Peccum

The title of this article is ambiguous. For the German Evangelical Lutheran clergyman, see Hermann von Petkum .

Peccum City of Emden
Coordinates: 53 ° 20 ′ 6 ″  N , 7 ° 16 ′ 20 ″  E
Height :	1 m above sea level NN
Residents :	1043  (December 31, 2010)
Incorporation :	July 1, 1972
Postal code :	26725
Area code :	04921
Location of Petkum in the city of Emden

Aerial view from the Ems

Petkum ( Low German : Petjem ) is the easternmost district of Emden in East Frisia . Petkum, which previously belonged to the district of Leer , was incorporated into Emden in 1972. As of December 31, 2010 there were 1043 registered residents.

The place celebrated its 1200th anniversary in 2006. As usual in East Friesland, the first residents settled on terps . Since a watercourse already flowed into the Ems at that time , it is assumed that Petkum was involved in the maritime trade from East Friesland early on .

location

Petkum borders on Widdelswehr in the west and Uphusen in the north . East of Petkum is the municipality of Moormerland in the district of Leer , including the Gandersum district .

Petkum has three suburbs: To the east of the town center is the small farming settlement of Petkumer Münte ("Petkumer Mönche "), a former Vorwerk of the Johanniter - Kommende Muhde . Between Petkumer Münte and the village Gandersum in Leer district is the Emssperrwerk , but already on the territory of the district. North of the place is the Petkumer Hammrich with several courtyards. The former Petkumer Klappe farm, which got its name from the bascule bridge over the valley located there, is also located on Fehntjer Tief .

The Petkum town center is located in the Kleimarsch , whereas a narrow strip of land along the Emsdeich, which was only diked in the 20th century, is part of the Kalkmarsch . Raw march can be found in the foreland of the dike. To the north of the Ems Lateral Canal and in the Petkumer Münte area, there is Knickmarsch , further north of the Petkumer district, replaced by Pseudogley, underlaid by Kleimarsch and by Niedermoor with raw march overlay.

Waters

Petkum is located directly on the Ems and has a small port with a small marina . From there, the Ditzum – Petkum ferry runs daily to the village of Ditzum in the Rhineland . The Ems Lateral Canal , built between 1894 and 1897, also flows north of the town center . The Ems Lateral Canal, which runs in an east-west direction, is crossed by the Petkumer Sieltief . The basin already existed around 1600 and was later straightened. It flows to the Petkumer Siel , which drains into the small port. The old sluice is the largest vaulted sluice on the East Frisian coast and was built in 1857/58. Between 1983 and 1987 it was replaced by a new, more powerful one. Instead of a flow width of 7.6 meters, it has since been 12.4 meters.

The Petkum fishing port, on the left the ferry terminal with the ferry to Ditzum

The harbor entrance seen from the Ems

The Fehntjer Tief flows further north in the Petkum district and roughly parallel to the Ems Lateral Canal . This section is an artificial extension of the Flumm , a natural river in the community of Großefehn, created in the 17th century . After the creation of the West Großefehn by Emder citizens in 1633 , the Flumm , which up until then had flowed in the direction of Oldersum , was supplemented by a canal that connected it directly to Emden. From a point a few kilometers north of Oldersum (near the Monnikeborgum farm), the deep was artificially extended towards the west, i.e. Emden, by excavation. This was done to improve the removal of the peat from the Fehnen to Emden. Between Petkum and Herrentor, the newly dug deep was initially called Sägemüller Tief and between Petkum and Oldersum Grove (from dig), later simply Fehntjer Tief, as part of a standardization of the water's name.

Like all Emden suburbs east of the port on the Ems, the Petkum district belongs to the Oldersum drainage association.

