Jemgum

coat of arms	Germany map
	Coordinates: 53 ° 16 '  N , 7 ° 23'  E
Basic data
State :	Lower Saxony
County :	Empty
Height :	2 m above sea level NHN
Area :	78.49 km 2
Residents:	3629 (Dec. 31, 2019)
Population density :	46 inhabitants per km 2
Postal code :	26844
Primaries :	04958, 04902
License plate :	LER
Community key :	03 4 57 012
Address of the municipal administration:	Hofstrasse 2 26844 Jemgum
Website :	www.jemgum.de
Mayor :	Hans-Peter Heikens (independent)
Location of the municipality of Jemgum in the district of Leer

Aerial view of the main town Jemgum from SE

Jemgum is a municipality in East Frisia and belongs to the district of Leer in Lower Saxony . It is located in the Rheiderland , one of the four historic regions in the Leer district. With 3,629 inhabitants, Jemgum is the smallest unitary municipality in the district of Leer in terms of population and also the smallest unitary municipality on the East Frisian mainland.

The Bentumersiel site in Jemgum is one of the few larger sites of Roman militaria in northern Germany. Located on the lower reaches of the Ems in its river marshes, individual places in the municipality have been identified as permanent settlements as early as the High Middle Ages. In the 16th century, today's capital, Jemgum, was the scene of two battles: that of 1533 in the course of the Geldrian feud, which was important for East Frisia, and that of 1568 in the context of the Dutch struggle for freedom .

Economically, the area of ​​today's municipality has been shaped for centuries by agriculture, but also by fishing. Since the early modern period, the northern Rheiderland has also been one of the centers of East Frisian brickworks production, which is particularly true of the 19th and 20th centuries. Since the end of the 20th century, the importance of tourism has grown.

The municipality's outstanding cultural heritage includes eleven churches, with even the two smallest towns with only a double-digit population having their own churches. The Liudgeri Church in Holtgaste from the 13th century is considered the oldest church in the Rheiderland.

geography

Position and extent

Jemgum in the Rheiderland

The municipality of Jemgum is located in the East Frisian region of Rheiderland , which is surrounded by the Dollart in the west and by the Ems in the north and east. The municipality of Jemgum covers the northern area of ​​the Rheiderland. The closest cities are Weener , Leer and Emden . While the community is directly adjacent to the city of Weener and the only left-wing town of Leers, Bingum, Emden is on the other side of the Ems. The main town of Jemgum is about 6.2 kilometers from the center of Leers to the south-east and 16.3 kilometers from Emden city center in the north-west. The closest major cities are Oldenburg in Germany and Groningen in the Netherlands. The regional spatial planning program of the district of Leer assigns the function of a basic center for the municipality to the capital Jemgum .

The Rheiderland is quite isolated within East Frisia because it is separated from the much larger, more populous and economically more powerful rest of the region by the Ems. In the past, this peripheral location within the region was at least softened by ferry connections. Of the former three ferry connections from Jemgum villages, only the one between Ditzum and the Emden district of Petkum remains. On the other hand, the northern Rheiderland, i.e. the municipality of Jemgum, remained rather isolated for a long time. For this reason, the most north-westerly town of today's municipality, Pogum, in East Frisia, which is already peripherally located within Germany, was designated as dat Endje van de Welt ( the end of the world , with the diminutive -je typical of East Frisian Platt ). This “double” peripheral location within East Friesland and Germany was reinforced by the border location with the Netherlands , which only lost importance due to the opening of the border in the course of European unification . The construction of the federal autobahn 31 , in the area of ​​the Rheiderland completed in the late 1980s / early 1990s, has somewhat softened the peripheral situation in traffic.

The extension of the municipality of Jemgum is about eight kilometers in both north-south and east-west directions. This area has 18 kilometers of coastline and more than 80 kilometers of watercourses.

Geology, soils and hydrology

The geological subsurface of the community is determined by sediments from the Holocene . Due to its location on the Ems and Dollart, Jemgum is one of the few communities in East Frisia that has no share in the Geest and therefore does not have any Pleistocene strata near the surface . The predominant landscape is the marsh . The municipal area is characterized by the river marshes of the Ems, a small portion of the sea march on the Dollart and a moor area in the south-central part of the municipality.

In Jemgum there is almost exclusively grassland.

Outer dikes on the Ems are still undeveloped river marshland, which are immediately followed by inland dyke transitional brackish marsh soils , further inland replaced by heavy articulated marsh soils and in the southern municipal area, between Ditzumerhammrich and Holtgaste, by sloping bogs ( overflowing bogs ). The latter two have a high density, because during the floods of past centuries the finest suspended solids penetrated the farthest inland and were deposited, so the granularity of the soil is very fine. Correspondingly, the broken and marshy soils are more difficult to cultivate than the brackish marsh soils. The southern part of the Dollart coast of the municipality of Jemgum belongs to the Heinitzpolder, which was first diked in 1795, and to the canal polder, which was diked in 1877 . The two polders consist of march soils, Kalkmarsch and Kleimarsch soils made of clay and silt of high productivity.

The community is criss-crossed by a close-knit network of ditches and sewer depths that are urgently needed for drainage. The pumping stations Pogum, Ditzum, Coldeborgersiel and Großsoltborg provide the necessary pumping power to the country for the Ems to drain. They were expanded or rebuilt in the second half of the 20th century and replaced several smaller sluices and pumping stations. The lows leading to today's and earlier sluices and pumping stations run in the southern municipality approximately in a west-east direction and flow into the Ems at right angles. In the northern municipality, the lows run in a south-north direction and also flow into the Ems, which changes its direction of flow from north to west near the municipality of Jemgum. The longest of the lows is the Wymeerer Sieltief, about 20 kilometers long , which connects the southernmost and northernmost point of the Rheiderland. It was created in the 1920s when draining the low-lying moor areas around Wymeer became increasingly difficult after the canal polder was created.

Neighboring communities

In the south, the communities of Bunde and Weener , which also belong to the Rheiderland, as well as the Leeran district of Bingum border, on the other side of the Ems are the communities of Moormerland and the city of Leer in the east, and the districts of Petkum and Widdelswehr of Emden in the north .

Community structure

The municipality of Jemgum and its eleven localities

The Jemgum community consists of eleven villages with surrounding farms. The size of the villages differs significantly. In the eponymous capital, Jemgum, there are 1514 inhabitants, which corresponds to almost 42 percent of the community's population. In contrast, only 56 and 44 inhabitants live in the villages of Böhmerwold and Marienchor. The second largest town is Ditzum with almost 700 inhabitants, the other places all have a small three-digit population.

The individual localities are listed below, sorted according to their number of inhabitants (reference date: June 30, 2015) as well as the associated living spaces:

Locality	Residents	Area (km²)	associated districts
Jemgum	1531	11.89	Eppingawehr, Jemgumgaste, Klimpe, Neu-Sappenborg (formerly called Timpe), Sappenborg
Ditzum	657	10.39	Aaltukerei (partially), Ditzumerhammrich (partially), Großwarpen, Kleinwarpen
Midlum	295	7.42	Eppinga defense
Holtgaste	235	8.46	Soltborg , Groß-Soltborg, Bentumersiel, Jemgumkloster, Deddeborg, Geise
Pogum	205	4.75	Dyksterhusen
Hatzum	160	9.79	Boomborg, Eilingwehr, Hatzumerfehn
Critzum	158	6.97	Coldeborg, Coldeborg Burgplatz, Coldeborgersiel, Marienchorer Balkhaus
Nendorp	126	4.22	Wischenborg
Oldendorp	87	5.29	Arche, Duck's Nest, Single Place, Leegeplatz, Oldendorper Hammrich, Oosting, Wischenborg
Böhmerwold	51	4.73	Bovenhusen
Marienchor	38	4.57	Marienchorer Bülthäuser
total	3540	78.48	-

The approximately 3500 inhabitants are distributed over an area of ​​around 78.5 square kilometers, which corresponds to a population density of 45 per square kilometer, one of the five lowest values ​​for East Frisian municipalities . With around 148 inhabitants per square kilometer, East Frisia is already more sparsely populated than Lower Saxony (around 168) and the Federal Republic of Germany (around 230).

Land use

Land use 2011

use	Hectares
Building and open space	291
including living space	142
of which commercial and industrial space	22nd
Operating area	3
Recreation area	23
including green area	17th
traffic area	253
of which road, path, square	252
Agricultural area	6334
Water surface	709
Forest area	12
Areas of other use	224
including cemeteries	2
of it land	34
total area	7848

The land use table shows the overwhelming proportion of agricultural land in the municipality, which is 80.7 percent and is therefore one of the highest among the East Frisian cities and municipalities. East Frisia in its entirety has a share of agricultural land of around 75 percent and is thus well above the national average of 52 percent.

In East Friesland, which is already poorly forested (forest share: 2.6 percent, national average: around 29.5 percent), the municipality of Jemgum is far below the average with a forest share of just 0.15 percent: the municipality consists almost exclusively of marshland, trees are only to be found as fences, green streets and at homesteads and serve primarily as wind protection.

With around 9 percent of the water surface area, Jemgum is well above the national average of around two percent, which is due to the location of the marshland on the Ems and Dollart and the numerous drainage ditches and canals associated with it.

Protected areas

The German part of the Dollart south of the Emsfahrwassers and west of the dike line of the municipality belongs to the Lower Saxony Wadden Sea National Park . The foreland of the dike belongs to protection zone II, the water itself belongs to the “red zone”, which is most strictly protected. The Wadden Sea has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2009 .

