Friedeburg

Basic data
State :	Lower Saxony
County :	Wittmund
Height :	5 m above sea level NHN
Area :	163.56 km 2
Residents:	10,154 (Dec. 31, 2019)
Population density :	62 inhabitants per km 2
Postcodes :	26446, 26409
Primaries :	04465, 04948 , 04453 , 04468
License plate :	WTM
Community key :	03 4 62 005
LOCODE :	DE FIB
Community structure:	12 districts
Address of the ; municipal administration:	Hauptstrasse 96 ; 26446 Friedeburg
Website :	www.friedeburg.de
Mayor :	Helfried Goetz (non-party)
Location of the community Friedeburg in the district of Wittmund

Friedeburg (Low German Freeborg ) is a municipality and a state-approved resort in the Wittmund district in Lower Saxony . The community is located on the eastern edge of the East Frisian-Oldenburg Geestrücken , from which the foothills advance into the northeastern marsh . With around 164 square kilometers, Friedeburg is the third largest municipality in East Frisia in terms of area . 10,154 people live there. With its 62 inhabitants per square kilometer, the community is very sparsely populated. Friedeburg has a share in all three formative landscapes of the East Frisian mainland, namely marshland , geest and moor .

The name of the municipality is derived from the castle of the same name , which was built in 1359 and razed in the 18th century. It was the largest fortress in East Friesland until it was destroyed. Today's community also gained importance in the Middle Ages through monasteries and its location on the Frisian Heerweg between Oldenburg and the coast. Reepsholt Abbey is considered the oldest in East Frisia and was first mentioned in a document in 983. Neither the monasteries nor the castle have preserved any rising walls. In the districts of Reepsholt and Marx, the community has two important church buildings.

The municipality is of national importance due to the caverns located under the Etzel district , in which a substantial part of the German federal crude oil reserve is stored. Friedeburg is an out-commuter community that is characterized by agriculture, tourism and medium-sized companies. It borders five cities, and many Friedeburgers also work in nearby Wilhelmshaven.

geography

Position and extent

Friedeburg is the southernmost municipality in the Wittmund district and at the same time the easternmost in East Friesland. With an area of 164 square kilometers, it is the second largest municipality in the district after Wittmund and the third largest in East Frisia after Wittmund and Aurich. 10,513 people live there, which corresponds to a population density of 64 per square kilometer. This means that Friedeburg is very sparsely populated even when compared to inner-East Frisia, with East Frisia with around 148 inhabitants per square kilometer already being more sparsely populated than Lower Saxony (166) and the Federal Republic of Germany (229). Friedeburg has the lowest population density among the East Frisian communities with 10,000 or more inhabitants. The largest extension in an approximate north-south direction is almost 17 kilometers between the northern edge of the Knyphauser Forest and the southern edge of the Bentstreek district. In an east-west direction, Friedeburg extends around 18.4 kilometers, from the border with Aurich near Wiesedermeer in the west to Hof Hohemey on the border with the municipality of Sande in the east.

The closest major city is Oldenburg , around 43 kilometers south-southeast. Also nearby is the city of Wilhelmshaven , which is important as a destination for Friedeburg's business commuters. The center of Wilhelmshaven is just under 20 kilometers from the center of Friedeburg.

Neighboring communities

Friedeburg borders the East Frisian districts of Aurich and Leer and the district of Friesland in the Oldenburg region . On a very short section in the northeast of the municipality, Friedeburg borders on Jever , the district town of Friesland. The town of Schortens and the communities of Sande and Zetel follow in a clockwise direction in the Friesland district . The municipality of Uplengen is located south of the municipality in the district of Leer. In the west Friedeburg borders on the cities of Wiesmoor (southwest) and the Aurich district Brockzetel (northwest) in the district of Aurich. The district town of Wittmund is north of Friedeburg . The community thus borders on three district towns and has two other towns as neighbors. The border location to three district towns is unique in the Weser-Ems area.

Community structure

Possible in Friedeburg: From America ...

... to Russia on foot in ten minutes.

In May 1972, the municipalities of Abickhafe , Dose , Hoheesche and Reepsholt merged to form the municipality of Reepsholt. This merged into the municipality of Friedeburg in the course of the Lower Saxony municipal reform on August 16, 1972 - together with the previously independent municipalities of Friedeburg, Bentstreek , Etzel , Hesel , Horsten , Marx , Wiesede and Wiesedermeer . The municipality as it is today consists of twelve districts.

Other places to live are smaller towns such as Hohejohls, Moorstrich, Klein-Horsten, Heidendom, Barge, Upschört, Priemelsfehn, Heselerfeld as well as America and Russia. The latter two were created in the first half of the 19th century. The name America is seen as a joke name in the relevant literature. The same could apply to the place name Russia, but a different hypothesis is also represented: According to this, the name should come from the first inhabitants who worked as charcoal burners and were therefore also referred to as soot masters or Russians . America and Russia are only about ten minutes' walk (two kilometers) apart.