Protected areas

The two only nature reserves in the city of Emden are located in the Petkum district . Salt marshes extend towards the Ems, which can be reached via a moo , which secure breeding grounds for a large number of native water birds. The Petkumer Deichvorland nature reserve is located here . It is 200 hectares in size, 195 of which are in the city of Emden, and has been a nature reserve since 1994. The dike foreland is part of the EU bird sanctuary "Emsmarsch from Leer to Emden". The Bansmeer has been a nature reserve since 1975 , a 0.24 km² lake with reed banks.

history

Place name

There are two different derivations for the origin of the name: On the one hand, Petkum, mentioned in the 10th century as Pettinghem, could come from Patjingas Hem (home of the Patjo people), or from the nickname Bado, which is Bado's home , which has been tightened to Pado . The ending -um means home, as in many other East Frisian places.

Until the 20th century

At the time of the East Frisian chiefs , Petkum was a chief's seat with one of the castles typical of East Frisia, which are mostly fortified, multi-storey stone houses like the one in Bunderhee .

When the feuds between the East Frisian chiefs came to an end and the Cirksena family had prevailed against their competitors, Ulrich Cirksena was elevated to the rank of imperial count in 1464. After the Snelger Houwerda family as chiefs of Uphusen and Wolthusen and his relatives, the chiefs of Oldersum, paid homage to him on April 26, 1465, other chiefs from the area around Emden followed on May 10 of that year, including the chief from Petkum. At the time of the East Frisian counts, the place retained the status of a lordship ( glory ) and was thus to a certain extent independent of the sovereigns. From Emperor Friedrich III. The chief family Ripperda received the imperial baron diploma in 1474 .

Family coat of arms of the imperial barons of Ripperda

After the Emden Revolution (1595), the city of Emden set about securing its eastern catchment area and access area by purchasing splendors. One after the other, in 1597 she acquired the glories of Wolthusen and Uphusen from the (partly impoverished) owners and, in the years 1629 to 1631, the glories of Groß- and Klein-Borssum , Jarßum , Widdelswehr and finally Oldersum together with the surrounding villages of Gandersum , Rorichum and Tergast . The background to these purchases was that the city fathers of Emden feared that the East Frisian counts could seize those splendors in order to block the city's important land and waterways. Petkum was the only one of the splendors on the Emsufer east of Emden to remain independent and was owned by the Ripperda family until the middle of the 18th century.

Since the church services of Lutheran believers were forbidden within the city walls in Emden, which was clearly Calvinist , the Lutherans of the city needed an alternative location for their services and found it in Petkum, where the Lutheran creed under the Ripperda in the otherwise strongly Reformed region on both sides of the Unterems prevailed. The trips to church services over several kilometers of marshland were difficult, especially in winter and especially for older people, and often even impossible. It took until May 18, 1685 for the Reformed city leaders of Emden to sign an indult in which the city's Lutherans were allowed to worship and build a church - but subject to strict conditions. The church had to be built outside the old town (the Lutherans found what they were looking for in Mühlenstrasse in Klein-Faldern and converted a house so that it was not recognizable as a church from the outside), and the number of communion services was four per year limited, including a penance service the previous evening. The first sermon for the 300 members of the congregation was held on Reformation Day 1685 by Pastor Caspar Schepler from Aurich, and the following day at the Lord's Supper supported by Pastor Inno Reershemius from Petkum.

Bolo von Ripperda was President of the East Frisian Landscape in 1675 and then became the plenipotentiary of the East Frisian Estates and the Princess of East Frisia at the imperial court in Vienna . On September 3, 1676, Emperor Leopold I confirmed the imperial baron diploma for Bolo IV and the entire family of Ripperda. Bolo IV was allowed to combine the coat of arms of Petkum with his family coat of arms. The municipality of Petkum used the Ripperda coat of arms until it was incorporated into Emden in 1972.

Colored copper engraved map by Homann, Nuremberg, around 1718 for the Christmas flood in 1717

Due to its location on the Lower Ems, Petkum was significantly less affected by the Christmas flood of 1717 than the northern coastline of the East Frisian peninsula. However, according to a contemporary survey by the preacher Jacobus Isebrandi Harkenroth, 14 people died in the glory. 60 cattle drowned and five houses were completely destroyed.