The Nendorper dyke foreland on the Ems near the eponymous town (11.5 ha, protected in 2004) and part of the 593 ha Emsauen between the mouth of the Ledam and Oldersum , which have been under nature protection since 2009 , are designated as nature conservation areas (NSG) . As a protected part of the landscape with a size of less than one hectare, there is an additional tree population at Coldeborg Deep (since 2008).

The largest share Jemgum also has the 8,750-hectare conservation area "Rheiderland" that about 85 percent of its territory includes and also extends to the neighboring municipalities and covenant Weener. According to the NLWKN, it has “national to international significance (...) for Nordic geese that winter here and that use agricultural land for foraging. The grassland areas are of national and international importance as an intermediate resting place, especially for golden plover, curlew, whimbrel and lapwing. "

In the Hatzumerfehn bird sanctuary, the number of rare meadow birds increased between 2002 and 2010. The number of lapwing pairs increased from 22 to 67, the black-tailed godwit from 23 to 37 and the skylark pairs from 35 to 37. Redshank, oystercatchers, meadow pipit and snipe can also be found.

climate

Cloudy sky and sunbeams over Ditzum on the Ems

The municipality is located in the temperate climate zone under the influence of the North Sea . In summer the daytime temperatures are lower, in winter often higher than in the further inland. The climate is characterized by the Central European west wind zone.

After the climate classification of Köppen , the community is in the classification Cfb . (Climate zone C : warm-temperate climate, climate type f : humid-temperate climate, sub-type b : warm summer ). Within the temperate zone, it is assigned to the climate district of Lower Saxony flatland North Sea coast , which has a maritime character and is characterized by relatively cool and rainy summers, relatively mild winters with little snow, prevailing westerly and south-westerly winds and high annual rainfall.

Weather data are collected for the neighboring Leer, which has similar climatic conditions. The average annual temperature there is 9 ° C with maximum values ​​in July and August around 20 ° C and average minimum values ​​around −2 ° C in December and January. There are most rainy days with 14 in November and December, the least in March and May, where 9 days of precipitation fall. The number of average hours of sunshine per day varies between one (December / January) and six hours (May / June). The mean frost-free time is given as 170 to 187 days. The mean amount of precipitation is 738 mm / year, the mean annual sunshine duration is 1550 to 1600 hours.

Climate table for Leer Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Max. Temperature ( ° C ) 4th 5 8th 12 17th 20th 21st 21st 18th 14th 8th 5 O 12.8 Min. Temperature (° C) −2 −1 1 3 6th 9 11 11 9 6th 2 0 O 4.6 Precipitation ( mm ) 59.2 40.1 51.4 46.0 61.5 77.4 74.8 67.2 65.6 62.5 69.1 63.2 Σ 738 Hours of sunshine ( h / d ) 1 2 3 5 6th 6th 6th 6th 4th 3 2 1 O 3.8 Rainy days ( d ) 13 9 12 10 11 11 11 11 11 11 14th 14th Σ 138 Source:

history

Prehistory and early history

Until the beginning of the dike construction in the high Middle Ages, the settlement of today's Jemgum municipality was extremely dependent on the lowering ( regression ) and rising ( transgression ) of the sea level. Therefore, in contrast to the East Frisian Geest areas, there are significantly fewer traces of prehistoric settlement in this area.

Tree felling experiment with the reconstruction of a (ribbon ceramic) dechos in an experimental archeological field test

Finds were made along the Ems from the Mesolithic period that indicate the presence of people. The same applies to the neighboring, but much better explored, northeastern Netherlands. From the port of Emden two were excavating Danubian adze , a Flintbeil and a clay pot from the Funnel Beaker Culture salvaged. “It is possible that the Emsuferwall could be settled when the sea level rise on the deposits of the Calais II transgression stopped . About a thousand years later this was apparently possible again on the deposits of the Calais III transgression. "

The river march of the Ems began in the older pre-Roman Iron Age , around the 7th century BC. BC, settled according to plan. The people settled on a narrow strip on the Emsuferwall, which both offered protection from the water of the river and was high enough to avoid the swamps of the Sietland . Viewed from the river inland, the settlers found a reed zone influenced by the tide , softwood meadows with willow bushes and forests, and hardwood meadows with elms , alders , oaks and ash trees .

“The first settlers cleared the floodplain forests that had grown on the sediments of the Dunkirk-0 transgression . They preferred the hardwood floodplains on the high positions of the bank wall as settlements and farmland. It was drier here, and ash, oak and also elm made suitable timber for building houses in the immediate vicinity. The lower softwood meadows on the river bank and the swamp forests on the edge of the Sietland provided willow and alder wood for the wattle walls of the houses and other needs. From the fern-rich reed beds , the great sedge and the alder quarries of the Sietland in the west, stable litter, hay and probably also reeds were obtained for the roofs of the houses. "

- Schwarz : Die Urgeschichte in Ostfriesland, 1995, p. 154

So far nine of these settlements are known in the area, two of them near Jemgum and Hatzum have been investigated in more detail. The settlement near Jemgum consisted of two houses and three storehouses, the wooden foundations of which were well preserved in the gley floor . The settlement area extended over an area of ​​about 25 by 35 meters. The three-aisled houses had hipped roofs , the side walls were made of square-cut, stacked and connected pieces of wood. There were also three-aisled houses at Hatzum. As in Jemgum, living quarters and stables were combined under one roof. The stable part sloped down a little on the narrow side so that the manure could be transported out more easily. On the approximately 1.5 hectare settlement area, there were around ten to 14 farms (in different settlement periods). From the size of the houses, however, no conclusions could be drawn as to whether any individual emerged as a kind of head. Finds relating to the burial culture of that epoch have not yet been found in the municipality, but have been found in the nearby Weener -Süderhilgenholt: There urns indicated the cremation of corpses. A weaving weight was found in Hatzum that proves knowledge of weaving and spinning.

Ripe pods of the field bean: It was cultivated by the settlers early on.

The march settlements allowed both cattle breeding and agriculture. Cattle and sheep were predominant among the farm animals , horses were kept less often. While the cattle grazed on the sweet pastures of the river marsh, the sheep were kept on the inferior soils. The cattle used their meat, milk, bones and fur, and they were also used as draft animals and pack animals. To what extent this also applied to the horse has not yet been determined. Sheep provided wool. Despite the proximity to the river, fishing was of minor importance. In addition to plants that were also grown on the Geest, such as emmer or naked barley , there were also indications of the cultivation of broad beans and flax due to the better cultivation conditions in the marsh .

The settlement of Bentumersiel, built around the third or second century BC, is unusual. It differed greatly from the surrounding peasant Germanic marching settlements of the Roman Empire. In contrast to the neighboring towns, it was never increased by a terp to protect against water. Buildings, fences and paths were aligned with each other, which indicates a planned layout of the settlement. The few buildings uncovered so far were small houses without a stable part, so that in Bentumersiel there was no possibility of stabling the cattle over the winter. This led to the assumption that the settlement served as a seasonally used stacking and trading place. Bentumersiel may have had a close relationship with the Wurt Jemgum monastery a few hundred meters to the north . This was in the older pre-Roman Iron Age, then from around 100 BC. Until the 2nd / 3rd Century AD and finally since the 8th / 9th centuries. Settled in the 19th century. There the residents began already at the beginning of the 1st century BC. With the construction of a Wurt, while the inhabitants of Bentumersiel lived on the ground during the entire Roman Empire. Rolf Bärenfänger , archaeologist and director of the East Frisian landscape , assumes that the residents of Jemgumkloster controlled the movement of goods across the Ems.

It is conceivable that in 15/16 AD the Romans used the conveniently located settlement as a storage area. Fragments of the equipment of Roman legionaries made of metal and, above all, numerous fragments of amphorae and other Roman heavy and fine ceramics suggest that there was contact between Teutons and Romans there. So far, however, the archaeologists have not been able to discover traces of a military installation.

Around the turn of the century, the Frisians began to penetrate into the municipality. They ousted the Chauken , which had not been mentioned since the second century, or included them in their tribal association. It is also conceivable that they were absorbed into the tribal association of the Saxons or the Franks . An important find from this period is the Lady von Bentumersiel , a grave find from the time around 300 AD that was recovered in 2006 in Bentumersiel in the block. The grave is considered evidence of the incipient social differentiation of the Teutons on the lower Ems, as the buried high-quality Roman imported pieces were also placed in the grave. The additions included Roman imports such as three bronze vessels and a kilo of molten glass, probably the rest of a large number of glass vessels.

middle Ages

In the 5th century there was a sharp decline in settlement. The reason for this could have been the rise in sea level in the course of the Dunkirk II transgression with the flooding of the marshland and the watering of the Geest. The decline in population can only be seen from the lack of archaeological finds for the 5th and 6th centuries. After the decline in settlement, there was renewed settlement from the 7th or 8th century. The dugout canoe from Jemgum was uncovered in 2009 during an excavation at the natural gas storage facility. It dates from the 7th century. During this time the settlement of Ditzum, Oldendorp and Hatzum probably began, while the main town Jemgum probably arose in the late 8th or early 9th century.

