four five-story townhouses with 36 residential units are under construction on the south side of the dock.

literature

  • Gunther Hummerich: Emden in the twenties and thirties . Sutton Verlag, Erfurt 2004, ISBN 3-89702-680-5 .
  • Gunther Hummerich: On the trail of an Emder street . Cosmas- and Damian-Verlag, Emden 2000, ISBN 3-933379-02-4 (Emder city views, volume 2).
  • Marianne Claudi, Reinhard Claudi: Golden and other times. Emden, city in East Frisia . Gerhard Verlag, Emden 1982, ISBN 3-88656-003-1 .
  • Dietmar von Reeken : East Frisia between Weimar and Bonn. A case study on the problem of historical continuity using the example of the cities of Emden and Aurich. (Sources and studies on the history of Lower Saxony after 1945, Volume 7). Verlag August Lax, Hildesheim 1991, ISBN 3-7848-3057-9 .
  • Heinrich Schmidt : Political history of East Frisia. ( East Frisia in the protection of the dike , vol. 5). Verlag Rautenberg, Leer 1975, without ISBN.
  • Theodor Janssen: Hydrology of East Frisia . Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1967, without ISBN.
  • Bernd Kappelhoff : History of the city of Emden from 1611 to 1749. Emden as a quasi-autonomous city republic. ( Ostfriesland im Schutz des Deiches , Vol. 11), Verlag Rautenberg, Leer 1994, without ISBN.
  • Bernd Kappelhoff: Johann von Valkenburg, the expansion of the city of Emden and its fortifications around 1600 and the role of the Netherlands in it. In: Emder yearbook for historical regional studies of East Frisia , Volume 75 (1995).
  • Ernst Siebert, Walter Deeters , Bernard Schröer: History of the city of Emden from 1750 to the present. (East Frisia in the protection of the dike, vol. 7). Verlag Rautenberg, Leer 1980, DNB 203159012 , therein:
    • Ernst Siebert: History of the City of Emden from 1750 to 1890. P. 2–197.
    • Walter Deeters: History of the City of Emden from 1890 to 1945. P. 198–256.
    • Bernard Schröer: History of the city of Emden from 1945 to the present. Pp. 257-488.
  • Michael Foedrowitz , Dietrich Janßen: Air raid shelter in Emden. Self-published, Berlin / Emden 2008, OCLC 254736187 .
  • Gunther Hummerich / Wolfgang Lüdde: Reconstruction - The 50s in Emden . Verlag SKN, Norden, 1995, ISBN 3-928327-18-6
  • Gottfried Kiesow : Architecture Guide East Friesland. Verlag Deutsche Stiftung Denkmalschutz , Bonn 2010, ISBN 978-3-86795-021-3