With East Frisia, the glory of Petkum came to Prussia in 1744 . Prussian statistics from 1805/06 show that in those years there were 17 residents of whole squares and one resident of half and a quarter of a square, i.e. smaller courtyards. In addition there were 53 warfmen, kötter and householders. In addition to the owner of a noble estate, there was its steward, a preacher and his sexton . The population of the glory was 405. In addition to agriculture and fishing (with two fishermen), there was a diversified commercial life. There were five millers, four cobblers, three carpenters, two blacksmiths, linen weavers, tailors, bakers and brandy distillers in the trade. There was also a lime burner, brickworker, cooper and brewer. Two shopkeepers, a skipper and five people worked in the hospitality industry. A midwife was responsible for medical care. 37 people also earned their living as day laborers. In the glory there was a mill, two distilleries, four linen weaver factories and a brick factory . In agriculture there were 296 head of cattle (including ten oxen and 61 young cattle), 151 sheep, 83 pigs and 91 horses. In arable farming, farmers concentrated on oats and especially rapeseed, but also grew wheat, rye, barley, potatoes, peas and beans to a lesser extent.

During the Hanoverian time of East Frisia (1815–1866) the glory Petkum was affiliated with the Emden office, as Petkum did not have its own patrimonial court .

The Hannoversche Westbahn was built in this section in the 1850s. However, Petkum did not have its own train station; instead, a train station was opened in the nearby Widdelswehr, which was maintained until the 20th century.

20th century

In the years of the Weimar Republic , the Petkumers initially elected the Social Democrats with relative majorities, but in the later years - as everywhere in East Frisia - there was a strong shift to the right. In the election for the German National Assembly, the Social Democrats received 43.8 percent, the national-conservative DNVP 18.7 percent, the national liberal DVP with 16.7 percent and the USPD, which is to the left of the SPD, 15.4 percent. In the Reichstag elections in May 1924 the right-wing party spectrum was strengthened - the NSDAP received 9.5 percent of the vote from that point. The 1928 Reichstag election in Petkum saw the SPD again in front with 40.6 percent, followed by the DNVP with 22.5 percent and the rural people with 14.6 percent. The KPD took fourth place with 12.1 percent. The SPD and KPD had particular support in the port operations of Emden, from where many Petkumers commuted to work . In the Reichstag elections in July 1932 , the National Socialists were the strongest force ahead of the SPD in Petkum. The National Socialists won 45.5 percent of the vote, the SPD fell to 30.8 percent. The communists got 12.9 percent and the DNVP 8.2 percent. Since of these four parties only the SPD endorsed the republic and the other three parties opposed it from the right (NSDAP, DNVP) or left (KPD), this means that two out of three voters in Petkum voted for parties that wanted it to be abolished advocated the Weimar Republic. In the Reichstag election in March 1933 , which can only be described as free to a limited extent , the National Socialists achieved 44.5 percent and the Social Democrats 30.3 percent. The DNVP was the third strongest force in that election with 13 percent, the Communists were fourth with 10.4 percent.

In the course of the dissolution of the district of Emden in 1932, Petkum came to the district of Leer together with the villages of Widdelswehr and Jarßum to the west and the neighboring villages to the east around Oldersum .

During the Second World War , not only the core city of Emdens was a target in the air war . Since there were several flak positions in the villages around Emden , these were also the target of air attacks. There was such a battery in Petkum too. The place was shot at by enemy aircraft several times during the war. On January 12, 1941, there was an attack with two high explosive and hundreds of incendiary bombs, which fell on uninhabited terrain and therefore only caused minor damage to the ground. On February 10, three high-explosive bombs and many incendiary bombs were dropped, with only minor damage to buildings. Two more attacks took place in early May 1945, which led to minor damage to buildings and to telephone lines. In the last days of the war, Petkum became a frontier, as the Canadian and Polish troops, which advanced on East Frisia, had conquered the Rheiderland. The Kriegsmarine evacuated soldiers across the Ems and also used the Dollart and Fletum customs ships . They were shot at by enemy artillery and sank in the moo of the Petkum harbor. However, the crew was saved. On the bridge over the Bundesstrasse (then: Reichsstrasse), Emden was handed over to Canadian troops without a fight in May 1945 .