Liudgeri Church in Holtgaste

In the 13th century numerous churches were built in East Frisia, including those in Midlum, Ditzum, Critzum and Hatzum. The Liudgeri Church (Holtgaste) is considered the oldest church in the Rheiderland. In the middle of the 13th century, the Order of St. John founded a double monastery in western Jemgum , the Kommende Jemgum . In addition to the large monastery church of St. John from the middle of the 13th century, the location of which is unclear, there was the former Sixtus Church as the main church on the western edge of the village on today's cemetery, as well as a small monastery chapel that was converted into today's church. In the Middle Ages, Hatzum was a Catholic provost within the diocese of Münster .

The second Marcellus flood in 1362 led to the first major slump in the dollar. The Emsdörfer were not as much affected as the western part of the Rheiderland due to their more protected location, but there were also land losses in the western part of today's municipality, which was far less populated than the Emsuferwall.

Various chiefs can be identified from the 14th to the early 16th century, especially in Hatzum as the seat of the provost's office. Chiefs have also been found in Holtgaste, including Hoyteed Tammana, who acted as arbitrator in a dispute over land between the Johanniter Convent and two residents. In Jemgum, chiefs were mentioned in connection with documents of the coming. Oldendorp chiefs are documented for the 1430s and 1440s, when Philip the Good of Burgundy defended them and other East Frisian chiefs in connection with the conflicts with the Hanseatic League. Tyeert and Gerrit van Dockem are mentioned for 1438. In 1443, Tjardus Oldendorpius spoke as the representative of East Frisian chiefs at the Hanseatic Congress in Deventer . The position of the chiefs in the Rheiderland within the all-East Frisian power structure of those days was, however, a subordinate one. Most of all, they were local landowners. In the course of the disputes between the chief dynasty of tom Brok and Focko Ukena , the places of today's community were on the side of Ukenas. After his defeat in the fight against Edzard Cirksena and the Freedom League of the Seven East Friesland , the area came under the rule of the Cirksena and thus to the (since 1464) county of East Friesland . The Cirksena counts divided their county into offices, the area from then on belonged to the office of Emden. Counts officials in Emden appeared as successors to the chiefs.

The chief Ewo Tammena (1335–1411) and his descendants bore the surname " von Jemgum ". Albert von Rhaude or von Jemgum (1500–1545) was Drost of the Count of East Friesland in Friedeburg , Aurich and Berum . Ewo Alberda von Jemgum tho Ekel (1530–1587) settled in Ekel ; his grandson Ewo von Jemgum acquired the Querlenburg in Brockdorf . There the family died out in the 18th century.

Under the Cirksena (1464 to 1744)

The second Cosmas and Damian flood in 1509 brought further land losses for the inhabitants of the Rheiderland. Entire villages that had a land connection with today's Jemgum municipality had to be given up. Some of them sank in the floods of the Dollart, which was at its greatest extent at that time, and some were separated from the Rheiderland when the Ems broke through. Before the flood, it was possible to reach the Ems bank opposite the Emden near the town of Nesse on a land connection. Then the place and its surroundings became an island, called Nesserland.

Battle of Jemgum

Two momentous battles ( Battle of Jemgum (1533) and Battle of Jemgum (1568) ) of East Frisian history took place near the site.

The economic rise of the city of Emden in the second half of the 16th century brought the brick making industry to its first bloom in today's municipality . The stones necessary for the expansion of the city came from the northern Rheiderland, among others. The first written evidence of a brickworks in the Rheiderland, the work of Count Drosten Udo Egbardus thor Koldenborch (= to Coldeborg), was mentioned in connection with deliveries to Emden.

During the Thirty Years' War , East Frisia was not a scene of fighting, but it was used by troops as a rest room . Foreign troops occupied the region three times (1622–1624, 1627–1631 and 1637–1651), which also affected the Rheiderland. The region was particularly hard hit by the occupation by the Mansfelder . Colonel Joachim von Carpzov was quartered in Jemgum . The two following occupations also meant burdens through contributions. The occupiers from 1627 to 1631, however, imperial troops under Tilly , “kept discipline and avoided excesses” as did the Hessian troops billeted from 1637 to 1651 under Wilhelm V of Hessen-Kassel . In material terms, too, the situation was different under the last two occupations than under Mansfeld. Contributions were collected, but these were also spent in the region. During the war, the plague also broke out in East Friesland , but death rates for the area are not documented.

From Prussia to Hanover

Ditzum was one of the largest merchants and craftsmen locations in the Emden district.

Map of the Kingdom of Holland with East Frisia (top right)

As a result of an prospect , East Friesland, and with it today's municipality, came to Prussia in 1744 . An overview of the Prussian administration from 1756 shows Ditzum as the largest craft and merchant location of the Emden office. 39 merchants and craftsmen were counted there, including six linen weavers and shoemakers, five carpenters, three bakers and tailors, two cooper and blacksmith and one glazier. The eleven merchants traded herbal goods, some of them tea, coffee and tobacco, and four also traded calico and linen. Compared to Ditzum, the other localities fell significantly: In Hatzum and Midlum twelve, in Critzum five, in Nendorp and Oldendorp three and in Pogum and Marienchor one trader each. Within today's municipal area, Ditzum's economic power was only surpassed by the Jemgum area. In 1756, for example, 17 linen ship owners and their harvestmen and six brewers have been handed down there.

After the double battle of Jena and Auerstedt , the municipality and all of East Frisia came to the Kingdom of Holland , which in turn was integrated into the French Empire in 1810 . After the Wars of Liberation, East Frisia became Prussian again for a short time. However, the states participating in the Congress of Vienna had agreed to swap territories, which also affected East Frisia. The municipality became part of the Kingdom of Hanover and remained there until it was dissolved after the war of German unification .

During the Hanoverian period, Jemgum was the seat of the small Jemgum office. It consisted of the district bailiffs Jemgum and Ditzum and comprised today's municipal area as well as the places Landschaftspolder , Bunderhammrich and neighboring smaller polders. Jemgum was the seat of a district court until the office was dissolved and incorporated into the Weener office as part of the Hanoverian administrative reform in 1859.

Empire

When the Prussian government abolished the old office structure in favor of districts in 1885 , the districts of Weener were formed from the communities of the Rheiderland , to which the communities of the area have belonged ever since.

Throughout the 19th and into the 20th century there were great social and economic differences between rich large farmers and poor agricultural workers. At the instigation of the pastor of the local parish, Arnold Wilhelm Nordbeck , who has been resident in the neighboring landscape polder since 1886 , the Christian workers' association for Ditzumerverlaat was established in 1907, which also included farm workers from the neighboring villages of today's Jemgum community. The aim of the association was to increase educational opportunities, but also pursued targeted improvements in the economic situation. This included the acquisition of small pieces of land for the workers to support themselves. For Jemgum it can be stated what also applied to other East Frisian marching communities such as the Krummhörn : “During the march, the social differences had a particularly sharp and harsh effect: on the one hand, tough and proud farmers, gentlemen through and through, on the other the day laborers. They, too, do not resemble the tribe and the farmers in terms of pride, but are economically oppressive.

Reports from farm workers state that the working days lasted from 4 a.m. to 6 p.m., interrupted by a one and a half hour lunch break. The farm workers slept, if they did not have their own and if they did, a mostly very poor house, often with the cattle in the stable. Already at the age of 13, immediately after attending school, the offspring were referred to farmers via so-called servants' agents . Alcoholism was also widespread, along with other health problems .

Weimar Republic and National Socialism

In April 1919 there were so-called bacon parades of Emden workers , which were followed by agricultural unrest and raids in the Rheiderland. Workers went to the farms closed and stole food, which led to clashes with the farmers. The situation only calmed down after the deployment of the Reichswehr troops stationed in the region . As a reaction to this, resident police formed in many places in East Frisia - especially those that were affected by the "parades" . Such defenses have been proven in nine of the thirteen villages; for Hatzum and Midlum there are concrete figures about their strength. In Hatzum 32 people had 32 weapons, in Midlum 44 people had ten weapons. The resident services were only dissolved after a corresponding decree by the Prussian Interior Minister Carl Severing on April 10, 1920.

As in the entire north-west of Lower Saxony, the rural people's movement received a boost in the Weimar Republic when a poor harvest in 1927 put the farmers in dire straits. As in other parts of the country, the black flag fluttered as a sign of protest. The National Socialists, with their blood-and-soil ideology, saw themselves as ideal administrators of the needs of farmers and found appropriate support in many communities.

The local NSDAP associations were founded in the Rheiderland in the late 1920s and began in Bunderneuland . In the area of ​​today's Jemgum municipality, the first local groups were founded later than in the neighboring municipalities of Bunde and Weener. In the final phase of the Weimar Republic, the villages of today's Jemgum municipality, like their neighboring towns, increasingly moved to the right politically. Especially in the places where a larger number of workers were employed in the brickworks, there was also a larger following of Social Democrats and Communists. This occasionally resulted in scuffles and clashes.

The community's brickworks - Leding in the picture on the left and Cramer in Jemgum on the right - were held back by the workers' parties.

In the Reich presidential election in 1932 , it was already evident that the Jemgum voters were increasingly giving their vote to the National Socialists. In the second ballot, Adolf Hitler achieved an absolute majority in 10 of 13 localities, in St. Georgiwold with 90.1 percent of the vote. The Reichstag elections in July 1932 also saw several outstanding results for the NSDAP in what is now the municipality: it won more than 50 percent of the vote in seven of the 13 villages. The KPD received more than ten percent of the votes in Critzum, Hatzum, Jemgum, Midlum and Pogum and was thus above the average for the Rheiderland of 9.4 percent. These were mainly brickworks and the commuter catchment area of ​​the Emden harbor , where there was "(...) considerable communist influence among the dock workers, the workforce of the fish processing companies and shipyards, the sailors of the herring fishing fleet."