Individual evidence

  1. ^ City of Emden: Statistics Info 02/2009 . S. 5 ( statistics info / online document [PDF]).
  2. ↑ Arend Remmers : From Aaltukerei to Zwischenmooren - The settlement names between Dollart and Jade . Verlag Schuster, Leer 2004, ISBN 3-7963-0359-5 , p. 68.
  3. ^ Hummerich: In the footsteps of an Emder street . P. 16.
  4. ^ Hummerich: In the footsteps of an Emder street . P. 11.
  5. ^ Hummerich: In the footsteps of an Emder street . P. 23.
  6. ^ Hummerich: In the footsteps of an Emder street . P. 24.
  7. ^ Hummerich: In the footsteps of an Emder street . P. 29 ff.
  8. ↑ Marianne Claudi, Reinhard Claudi: Golden and other times. Emden, city in East Frisia. Gerhard Verlag, Emden 1982, ISBN 3-88656-003-1 , p. 114.
  9. ↑ Claudi, Claudi: Golden and other times. P. 116.
  10. ^ Hummerich: In the footsteps of an Emder street . P. 12.
  11. ^ Hummerich: In the footsteps of an Emder street . P. 33 f.
  12. ^ Hummerich: In the footsteps of an Emder street . P. 39.
  13. ^ Hummerich: In the footsteps of an Emder street . P. 48.
  14. ^ Hummerich: In the footsteps of an Emder street . P. 48 f.
  15. ↑ Gunther Hummerich: Emden in the twenties and thirties . Sutton Verlag, Erfurt 2004, ISBN 3-89702-680-5 , p. 78f.
  16. ↑ Stadtarchiv / Biographie Friedrich Scheiwe ( Memento from October 4, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF file; 85 kB), accessed on April 14, 2013.
  17. ↑ Hans-Gerd Wendt: Stadtarchiv / Biografie Hinrich Gödeken ( Memento from October 4, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF file; 103 kB), accessed on March 1, 2013.
  18. ↑ Hans-Gerd Wendt: Stadtarchiv / Biographie Johannes Gödeken ( Memento from October 5, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF file; 106 kB), accessed on March 1, 2013.
  19. ↑ Hans-Gerd Wendt (at www.emden.de): Stadtarchiv / Biographie Richard Gödeken  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF file; 98.3 kB), accessed on October 7, 2013.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.emden.de  
  20. ↑ Biographies of the people named in this paragraph from the pen of Rolf Uphoff can be found at www.emden.de/stolpersteine ( memento from February 2, 2013 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on October 7, 2013.
  21. ^ Michael Foedrowitz, Dietrich Janßen: Air raid shelter in Emden. Selbstverlag, Berlin / Emden 2008, OCLC 254736187 , pp. 3, 7, 12, 15, 38, 67. In the following: Foedrowitz, Janßen: air raid shelter .
  22. ↑ Dietrich Janßen: Who built the Emden bunker? Concentration camp prisoners, prisoners of war, forced and foreign workers in Emden. In: Stadtarchiv Emden (ed.): They were among us. Foreign and forced laborers in Emden 1933–1945. (Series of publications by the Emden City Archives, Volume 8). Emden 2012, ISBN 978-3-9815109-0-4 , pp. 45–52, here p. 42 ff.
  23. ^ Schröer: History of the city of Emden from 1945 to the present , in: Ernst Siebert, Walter Deeters, Bernard Schröer: History of the city of Emden from 1750 to the present. (East Frisia in the protection of the dike, vol. 7). Verlag Rautenberg, Leer 1980, DNB 203159012, p. 292. In the following: Schröer: History of the city of Emden from 1945 to the present.
  24. ^ Schröer: History of the city of Emden from 1945 to the present. P. 345.
  25. ^ Hummerich: In the footsteps of an Emder street . P. 18 ff.
  26. ↑ www.neuer-delft.de: Real Estate , accessed on April 14, 2013.
  27. ↑ Klaus von Beyme : The political system of the Federal Republic of Germany: An introduction . VS Verlag, Wiesbaden 2004, ISBN 3-531-33426-3 , p. 100, accessed from Google Books on October 6, 2013.
  28. ↑ www.kdo.de: Voting districts Emden 2013 , accessed on October 6, 2013.
  29. ↑ www.kdo.de: Voting districts Emden 2009 , accessed on October 7, 2013.
  30. ↑ Kreisverband Emden ( Memento from December 31, 2015 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on April 9, 2013.
  31. ↑ Imprint ( Memento from June 2, 2013 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on April 9, 2013.
  32. ↑ This and the following figures: Traffic development plan for motorized individual traffic ( Memento of October 14, 2013 in the Internet Archive ), PDF document, 47 pp., Here p. 16, accessed on October 7, 2013.
  33. ^ Bernard Schröer: History of the city of Emden from 1945 to the present. In Ernst Siebert, Walter Deeters, Bernard Schröer: History of the city of Emden from 1750 to the present. (East Frisia in the protection of the dike, vol. 7). Verlag Rautenberg, Leer 1980, DNB 203159012 , p. 288 f.
  34. ↑ Line network map ( Memento of March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ), PDF file, 1 p., Accessed on October 7, 2013.
  35. ↑ Julia Kreykenbohm: The New Delft is still being built. In: Ostfriesen-Zeitung , May 25, 2013, accessed on October 7, 2013.