After the Second World War, Petkum only took in a below-average number of people displaced from East Germany in comparison to the whole of East Frisia, although East Frisia itself was well below the national average in Lower Saxony. In 1946 there were 104 displaced persons, which corresponded to a share of 11.4 percent, by 1950 the proportion rose to 12.7 percent or 123 people. This can be explained by the fact that Petkum, like the entire area around Emden, had already taken in a large number of bombed-out Emden families.

Petkum was spun off together with Widdelswehr from the district of Leer and incorporated into the city of Emden during the Lower Saxony municipal reform that came into force on July 1, 1972. When it was incorporated in 1972, Petkum had 1008 inhabitants. In order to secure the local interests, Petkum received a local council and a local chief. The body and the office have since been dissolved by the city of Emden for cost reasons.

The incorporation of Petkums and the other suburbs, some of which were still rural, not only increased the proportion of agricultural land in the urban area, but also the number of farms in Emden. In addition, after the local elections in 1972, three farmers were represented on the city council for the first time in a long time.

politics

Like all of East Friesland - and Emden in particular - Petkum has been a stronghold of the SPD for decades. The SPD already had a relative majority in the 1949 federal election . At that time it got more than 30 percent of the vote, while the CDU remained below 20 percent. In the Bundestag election in 1953 , the Social Democrats again won a relative majority, and in the Bundestag election in 1969 an absolute majority. The "Willy Brandt election" in 1972 brought the Social Democrats record results in East Friesland, which also applied to Petkum: the SPD received more than 60 percent of the valid votes cast, while the CDU won less than 40 percent.

The first local council after the incorporation comprised eleven members, six of whom belonged to the SPD and five to the local electoral community. Hinrich Schoon (SPD.) Became the first mayor. After the subsequent local elections in 1976, there was a change, the community of voters now had a majority, and Take Hülsebus, who later joined the CDU, became the mayor.

religion

St. Antonius Church (Lutheran)

The Evangelical Lutheran Church dates from the 13th century and still contains many elements from the pre-Reformation period. Its late Gothic choir consists of a polygon from which so-called ribs create a vault equipped with square fields towards the top . Even today the community has the so-called patronage right ( church patronage ), which is not carried out.

45.2 percent of the population (481) belong to the Lutheran Church . 265 people or 24.9 percent are Evangelical Reformed . This means that in Petkum there are an above-average number of people of the Lutheran faith, in the city the Lutherans only form the majority ahead of the Reformed (15,666 to 14,767). The Catholic Church has 63 residents (5.2 percent). The remaining 256 inhabitants (24 percent) are either non-denominational or belong to another religious denomination.

Attractions

The Alte Siel from 1857/58 including the associated Sielhaus, an agricultural building, is a listed building. The church is also a listed building.

Economy and Infrastructure

The main road through Petkum is Landesstraße 2 from Neermoor via Emden and Rysum to Pewsum. The section between Neermoor and the inner city of Emden, including Borssumer, is the former federal road 70 , which was disengaged after the construction of the federal highway 31 and downgraded to the state road. It has been expanded to two lanes and has a speed limit of 30 kilometers per hour in the town center.

The Ditzum – Petkum ferry runs from Petkum to the village of Ditzum on the other side of the Ems in the municipality of Jemgum in the Rheiderland . This ferry used to be of some importance for commuter traffic, but the number of commuters is now only in the low double-digit range. A tourist use ( Dollard Route ) prevails. Petkum has a sewer for drainage into the Ems and is also located on the Ems Lateral Canal . There is also a small boat harbor there.

The Petkum district north of the Ems side canal consists exclusively of agricultural areas that are primarily used as pastures.