The farmers in the municipality were in the Reich into line . The passing of the Reichserbhofgesetz met with protests from many farmers, as they felt that their economic freedom of choice was limited. The ban on selling hereditary farms hit businesses with the lower size limit of a hereditary farm of 7.5 hectares in particular. Although there were many judicial judgments in favor of the plaintiff smallholders, the proportion of hereditary farms in the region remained above the national average.

In 1938/1939 up to 250 Jews from Vienna were used as forced laborers to raise the dike on the Ems in East Frisia  . They were mostly people with a higher education; In addition to four other locations, they were also housed in a camp in the neighboring Nüttermoor , and there was hardly any contact with the local population. During the Second World War , smaller forced labor camps were added in almost all villages, the inmates of which were primarily used in agriculture.

Soldiers of the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division let an assault boat into the Ems during their advance south of Emden.

Jemgum was one of the first East Frisian communities to be conquered by Canadian and Polish troops in April 1945. This resulted in shelling of houses and courtyards, some of which were destroyed. The Ditzum Church also suffered damage from artillery fire .

post war period

Immediately after the war, the district of Leer was the most heavily populated of the three East Frisian districts with refugees from the East, because, in contrast to the districts of Aurich and Wittmund, it was not used as an internment area for prisoners of war German soldiers. However, the district of Leer subsequently accepted most of the people in Lower Saxony who were already unemployed or unemployed in the eastern regions. The proportion of people over 65 was also higher than the average in Lower Saxony. In contrast, the district of Leer had the lowest proportion of male refugees from the east between the ages of 20 and 45 of all districts in Lower Saxony.

In 1961 the municipalities of Jemgum, Midlum, Holtgaste, Critzum, Böhmerwold and Marienchor merged to form the first integrated municipality in Lower Saxony.

On January 1, 1973, as part of the Lower Saxony municipal reform, the communities of Böhmerwold, Critzum, Ditzum, Hatzum, Holtgaste, Marienchor, Midlum, Nendorp, Oldendorp and Pogum became part of the eponymous unified community .

Origin of name

Jemgum is a combination of “Giminga haim”, meaning “dwelling of the people of Gimo”. The place was in the 10th century Giminghem , 1284 Gemmegum , 1456 Gemgum to 1500 Gemmingum and in the 16th century Gemmingen mentioned.

Population development

As in other communities in East Friesland in the marshland (for example the Krummhörn ) the current population is hardly higher than in the 19th century, due to the rural exodus due to the decreasing importance of agriculture as a labor market factor. In particular, the job description of the agricultural worker can hardly be found, apart from employees of agricultural contractors who, however, do not necessarily also live in the community. For example, Johann Gottfried Hoche noted 1100 inhabitants for Jemgum in 1800, about as many as 200 years later (for Jemgum itself, if the above-mentioned associated districts subtract). In Midlum the population was 323 in 1823 and 316 in 2008. Ditzum had 676 inhabitants in 1823, 185 years later there were 696.

After the Second World War, the admission of many refugees from the east led to a sharp increase in the population, which, however, did not last long. Since the early 1970s, the municipality's population has been decreasing (with fluctuations in the meantime). While 3,807 people lived in the community in 2000, ten years later the number was 3,617, which corresponds to a decrease of 190 people or 4.99 percent.

Population development from 1960 to 2016

year	Residents
1960	4522
1965	4380
1970	4456
1975	4136
1980	3850
1985	3797
1990	3858
1995	3787
2000	3807
2005	3712
2010	3617
2015	3539

politics

Jemgum town hall

Like the entire Rheiderland (and East Frisia as a whole), the community of Jemgum is a stronghold of the SPD. The SPD has an absolute majority in the local council. The directly elected mayor Johann Tempel, on the other hand, is non-party.

The strength of the SPD in the community can historically be traced back to the numerous farm workers and workers in the brickworks, as well as the fact that the most populous district by far, the main town of Jemgum, as well as the neighboring Midlum, are distinct SPD strongholds. The Social Democrats won clearly in the first federal election in 1949, and nothing changed in the following decades. Majorities for the CDU, on the other hand, were found in the much smaller districts, which were very much shaped by agriculture, but in which there were no or hardly any farmworkers' settlements.

In 2010, a discussion began in Rheiderland about the merger of the three Rheiderland municipalities (city of Weener, municipalities of Bunde and Jemgum), again initiated by Mayor Wilhelm Dreesmann from Weener. Corresponding proposals had already been made in the past. The initiative was justified with possible financial advantages through mergers and savings, but also through greater scope for design in certain municipal political areas, for example when planning school catchment areas. However, this also met with criticism and skepticism. Jemgum's Mayor Johann Tempel and Federal Mayor Gerald Sap initially remained cautious.

Municipal council

The Jemgum Parish Council consists of 14 councilors. This is the specified number for a municipality with a population between 3001 and 5000 inhabitants. The 14 council members are elected in local elections for five years each. The current term of office began on November 1, 2016 and ends on October 31, 2021. The full-time mayor, currently Hans-Peter Heikens, is also entitled to vote in the council of the municipality.

The last local election in Lower Saxony on September 11, 2016 resulted in the following result:

Political party	Proportional votes	Change voices	Number of seats	Change seats
SPD	48.0%	−11.3%	7th	−1
CDU	24.4%	−1.8%	3	−1
Jemgum 21	13.6%	+ 13.6%	2	+2
We for Jemgum	7.3%	+1.1%	1	0
FDP	6.7%	+ 1.7%	1	0

The turnout in the 2016 local elections was 69.9%, well above the Lower Saxony average of 55.5%.

mayor

Johann Tempel was the full-time mayor of the municipality of Jemgum until 2016 (independent). In the penultimate mayoral election on May 25, 2014, he was re-elected as incumbent with 60.6% of the vote. The turnout was 69.7%. Temple began his further term on November 1, 2014. This ends on October 31, 2016. In the mayoral election on September 11, 2016, none of the four candidates had achieved an absolute majority. Therefore, on September 25, 2016, there was a runoff election between the non-party Hans-Peter Heikens (48.7%) and the SPD candidate Helmut Plöger (31.8%), which Heikens won.

Representatives in the Bundestag and Landtag

Jemgum is part of the Leer / Borkum constituency . 15 parties ran for the state elections in Lower Saxony in 2017 . Five of them had put up direct candidates. The directly elected MP is Johanne Modder ( SPD ).

Jemgum belongs to the Bundestag constituency Unterems (constituency 25), which consists of the district of Leer and the northern part of the district of Emsland. The constituency was redesigned for the 1980 federal election and has remained unchanged since then. So far, only representatives of the CDU have prevailed as direct candidates in this constituency. The constituency is represented in the Bundestag by the directly elected CDU MP Gitta Connemann from Leer. No party candidate from the constituency entered the Bundestag via the parties' list.

Coat of arms, flag and official seal

	Blazon : "The coat of arms of the municipality of Jemgum shows a golden Dutch mill, surrounded by 11 golden six-pointed stars, on a green background above a golden wavy bar in the base of the shield."
	Reasons for the coat of arms: The coat of arms designed by Ebo Pannenborg and approved in 1975 shows a yellow Dutch mill on a green background above a lowered golden wave bar symbolizing the Ems and Dollart, which is surrounded by eleven six-pointed yellow stars as symbols for the member communities.

• 

  Hoist flag

The municipality's flag has a green stripe at the top and a yellow stripe at the bottom. In the middle of the flag is the municipal coat of arms. The official seal contains the coat of arms and the inscription Municipality Jemgum - Landkreis Leer .

Religions

Christianity

In the Middle Ages, Hatzum was the seat of a provost's office.

In the Middle Ages, the area of ​​the municipality of Jemgum belonged to the Propstei Hatzum in the diocese of Münster . As early as the 13th century, seven villages had a brick house of worship and their own priest. A public gathering of Catholic clergy in Jemgum in 1526 provoked opposing preachers from the Reformation. Ulrich von Dornum sent his preacher Hinrich Arnoldi, who stood up against the Dominican prior Laurens Laurensen , which led to the Oldersum Religious Discussion . The parishes accepted the Reformed creed, which is prevalent in the entire Rheiderland to this day. Mission efforts by the Baptists in the 1850s and the Darbysts in the 1880s, who sometimes met at their own church services, did not lead to independent congregations. Today there are Evangelical Reformed parishes in the villages of Böhmerwold, Critzum, Ditzum, Hatzum, Jemgum, Midlum and Oldendorp-Nendorp. They belong to the Synodal Association Rheiderland , which comprises 21 parishes with a total of 19,000 members. Jemgum shares a pastor's position with Böhmerwold and Marienchor and Ditzum one with Oldendorp-Nendorp.

There are also two Evangelical Lutheran parishes: the parish of Pogum and the Ludgerigemeinde in Holtgaste, which is connected to Bingum through the parish. The congregations are part of the Evangelical Lutheran Church District Emden-Leer , which was newly founded in 2013 , in which 26 congregations with almost 60,000 members are united. Pogum is the smallest parish in this church district. Catholics , there is little, and therefore no Catholic community. The closest are in Weener and Leer.

Judaism

Jewish Cemetery

The Jemgum Jewish Community had existed since the 17th century . It was always one of the smallest in East Frisia and dissolved before the time of National Socialism. Since 1917 at the latest, the Jemgum synagogue has not been used and local Jews went to church services in Leer or Weener on major holidays. The synagogue was repeatedly mentioned as dilapidated in reports up to 1930. After that, the lore about their condition ended. The six members of the Jewish Cohen family, who lived in Jemgum in September 1939, had to leave their hometown in February 1940 and were taken to Leer and deported to Berlin a month later. There the traces of three family members are lost. Three more are considered lost in Auschwitz. West of Jemgum (towards Jemgumgaste / Bunderhee), the community's cemetery has been preserved. After 1945, the public prosecutor's office initiated an investigation against former members of the SA, which, along with other proceedings, was discontinued because of the destruction in the cemetery.

Culture and sights

Museums

There is a brickworks museum in the Midlum district. It is intended to remind of the special importance of brickworks (see the history section ) in one of the areas of Germany richest in brickworks, the Rheiderland. In the 19th century there were around 26 brickworks there, the last of which only closed its doors in the decade from 2000 to 2010. In the summer of 1998, a sponsoring association was founded with the aim of building a museum there. He signed a 30-year lease with the owner family and began building up the collection on September 1st of that year. According to its own information, it is the only museum in Europe that shows the processing of clay . A nature adventure center is to be built on the neighboring site of the Leding brickworks. Currently (2013) the future of the museum and the planned nature experience center is unclear due to the ownership structure.

Churches and organs

Jemgumer Kreuzkirche

Müller organ in Midlum (1766)

The brick churches in Jemgum parish were built on terps . The Liudgeri Church in Holtgaste is considered the oldest church in the Rheiderland . It dates from the first half of the 13th century. The older bell was cast between 1280 and 1300, making it one of the oldest in East Frisia. Tönnies Mahler created the richly decorated pulpit in 1644, Arnold Rohlfs created the small organ with seven registers in 1864/65 , which has been preserved unchanged. The St. Sebastian's Church in Hatzum also dates from the 13th century, but lost its side arms in the 17th century. The Romanesque baptismal font made of Baumberger sandstone dates from the time the church was built. A communion cup was donated in 1586 by the Isempt von Hatzum chief family from Hatzum.

The Critzumer Church was built in the 13th century and served the local chiefs as a fortified church . On the pulpit from the second half of the 17th century, mythological creatures with claws are depicted. Also in the 13th century, the Midlum Church was built as a single-nave apse room, which still has the small Romanesque arched windows in the apse . The hagioscope in the south wall has also been preserved. In 1766 Hinrich Just Müller built the organ, which was saved from major changes. The church became widely known for its three-storey, 14 m high bell tower, which is probably the oldest in East Frisia . At 6.74 ° it inclines more than the Leaning Tower of Pisa (4.56 °) and the church tower of Suurhusen (5.19 °), but is not considered a tower in the narrower sense due to its large area.

The Ditzum Church was probably built in the 13th century, but no later than 1350, as a one-room hall with an east apse, but has been redesigned several times over the centuries. The pulpit, the Lord's Supper and a chalice date from the 17th century. Marten Bruns Schmidt from Ditzum built the bell tower in the form of a lighthouse in 1846, which also served as a navigation mark. The Oldendorper church from the 13th or 14th century shows Romano-Gothic transitional forms. The octagonal font was probably made in the first half of the 16th century, the pulpit in 1645 and a chalice in 1675. The Rohlfs brothers created the small organ in 1870, which is still largely preserved.

The reformed church in Jemgum is probably the converted monastery chapel of the Order of St. John from the 14th century. In 1846, Marten Bruns Schmidt built today's tower, which, with its lighthouse-like shape and the sailing ship as a weather vane, became the landmark of Jemgum. A year later the church was also rebuilt according to Schmidt's plans on the floor plan of a Greek cross in the classicist style. The interior was redesigned in the Expressionist style with the furnishings that had survived the fire in 2004 . The organ by Joseph William Walker with 19 registers dated from 1844 is an English instrument and enriches the organ landscape of East Friesland .

There are three churches from the Baroque period in the municipality of Jemgum: The St. Maria Church in the Marienchor from 1668 is a rectangular hall with round-arched windows, pulpit, stalls and candlesticks are from the year the church was built. The small Böhmerwolder church from 1703 is closed off by a polygonal choir, a west tower was added later. The largely preserved organ was created by Johann Gottfried Rohlfs in 1828 using older pipes. The Pogumer Church is also a Baroque hall church, which was built in 1776 in place of the previous medieval building. Two trapezoidal tombstones made of red sandstone date from the 12th century, the pulpit was created in 1681 and the small organ by Johann Adam Berner in 1758/59. The Nendorper Church , a rectangular hall church from 1820 , is characterized by classicism . The western bell tower from 1754 was originally free and belonged to the previous church.

Other structures

Ems barrage near Nendorp

In Jemgum, the Albahaus has been preserved, which was built in 1567 by the chief descendant Heuwe Syrt (ken) in the style of Frisian stone houses. Here is to the Duke of Alva in 1568 allegedly quarters have moved, but this is attributed to the legend. The community center borders on the former Burgplatz, the Westerwierde.

In the main town of Jemgum there is a gallery Dutch windmill from 1756. It has a compass rose and louvre and was given a new thatched roof in 1995. At the same time the wings were repaired. The mill in Ditzum is a formerly two-story, now three-story gallery Dutch from 1883 with a compass rose. In the last phase of World War II, it was destroyed by phosphorus bombs and then rebuilt.

The so-called stone house in Jemgumgaste is owned by the district of Leer. It dates from 1797 with an attached business section from 1910 and until it was sold in 2013 it served the Anno association , which is committed to the preservation of older houses in the region, as a material base. At times it was discussed as a museum for the excavations in Jemgumkloster and Bentumersiel, but there are no more detailed plans from the district.

The old sewer in Ditzum is still functional. Together with the harbor, the "chicken bridge" and old houses, it forms the village center. A noteworthy technical building of recent date is the Ems barrier , which is only accessible to visitors from the opposite side of the Ems near Gandersum . On the Jemgum side, Nendorp is the closest place.

language

Distribution area of ​​the East Frisian Platt

In addition to Standard German, East Frisian Platt is spoken in the community. At least among adults, Platt is an everyday language. The community promotes - also with the support of the Plattdütskbüro der Ostfriesische Landschaft - the use and thus the preservation of the Low German.

In 2006, the kindergarten in Midlum was one of the first four kindergartens to be named “Meersprakig Kinnergaarn / Multilingual Kindergarten” by the Plattdüütskbüro der Ostfriesische Landschaft .

Regular events

One of the concerts of the Musical Summer series in East Friesland is usually given in one of the churches in Jemgum . In 2010 and 2011 the concert took place in the Ditzum church. In Ditzum, the local sailing club organizes regattas in midsummer . The traditional ship meeting in Ditzum, which took place for the fourth time in 2013, is even more recent. A regatta is also held at the traditional Müggenmarkt in Jemgum. Every year in July, a Kreierrennen takes place in Dollart near a former gas drilling platform. This is a reminder of the tradition of fish traps , but the race, like its counterpart at Pilsum in the municipality of Krummhörn , has meanwhile turned into a pure fun event. In 2013 the race took place for the 34th time. Mills, churches and other historical buildings take part in events such as the German Milling Day or the Open Monument Day, where visiting times are often extended and catering is expanded. The Naturschutzbund Deutschland (NABU) regularly offers guided tours in bird resting areas.

Sports

Due to the location on the Ems and Dollart, there are sailing and yacht clubs in Jemgum, Midlum and Ditzum, where there are also ports or marinas. There are also several fishing clubs in the community. Universal sports clubs are the SV Ems Jemgum from 1926 (around 640 members, including soccer, handball tennis, table tennis), which has a sports facility directly on the Emsdeich, and the MTV Ditzum.

Economy and Infrastructure

Agriculture and fishing as well as tourism are defining elements of the economy in the municipality. After completion of the Jemgum motorway junction, a nine-hectare industrial park was created in the immediate vicinity of the exit, in which several companies have settled, including steel, machine and plant construction companies as well as the two electronics manufacturers. Thanks to these settlements, the municipality has some industrial operations again after the brickworks fell. A traditional company in the municipality is Bültjer Bootswerft in Ditzum, which specializes in the construction of cutters and yachts and is a pure wooden boatyard .

In the community there were (as of 2007) 912 employees subject to social security contributions, but only 416 jobs subject to social security contributions. Jemgum is therefore an out- commuter community: 224 in-commuters compared to 720 out-commuters.

Data on unemployment in the municipality itself are not collected. In the Leer division of the Employment Agency, which includes the district of Leer excluding Borkum, the unemployment rate in November 2015 was 5.8 percent. It corresponded exactly to the level of the Lower Saxony average.

Agriculture and fishing

Ditzum fishing port

Of the slightly more than 78 square kilometers total area, about 65 square kilometers are agricultural areas, i.e. 83 percent. Due to the soil conditions, the dairy industry predominates in the municipality of Jemgum. Well over 200 people are employed in the agricultural sector. There are also fishermen (especially crab fishermen, but also mussel fishermen) in the Ditzum district. The district of Leer is one of the ten largest milk producer districts in Germany. As a municipality of average size, but an important part of the agricultural sector in the total area, Jemgum contributes to this, especially since the municipality is almost exclusively grassland. The usual farm size in dairy farming is around 80 dairy cows. However, there are also farms with a (smaller) three-digit number of dairy cows. Since the farming family can no longer cope with the work on their own from a certain size, the employment of external staff becomes necessary. For bird protection, farmers have the opportunity to participate in state-sponsored voluntary protection programs.

tourism

More than 60,000 overnight stays are registered in the municipality every year. 90 companies provide 706 beds for this purpose. A tourist focus is the sluice and fishing village of Ditzum, which is the only village in the municipality to be a state-approved resort. In the record year of 2009, when more than 70,000 overnight stays were registered for the first time, Ditzum accounted for more than 46,000. Tourism is therefore an important economic factor for the municipality, even if the number of overnight stays is significantly lower than in the coastal municipalities of comparable size to the north: For example, the municipality of Dornum (4,800 inhabitants) recorded around 500,000 overnight stays. The turnover achieved with the overnight stays is estimated at just under 3.4 million euros.