Local public transport is ensured by line 16 of the municipal subsidiary Stadtverkehr Emden. The line runs from Petkum via Widdelswehr, Jarßum and Hilmarsum in the direction of Borssum. In Borssum there is a connection to line 6 in the direction of Zentrum / Hauptbahnhof. In addition, a line of the rail subsidiary Weser-Ems-Bus runs from Emden Hauptbahnhof via Petkum, Oldersum and Neermoor to Leer.

education

The Petkum children are educated in the elementary school Petkum / Widdelswehr, secondary schools are in Borssum (high school) and in the city center of Emden ( Johannes-Althusius-Gymnasium and Max-Windmüller-Gymnasium ).

Sport and club life

The following associations are based in Petkum:

• SV Petkum (including football, trim yourself),
• Petkum Civic Association,
• Men's choir "Windsbraut",
• TTV Widdelswehr (table tennis),
• Petkum water sports club

literature

• Manfred Meinz : The Church of Petkum. Ostfriesische Kunstführer , issue 2. Aurich 1964
• Robert Noah: The Church in Petkum. Ostfriesischer Kunstführer, issue 15. Aurich 1990
• Heinrich Schmidt : Political history of East Frisia. ( East Frisia in the protection of the dike , vol. 5). Verlag Rautenberg, Leer 1975, without ISBN.
• Bernd Kappelhoff : History of the city of Emden from 1611 to 1749. Emden as a quasi-autonomous city republic. ( Ostfriesland im Schutz des Deiches , Vol. 11), Verlag Rautenberg, Leer 1994, without ISBN.
• Ernst Siebert, Walter Deeters, Bernard Schröer: History of the city of Emden from 1750 to the present. (East Frisia in the protection of the dike, vol. 7). Verlag Rautenberg, Leer 1980, DNB 203159012 , therein:
  • Ernst Siebert: History of the City of Emden from 1750 to 1890. P. 2–197.
  • Walter Deeters : History of the City of Emden from 1890 to 1945. P. 198–256.
  • Bernard Schröer: History of the city of Emden from 1945 to the present. Pp. 257-488.