With the mills in Jemgum and Ditzum, the municipality is located on the tourist themed route Niedersächsische Mühlenstraße . A cycle themed route was opened in 2010, which has the ship overpasses of Meyer Werft as the theme (cruise route) .

energy

Gas caverns near Jemgum

Due to the location near the coast and the constant wind as well as the thin settlement, the municipality is suitable for the generation of wind energy. There are wind farms in the community, the output of which is increased through repowering . As in other communities, there are conflicts between operators and nature conservation associations.

After several years of construction work, another energy sector has been part of economic life since 2013: The companies EWE Gasspeicher and Wingas store natural gas in underground salt domes , as has already been tested in several places in southern East Frisia ( Friedeburg , Leer ). The first four caverns were commissioned by EWE in May 2013, and another four are to follow in 2014. The Wingas subsidiary Astora followed in September with the filling of the first two caverns. Eight more are to follow by 2018, the capacity of the Wingas caverns alone will then be around one billion cubic meters, which, according to the company, would be enough to supply 500,000 households with gas for a year. The caverns together form one of the largest natural gas storage facilities in Germany. Natural gas from the Netherlands, Norway and Russia is temporarily stored in them.

traffic

Traffic axes in East Frisia: The municipality of Jemgum, located on the left bank of the Ems south of Emden, was far away from the national motorway network until the A31 was built

Ems ferry at the Ditzum pier

Only with the construction of the Emstunnel of the A 31 (completion in 1989) was the community connected to the German motorway network, creating a continuous connection from Groningen through southern East Friesland to Oldenburg . This alleviated the remote location of the community, which had become apparent after the advent of mass motorization after the Second World War. The Jemgum junction is exactly on the border between Jemgum and the city of Leer (district of Bingum).

Two state roads connect the community to the national trunk road network: The L 15 begins near the Ditzum district and runs parallel to the Ems via Hatzum and Jemgum to the Jemgum junction on the A 31. The L 16 begins at the same point (junction from the L 15 ) and leads in a southerly direction via Bunderhee to Bunde, where the road merges seamlessly into federal road 436 at the Weener junction of the A 31 . The districts that are not on a state road are connected via district roads.

The community's cycle path network is well developed. Jemgum is located on the cycle route International Dollard Route (in Dutch spelling of Dollard); the Dortmund-Ems canal route , a total of 350 kilometers long and almost free Radfernweg gradient, which the Ruhr area with the North Sea connecting and EmsRadweg ; this begins at the Ems source in the village of Schloß Holte-Stukenbrock on the edge of the Teutoburg Forest and follows the Ems over a distance of 375 kilometers.

From Ditzum, the Ditzum – Petkum ferry runs as the last remaining Ems ferry on East Frisian soil to the Petkum district of Emden . While this connection was still of some importance for commuters to the Emden shipyards in the 1970s, it is now almost exclusively used for tourism purposes. It is operated by the district of Leer and runs twice in the early morning and every hour between 9 a.m. and 5 p.m., in the summer half of the year an additional 6:30 p.m. from Ditzum. In the summer half-year there is another tourist ferry service from Ditzum to Emden and further to Delfzijl in the Netherlands as part of the Dollard route, as well as further excursion traffic up the Ems to Leer and down the Ems to Borkum . The Dollard ferry was used by 4039 passengers in 2013 (2012: 3938; 2011: 3402). Since the ferry operation is dependent on grants from the neighboring communities, but the payments are initially only agreed until 2014, the future of the ferry operation from 2015 onwards remains open.

Jemgum has never had a railway connection, the nearest long-distance train station with a connection to the national InterCity network is in Leer . The nearest airport can also be found there; the nearest international airport with scheduled flights is that in Eelde near Groningen .

media

Two competing daily newspapers appear in the Rheiderland, the Ostfriesen-Zeitung and the Rheiderland-Zeitung . The Ostfriesen-Zeitung is the only daily newspaper that appears in all of East Frisia with several local editions, while the Rheiderland-Zeitung is limited to the area of ​​the same name (Weener, Bunde, Jemgum). The community radio broadcaster Radio Ostfriesland also reports from the community .

education

The municipality of Jemgum has two primary schools in the districts of Jemgum and Ditzum. In addition, there is the Carl Goerdeler School in the main town of Jemgum , a secondary and secondary school for pupils from the entire community and the neighboring district of Bingum in Leer. Two day-care centers are available for early childhood care in the districts of Midlum and Ditzum. There is a branch of the Leer Adult Education Center in the community. There is no grammar school in the 3700-inhabitant community, the closest are the Ubbo-Emmius-Gymnasium and the Teletta-Groß-Gymnasium in Leer. Vocational schools can also be found there. The nearest university of applied sciences is the University of Emden / Leer , the nearest (German) university is the Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg .

Public facilities

In addition to the municipal administration and own operations such as the building yard, there are only a few public institutions in the municipality. The Rheider Deichacht and the Sielacht Rheiderland are based in the municipality. Both are a corporation under public law and are responsible for dyke maintenance and drainage in the three municipalities in the Rhine region as well as in the Bingum district of Leer in left-hand Ems. The Rheider Deichacht is responsible for both the sea dike on the Dollart and the western river dike on the Ems with a total length of 49.9 kilometers. It has to maintain the longest stretch of the dyke of the seven East Frisian dykes. The rescue station for the Rheiderland is located in Bunde for geographical reasons, because both the localities of the municipality of Jemgum and the Weeneraner urban area can be reached quickly from there. The fire service is structured on a voluntary basis with volunteer fire services in the districts of Jemgum, Holtgaste, Critzum and Ditzum.

Personalities

The most famous son of the community is Hermann Tempel , a social democratic politician and a member of the Reichstag from 1925 to 1933 . Georg Schnedermann was after studying pharmacy and following of chemistry at the University of Giessen in Justus von Liebig , the director of the Royal Vocational School Chemnitz, the predecessor of the Technical University of Chemnitz . Luise Ahlborn was a German writer who also published under the pseudonym Luise Haidheim .

The Baptist pastor Mekke Willms Swyter lived in Jemgum from 1871 to 1875 when he was in charge of the Weener free church. The Low German writer Wilhelmine Siefkes also lived in Jemgum for several years . She worked as a local teacher from 1910 to 1917. The East Frisian songwriter Jan Cornelius lives in Jemgum, where he works full-time as a teacher. From 1977 he appeared with his brother Jürn Cornelius as a Low German folk duo under the name Jan & Jürn and recorded four LPs . From 1984 Jan Cornelius published works as a soloist. Still Jürn, who like his brother grew up in Jemgum, is active as a musician, actor and producer.

literature

• Annelene Akkermann: Rise and seizure of power by the National Socialists in the Rheiderland 1929–1936 , in: Herbert Reyer (Ed.): Ostfriesland between republic and dictatorship , Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1998, ISBN 3-932206-10-X , pp. 239–298 .

The author illuminates the rise of the National Socialists to become the dominant force in the Jemgum community since the late 1920s.

• Wolfgang Schwarz: The prehistory in East Frisia. Verlag Schuster, Leer 1995, ISBN 3-7963-0323-4 , pp. 141-197. (Finds and early settlement)
• Paul Weßels: Brickworks on the Ems. A contribution to the economic history of Ostfriesland (treatises and lectures on the history of Ostfriesland, Volume 80), Ostfriesische Landschaftliche Verlags- und Vertriebsgesellschaft, Aurich 2004, ISBN 3-932206-44-4 .

The author traces the history of the most important branch of industry in the municipality well into the 20th century.

• Harm Wiemann: Studies on the history of the chiefs of the Rheiderland. In: Emder Yearbook for Historical Regional Studies Ostfriesland , Volume 48, 1968, pp. 5–24. (Wiemann provides an overview of the chiefs also for the area of ​​the Jemgum community.)
• Joost Kirchhoff: Storm surge 1962: The disaster night on the Ems and Dollart. Process-knowledge-conclusions. Verlag Risius, Weener 1990, foreword by Peter Elster.

Web links

Commons : Jemgum  - collection of images, videos and audio files

• Official website of the municipality

Individual evidence

1. ↑ State Office for Statistics Lower Saxony, LSN-Online regional database, Table 12411: Update of the population, as of December 31, 2019  ( help ).
2. ↑ www.luftlinie.org: Jemgum – Leer , accessed on July 23, 2013.
3. ↑ www.luftlinie.org: Jemgum – Emden , accessed on July 23, 2013.
4. ↑ www.landkreis-leer.de: Regional spatial planning program of the district of Leer 2006 , PDF file, p. 13 according to the original pagination, accessed on January 21, 2012.
5. ^ Arend Remmers : From Aaltukerei to Zwischenmooren. The settlement names between Dollart and Jade , Verlag Schuster, Leer 2004, ISBN 3-7963-0359-5 , p. 180
6. ↑ Information in this and the following paragraphs originate, unless otherwise referenced, from Heinz Voigt, Günter Roeschmann: Die Boden Ostfrieslands. In: Karl-Heinz Sindowski, Heinz Voigt, Günter Roeschmann, Peter Schmid, Waldemar Reinhardt, Harm Wiemann: Geology, Soils and Settlement of East Frisia. ( Ostfriesland im Schutz des Deiches , Vol. 1), Verlag Deichacht Krummhörn, Pewsum 1969, pp. 51–106, here p. 96 and cartographic supplement.
7. ↑ The information in this paragraph comes from: Theodor Janssen: Gewässerkunde Ostfrieslands. Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1967, without ISBN, pp. 174–180.
8. ↑ ^{a b c d e} www.jemgum.de: structural data , accessed on April 17, 2018.
9. ↑ Source: State Office for Statistics and Communication Technology Lower Saxony , accessed on January 1, 2013.
10. ^ Eberhard Rack: Small regional studies of Ostfriesland. , Isensee Verlag, Oldenburg 1998, ISBN 3-89598-534-1 , p. 115.
11. ↑ www.nationalpark-wattenmeer.de: Map of the protected area , accessed on January 1, 2013.
12. ↑ The information can be viewed on an interactive map at bingo-umweltstiftung.de .
13. ↑ www.nlwkn.niedersachsen.de: Landscape protection area “Rheiderland” , accessed on April 29, 2013.
14. ↑ Michael Mittmann: The number of lapwing has tripled . In: Ostfriesen-Zeitung, January 12, 2010, accessed on June 13, 2011.
15. ↑ www.koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at: Updated climate map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification , accessed on December 28, 2011.
16. ↑ www.holidaycheck.de: Climate and Weather for Leer , accessed on December 28, 2011.
17. ^ Eberhard Rack: Small regional studies of Ostfriesland. , Isensee Verlag, Oldenburg 1998, ISBN 3-89598-534-1 , p. 35 ff.
18. ^ Precipitation data according to the formerly free German Weather Service, normal period 1961–1990
19. ↑ Temperature information , hours of sunshine and rainy days according to holidaycheck.de: Climate and Weather for Leer , accessed on January 28, 2012.
20. ↑ Schwarz: Urgeschichte in Ostfriesland , 1995, p. 35.
21. ^ Black: Prehistory in East Friesland. 1995, p. 153 f.
22. ^ Black: Prehistory in East Friesland. 1995, pp. 154-157.
23. ^ Black: Prehistory in East Friesland. 1995, p. 192.
24. ^ Black: Prehistory in East Friesland. 1995, p. 179.
25. ^ Black: Prehistory in East Friesland. 1995, pp. 161 f., 184.
26. ↑ Erwin Strahl: From farmers to chiefs - new archeological results on the settlement history of the marshes . In: News of the Marschenrat to promote research in the coastal area of ​​the North Sea . Issue 46/2009. Retrieved April 17, 2018 (PDF; 2.2 MB).
27. ^ K. Brandt: Settlement archeological investigations in the northern Rheiderland . In: Ostfriesische Landschaft: Ostfriesische Fundchronik 1970 . Retrieved June 26, 2013.
28. ↑ Erwin Strahl: Germanic settlers - Roman legionaries. The Bentumersiel settlement on the Ems , accessed on June 13, 2013.
29. ↑ Erwin Strahl: Bentumersiel , ed. Lower Saxony Institute for Historical Coastal Research. Retrieved April 17, 2018.
30. ↑ Klaus-Peter Johne: The Romans on the Elbe: The Elbe river basin in the geographical world view and in the political consciousness of Greco-Roman antiquity , Akademie Verlag , Berlin 2006, ISBN 3-05-003445-9 , p. 295.
31. ↑ ^{a b} Kai Mückenberger and Erwin Strahl: A cremation grave from the early 4th century AD with a rich Roman import from Bentumersiel, district of Leer (East Frisia) . In: Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt 39, 2009 (issue 4). Retrieved June 13, 2013.
32. ↑ Erwin Strahl: Germanic settlers - Roman legionaries: The Bentumersiel settlement on the lower Ems. , accessed June 13, 2013.
33. ^ Wolfgang Schwarz: Prehistory and early history. In: Karl-Ernst Behre, Hajo van Lengen (Ed.): Ostfriesland. History and shape of a cultural landscape , Aurich 1995, ISBN 3-925365-85-0 , p. 72.
34. ^ Gerhard Kronsweide (local chronicle of the East Frisian landscape ): Jemgum (PDF file; 76 kB), accessed on June 6, 2011.
35. ^ Wiemann: Studies on the history of the chiefs. 1968, pp. 5-24.
36. ↑ Jochen Wortelker: from Jemgum tho disgust Ewo Alberda
37. ^ Gerhard Kronsweide: Jemgum, community Jemgum, district Leer . P. 2
38. ↑ Jochen Wortelker: from Jemgum Ewo
39. ^ Clemens Pagenstert: Querlenburg . 1927
40. ↑ Weßels: Brickworks on the Ems. 2004, p. 19.
41. ^ Walter Deeters : East Frisia in the Thirty Years War. In: Emder Yearbook for Historical Regional Studies Ostfriesland , Vol. 78, 1998, pp. 32–44, here: p. 39.
42. ↑ The East Frisian historian Tileman Dothias Wiarda had already pointed this out in Volume 5 of his East Frisian History (Aurich 1795): “Since, however, these contributions were almost completely consumed again in the province due to the many years of billeting, and the money always remained in circulation, so leaves solve the mystery raised to some extent. ”Quoted in: Walter Deeters: Ostfriesland in the Thirty Years War. In: Emder Yearbook for Historical Regional Studies in Ostfriesland , Vol. 78, 1998, pp. 32–44, here: p. 43.
43. ^ Walter Deeters: East Frisia in the Thirty Years War. In: Emder Yearbook for Historical Regional Studies Ostfriesland , Vol. 78, 1998, pp. 32–44, here: p. 38.
44. ^ Karl Heinrich Kaufhold ; Uwe Wallbaum (Ed.): Historical statistics of the Prussian province of East Frisia. ( Sources on the history of East Frisia , vol. 16), Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1998, ISBN 3-932206-08-8 , p. 386.
45. ^ Karl Heinrich Kaufhold; Uwe Wallbaum (Ed.): Historical statistics of the Prussian province of East Frisia. ( Sources on the history of East Frisia , Vol. 16), Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1998, ISBN 3-932206-08-8 , p. 308.
46. ^ Curt Heinrich Conrad Friedrich Jansen: Statistical Handbook of the Kingdom of Hannover 1824. P. 7, accessed on October 11, 2013.
47. ^ Ordinance on the reorganization of administrative offices in 1859. Accessed on October 11, 2013.
48. ↑ ^{a b} Menno Smid : East Frisian Church History. ( Ostfriesland in the protection of the dike , vol. 6), Verlag Deichacht Krummhörn, Pewsum 1974 without ISBN, p. 42.
49. ^ Theodor Schmidt: Analysis of the statistics and relevant sources on the federal elections in East Frisia 1949-1972. Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1978, without ISBN, p. 70.
50. ↑ Printed and commented in: Onno Poppinga , Hans Martin Barth, Hiltraut Roth: Ostfriesland. Biographies from the Resistance. , Syndicate authors and publishing company, Frankfurt / Main 1977, ISBN 3-8108-0024-4 , pp. 26–32.
51. ↑ Hans Bernhard Eden: The Resident Services of Ostfriesland from 1919 to 1921. In: Emder Yearbook for Historical Country Studies of Ostfriesland , Vol. 65, 1985, pp. 81-134, here pp. 94, 98, 107, 114.
52. ↑ Beatrix Heilemann: The East Frisian Agriculture in National Socialism. In: Emder Yearbook for Historical Regional Studies Ostfriesland , Vol. 81 (2001), pp. 205–216, here: pp. 205f.
53. ^ Akkermann: Rise and seizure of power by the National Socialists. 1998, p. 252.
54. ↑ Akkermann: Rise and seizure of power of the National Socialists, 1998, p. 253 ff.
55. ^ Akkermann: Rise and seizure of power by the National Socialists. 1998, p. 255.
56. ^ Akkermann: Rise and seizure of power by the National Socialists. 1998, p. 256.
57. ↑ Beatrix Herlemann : Persecution, resistance and opposition of the organized labor movement in East Friesland. In: Herbert Reyer (Ed.): Ostfriesland in the Third Reich. Aurich 1999, pp. 49-62, here: p. 49.
58. ↑ Beatrix Herlemann: The East Frisian Agriculture in National Socialism. In: Emder Yearbook for Historical Regional Studies Ostfriesland , Vol. 81, 2001, pp. 205–216, here: pp. 209f.
59. ↑ Paul Weßels : The Jewish labor camps 1939 in the district of Leer. In: Heinrich Schmidt, Wolfgang Schwarz, Martin Tielke (eds.): Tota Frisia in partial views - Festschrift for Hajo van Lengen , Ostfriesische Landschaftliche Verlags- und Vertriebsgesellschaft, Aurich 2005, pp. 447–472.