Web links

Commons : Petkum  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

1. ↑ City of Emden - Statistics Office: Statistics Info 01/2011  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.   , accessed August 18, 2012
2. ↑ See the soil overview map 1: 50,000 of the Lower Saxony State Office for Mining, Energy and Geology , map server - www.nibis.lbeg.de , accessed on July 14, 2013.
3. ^ Theodor Janssen: Hydrology of East Frisia . Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1967, without ISBN, p. 198.
4. ↑ ( Integrated rural development concept for the region east of the Ems ): Presentation with information on the area - www.ilek-roede.de ( Memento of the original from December 31, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , PDF file, p. 2. 
5. ^ Theodor Janssen: Hydrology of East Frisia . Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1967, without ISBN, p. 207.
6. ↑ Association area map - www.entwaesserungsverband-oldersum.de ( Memento of the original from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , PDF file, accessed April 28, 2013. 
7. ↑ ( Lower Saxony State Agency for Water Management, Coastal and Nature Conservation ): "Petkumer Deichvorland" nature reserve - www.nlwkn.niedersachsen.de .
8. ↑ Arend Remmers : From Aaltukerei to Zwischenmooren - The settlement names between Dollart and Jade . Verlag Schuster, Leer 2004, ISBN 3-7963-0359-5 , p. 178.
9. ^ Heinrich Schmidt: Political history of East Friesland ( East Friesland in the protection of the dike , Vol. 5). Verlag Rautenberg, Leer 1975, without ISBN, p. 110.
10. ↑ Bernd Kappelhoff: History of the city of Emden from 1611 to 1749. Emden as a quasi-autonomous city republic. ( Ostfriesland in the protection of the dike , vol. 11), Verlag Rautenberg, Leer 1994, without ISBN, p. 448 ff.
11. ^ The Presidents of the East Frisian Landscape - www.ostfriesenelandschaft.de , accessed on May 2, 2013.
12. ↑ Quoted in: Ernst Siebert: Development of the dyke system from the Middle Ages to the present. (East Frisia in the protection of the dike, Volume 2). Verlag Deichacht Krummhörn, Pewsum 1969, without ISBN, p. 334 f.
13. ^ Karl Heinrich Kaufhold; Uwe Wallbaum (ed.): Historical statistics of the Prussian province of East Friesland (sources on the history of East Friesland, Volume 16), Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1998, ISBN 3-932206-08-8 , pp. 136, 145, 375, 429, 593 and 619.
14. ↑ Fridrich Arends: Earth description of the Principality of East Friesland and Harlingerland , Emden 1824. Online in the Google book search. P. 278, accessed on May 19, 2013. In the following Arends: Erdbeschreibung .
15. ↑ Benjamin van der Linde (local chronicle of the East Frisian landscape): Widdelswehr , PDF file, p. 3, accessed on May 3, 2013.
16. ^ Ortschronisten der Ostfriesischen Landschaft: Petkum , PDF file, p. 4, accessed on May 2, 2013.
17. ^ Ortschronisten der Ostfriesische Landschaft: Petkum , PDF file, p. 1., accessed on May 3, 2013.
18. ↑ Herbert Kolbe : When everything started all over again. 1945/1946. Gerhard Verlag, Emden 1985, ISBN 3-88656-006-6 , p. 15.
19. ^ Ortschronisten der Ostfriesische Landschaft: Petkum , PDF file, p. 1., accessed on May 3, 2013.
20. ↑ Bernhard Parisius : Many looked for their own home. Refugees and displaced persons in western Lower Saxony (treatises and lectures on the history of East Frisia, Volume 79), Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 2004, ISBN 3-932206-42-8 , p. 74.
21. ^ Federal Statistical Office (ed.): Historical municipality directory for the Federal Republic of Germany. Name, border and key number changes in municipalities, counties and administrative districts from May 27, 1970 to December 31, 1982 . W. Kohlhammer GmbH, Stuttgart and Mainz 1983, ISBN 3-17-003263-1 , p. 260 .
22. ^ Bernard Schröer: History of the city of Emden from 1945 to the present. In Ernst Siebert, Walter Deeters, Bernard Schröer: History of the city of Emden from 1750 to the present. (East Frisia in the protection of the dike, vol. 7). Verlag Rautenberg, Leer 1980, DNB 203159012 , p. 281.
23. ^ Bernard Schröer: History of the city of Emden from 1945 to the present. In Ernst Siebert, Walter Deeters, Bernard Schröer: History of the city of Emden from 1750 to the present. (East Frisia in the protection of the dike, vol. 7). Verlag Rautenberg, Leer 1980, DNB 203159012 , p. 359.
24. ↑ Klaus von Beyme : The political system of the Federal Republic of Germany: An introduction , VS Verlag, Wiesbaden 2004, ISBN 3-531-33426-3 , p. 100, limited preview in the Google book search, accessed on February 28, 2013.
25. ↑ The following information for the Bundestag elections up to 1972 comes from Theodor Schmidt: Analysis of the statistics and relevant sources on the Bundestag elections in East Frisia 1949-1972 . East Frisian Landscape, Aurich 1978, cartographic appendix.
26. ^ Bernard Schröer: History of the city of Emden from 1945 to the present. In Ernst Siebert, Walter Deeters, Bernard Schröer: History of the city of Emden from 1750 to the present. (East Frisia in the protection of the dike, vol. 7). Verlag Rautenberg, Leer 1980, DNB 203159012 , pp. 271, 422.
27. ↑ The figures in this section are based on the Statistics Info 4/2012 from the statistics office of the city of Emden, online ( Memento of the original from January 1, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 4.7 MB), accessed on February 27, 2013, p. 7. 
28. ↑ ( Integrated rural development concept for the region east of the Ems ): Presentation with information on the area - www.ilek-roede.de ( Memento of the original from December 31, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , PDF file, p. 2. 
29. ↑ Numbers for the Ems ferry