60. ↑ Bernhard Parisius : Many sought their own homeland. Refugees and displaced persons in western Lower Saxony (Treatises and lectures on the history of East Frisia, Volume 79), Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 2004, ISBN 3-932206-42-8 , p. 47. Im Following Parisius: Refugees.
61. ^ Parisius: Refugees. P. 78/79.
62. ↑ Rudi Meyer: When Jemgum made headlines in January 1962 , in: Ostfriesen-Zeitung , January 12, 2012, PDF document, accessed from the website of the Jemgum municipality on January 1, 2013.
63. ^ Federal Statistical Office (ed.): Historical municipality directory for the Federal Republic of Germany. Name, border and key number changes in municipalities, counties and administrative districts from May 27, 1970 to December 31, 1982 . W. Kohlhammer GmbH, Stuttgart and Mainz 1983, ISBN 3-17-003263-1 , p. 263 .
64. ↑ Norddeutscher Rundfunk: Place names - overview for the letter J
65. ^ Johann Gottfried Hoche: Journey through Osnabrück and Niedermünster in the Saterland, East Frisia and Gröningen . Friedrich Wilmans, Bremen 1800, p. 308.
66. ↑ Klaus von Beyme : The political system of the Federal Republic of Germany: An introduction . VS Verlag, Wiesbaden 2004, ISBN 3-531-33426-3 , p. 100, accessed from Google Books on May 22, 2011.
67. ^ Theodor Schmidt: Analysis of the statistics and relevant sources on the federal elections in East Frisia 1949-1972. Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1978, without ISBN, cartographic appendix.
68. ↑ Michael Mittmann: Großgemeinde Rheiderland meets with skepticism , in: Ostfriesen-Zeitung, December 23, 2010, accessed on June 5, 2011.
69. ↑ www.nds-voris.de (Lower Saxony Regulations Information System): Lower Saxony Municipal Constitutional Law ( NKomVG) in the version of December 17, 2010; Section 46 - Number of MPs , accessed on December 27, 2016.
70. ↑ ^{a b} www.jemgum.de: Announcement of the official final results of the 2016 municipal elections on September 11, 2016 , accessed on December 27, 2016 (PDF).
71. ↑ Local elections: All information, all results. In: hna.de. September 12, 2016, accessed December 27, 2016 . 
72. ↑ Individual results of the direct elections on May 25, 2014 in Lower Saxony ( memento of March 3, 2016 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on November 8, 2014
73. ↑ Mayoral election on the NDR website , accessed on September 14, 2016
74. ^ District administration Leer: State election 2017 constituency 84 first votes
75. ↑ Results of the 2017 Bundestag election in the constituency, broken down by cities and municipalities
76. ^ Nordwest-Zeitung: Bundestag election: These members represent our region . In: NWZonline . ( nwzonline.de [accessed September 29, 2017]).
77. ↑ www.jemgum.de: Main statutes of the Jemgum municipality , accessed on April 17, 2018 (PDF; 28 kB).
78. ↑ Menno Smid: East Frisian Church History. ( Ostfriesland in the protection of the dike , Vol. 6), Verlag Deichacht Krummhörn, Pewsum 1974 without ISBN, p. 124.
79. ↑ Menno Smid: East Frisian Church History. ( Ostfriesland in the protection of the dike , vol. 6), Verlag Deichacht Krummhörn, Pewsum 1974 without ISBN, pp. 541, 550.
80. ^ Synodalverband Rheiderland , accessed on April 17, 2018.
81. ^ Herbert Reyer: Jemgum. In: Herbert Obenaus (Ed.): Historical manual of the Jewish communities in Lower Saxony and Bremen . Wallstein Verlag, Göttingen 2005, ISBN 3-89244-753-5 , p. 903.
82. ^ Herbert Reyer: Jemgum. In: Herbert Obenaus (Ed.): Historical manual of the Jewish communities in Lower Saxony and Bremen . Wallstein Verlag, Göttingen 2005, ISBN 3-89244-753-5 , p. 907.
83. ↑ Herbert Reyer (edit.): The end of the Jews in East Friesland. Catalog for the exhibition of the East Frisian landscape on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of Kristallnacht . Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1988. ISBN 3-925365-41-9 . P.56.
84. ↑ www.ostfriesland.de: Ziegeleimuseum , accessed on September 25, 2013.
85. ↑ ^{a b} kah : Brickworks: stone-hard fronts. In: Rheiderland-Zeitung , February 18, 2013, accessed on September 25, 2013.
86. ^ Paul Weßels (on www.nordwestreisemagazin.de): Ziegeleimuseum Midlum. , accessed September 25, 2013.
87. ^ Stephan Schmidt: Concern for the brickwork museum in Midlum. In: Ostfriesen-Zeitung , August 6, 2011, accessed on September 25, 2013.
88. ↑ www.evlka.de (homepage of the parish of Holtgaste): We about us , accessed on June 5, 2011.
89. ^ Ortschronisten der Ostfriesische Landschaft: Hatzum (PDF file; 44 kB), accessed on June 5, 2011.
90. ↑ Paul Weßels (local chronicle of the East Frisian landscape): Midlum , PDF file, 26 kB, accessed on June 5, 2011.
91. ↑ Gottfried Kiesow : Architectural Guide Ostfriesland . Verlag Deutsche Stiftung Denkmalschutz , Bonn 2010, ISBN 978-3-86795-021-3 , p. 153 .
92. ↑ Gottfried Kiesow: Architectural Guide Ostfriesland . Verlag Deutsche Stiftung Denkmalschutz , Bonn 2010, ISBN 978-3-86795-021-3 , p. 149 .
93. ^ Harald Vogel , Reinhard Ruge, Robert Noah, Martin Stromann: Organ landscape Ostfriesland . Soltau-Kurier-Norden, Norden 1995, ISBN 3-928327-19-4 , p. 105 .
94. ^ Ortschronisten der Ostfriesischen Landschaft: Nendorp , PDF file, 26 kB, accessed on June 5, 2011.
95. ↑ www.muehlen-dgm-ev.de (German Society for Milling Industry): Directory of participants at the German Milling Day 2011 , PDF file, 138 kB, p. 10.
96. ↑ Michael Mittmann: District buys Steinhaus Jemgumgaste. In: Ostfriesen-Zeitung , July 5, 2013, accessed on October 11, 2013.
97. ↑ www.ostfriesenelandschaft.de: Plattdüütsk / Projekte , accessed on January 1, 2013.
98. ↑ kah : Mud fight on the oil rig. In: Rheiderland-Zeitung , July 29, 2013, accessed on October 12, 2013.
99. ↑ www.sv-ems-jemgum.de: Der Verein , accessed on June 6, 2011.
100. ↑ Tatjana Gettkowski: Since Friday it is possible to kick in Jemgum directly on the dike , in: Ostfriesen-Zeitung, July 16, 2013, accessed on the same day.
101. ↑ Hannoversche Allgemeine Zeitung of March 24, 2017: Bültjer shipyard. This is how Lower Saxony's most traditional boat builder works , accessed on August 27, 2017.
102. ↑ www.arbeitsagentur.de: Commuter statistics , Excel file, line 2211.
103. ↑ Labor market figures November 2015 from the Employment Agency Leer , accessed on December 3, 2015.
104. ↑ www.jemgum.de: Economy , accessed on April 17, 2018.
105. ↑ Leer ranks eighth with 384,000 tons (survey year: 2006). For comparison: the three highest values ​​were determined in the district of Cuxhaven (564,000 tons), in the district of Unterallgäu (451,000 tons) and in the district of Schleswig-Flensburg (448,000 tons). Source: Lower Saxony State Office for Statistics, quoted in: Ostfriesischer Kurier , August 14, 2008, p. 12.
106. ↑ Michael Mittmann: The Santens expect several thousand visitors , in: Ostfriesen-Zeitung, June 2, 2010, accessed on June 13, 2011.
107. ↑ Michael Mittmann: Mapper looking for lapwing and black godwit , in: Ostfriesen-Zeitung, March 10, 2011, accessed on June 12, 2011.
108. ↑ www.jemgum.de: Vacation and Recreation , accessed on April 17, 2018.
109. ↑ Michael Mittmann: Jemgum celebrates record number of overnight stays , in: Ostfriesen-Zeitung, March 24, 2010, accessed on June 13, 2011.
110. ↑ Rudi Meyer: With a tailwind from Halt to Ditzum , in: Ostfriesen-Zeitung, September 20, 2010, accessed on June 13, 2011.
111. ↑ Michael Mittmann: Council gives the green light for wind farm planning. In: Ostfriesen-Zeitung , January 28, 2011, accessed April 30, 2013.
112. ↑ Michael Mittmann: Geese graze in Holtgaste next to the wind turbines. In: Ostfriesen-Zeitung , January 11, 2011, accessed on June 13, 2011.
113. ↑ Michael Mittmann, Jörg Schürmeyer: Jemgum gas storage facilities are in operation. In: Ostfriesen-Zeitung , May 16, 2013, accessed on October 11, 2013.
114. ↑ Tatjana Gettkowski: Caverns are now being filled. In: Ostfriesen-Zeitung , September 13, 2013, accessed on October 11, 2013.
115. ↑ www.wingas.com: Die Speicherbauer , accessed on April 17, 2018.
116. ↑ www.landkreis-leer.de: Fähre Ditzum-Petkum , accessed on June 5, 2011.
117. ↑ Tatjana Gettkowski: The "Dollard" enjoyed a good summer with many guests. In: Ostfriesen-Zeitung , October 9, 2013, accessed on October 11, 2013.
118. ↑ www.jemgum.de: Schools , accessed on April 17, 2018.
119. ↑ www.jemgum.de: day care centers , accessed on April 17, 2018.
120. ↑ www.rheider-deichacht.de: data and facts , accessed on April 17, 2018.

This article was added to the list of excellent articles on November 4, 2013 in this version .