Land use

Land use 2009
use	Hectares
Building and open space	864
including living space	475
of which commercial and industrial space	76
Operating area	62
of which mining areas (especially sand and gravel)	28
Recreation area	53
including green area	25th
traffic area	650
of which road, path, square	633
Agricultural area	12,381
of which moor	128
of it heather	11
Water surface	388
Forest area	1904
Areas of other use	55
including cemeteries	4th
of it land	38
total area	16,365

The land use table shows that the municipality of Friedeburg is rich in forests in a comparison across East Friesland : In percentage terms, it is the second most forest-rich municipality in East Friesland after the integrated municipality of Hage and before Aurich (around 11.6 percent of the area). In the municipality there are three forests with around 1900 hectares of forest. These are the Knyphauser Wald in the north of the municipality on the border with Wittmund, the Karl-Georgs-Forst in the west on the border with Wiesmoor and the Stroot Forest in the main town. The forest is owned by the Lower Saxony State Forests and in the municipality is mostly looked after by the Hopels district forester, and to a lesser extent by the Upjever district forester . There is also a large number of small afforested areas in almost all districts. More than 80 percent of the agricultural land is used as grazing land. There are extensive raised bog areas in the villages of Bentstreek and Wiesedermeer.

Geology and hydrology

In the municipality of Friedeburg, the three typical landforms of the East Frisian mainland, Geest, Moor and Marsh, can be found. In the geological epoch of the Zechstein , the salt domes were created , as they can be found in the whole of northern Germany (albeit in different forms). They are located in the Friedeburg municipal area, mainly around the Etzel district, at a depth of 750 to more than 4000 meters below the surface of the earth. The surface layers of the municipality are, as in all of East Frisia, determined by the Pleistocene and Holocene . The Geest is one of the Pleistocene layers , while the Holocene layers form marshland and moor .

The Geest is the oldest of these three landscapes and covers the largest, central part of the municipality. The melting ice glaciers of the Saale Ice Age left ground moraines made of boulder clay and stones. In the municipality of Friedeburg, this layer is about 80 centimeters thick. There are debris in the clay, the largest chunks of which were used for stone graves in prehistoric times. After the ice retreated, the meltwater formed cover debris and cover sands, which formed hills (e.g. near Marx) and ridges (e.g. near Etzel). The cover sand layer has an average thickness of half a meter to one meter.

Especially in the extreme western and extreme southern municipal areas, moors can be found that were cultivated in the past centuries and can therefore hardly be described as original. They are the eastern foothills of the East Frisian Central Moor, which stretched roughly from the eastern Aurich city area through the communities of Großefehn, Wiesmoor and Friedeburg to the community of Uplengen. The raised bog vegetation (plateau rain bogs) arose after the Ice Age from peat-potted remains of the peat moss. In the center of the municipality at the transition from the Geest to the marsh there are also smaller fens.

Marsh areas can be found in the east of the municipality. It is silted up area of the former Black Brack . The marshland consists primarily of heavy soils that are difficult to cultivate in arable farming . Sandy loam is predominant.

Friedeburg lies on the Friedeburger Tief , which primarily serves to drain the areas below. The Friedeburger Tief flows roughly in a west-east direction and flows into the Jade Bay via the Ellenserdammer Tief and Dangaster Tief near Dangast . Roughly parallel to the Friedeburger Tief, the Reepsholter Tief also flows from west to east through the municipality.

climate

Friedeburg lies in the temperate climate zone. The climate is characterized by the Central European west wind zone. According to the Köppen climate classification , Friedeburg is in the classification Cfb , which means that the climate zone C has a warm-temperate rainy climate in which the coldest month has a mean temperature between 18 ° C and −3 ° C and the warmest month has a temperature above 10 ° C. The annual total precipitation for climate type Cf : Humid-temperate climate means that all months are humid and the driest month has at least 60 millimeters of precipitation. Climate subtype b (warm summer ) shows that all months are below 22 ° C, but there are at least four months that are warmer than 10 ° C. In summer, the daytime temperatures are generally lower, and in winter often higher than in the further inland.

In contrast, special climatic conditions prevail in the raised bog areas in the extreme south and in the extreme west of the municipality. Because of the subsurface conditions in a rain bog , the temperature differences between day and night are extreme. During the day in summer, temperatures on the ground can be very high, so that spontaneous combustion can result in moor fires. However, due to the peat extraction and the associated drainage, this effect is no longer as pronounced as in the original natural landscape. However, the number of frost days in the raised bog area is significantly higher than in the surrounding area, with early and late frosts occurring more often. In addition, bog areas are much more fog-intensive than the surrounding area.

Protected areas

Kollrunger Moor nature reserve

View from NE of the Lengener Meer, the street on the right is the border between Uplengen and Friedeburg

In the large community there are several nature and landscape protection areas as well as natural monuments. The nature reserve (NSG) Kollrunger Moor in the Friedeburg district of Wiesedermeer and in the neighboring Aurich district of Brockzetel has an area of 279 hectares and is a peat high moor landscape, just like the Dose swamp moor (total area 43 hectares, under protection since 1994), which Friedeburg shares with the neighboring town Schortens in the Friesland district. However, it is mostly in the municipality of Friedeburg. There is mostly birch forest on the pitted areas , some areas have also been rewetted . The Black Sea near the district of Marx is East Friesland's only ground moraine lake , the associated NSG has an area of around 15 hectares. In addition, the municipality Friedeburg has a small share in the NSG Lengener Meer , the much larger share and the Hochmoorsee itself, however, are located in the Uplengen municipality, which is why the district of Leer is the responsible lower nature conservation authority in this case. In the other cases it is the district of Wittmund.

The landscape protection area (LSG) Stroot in the main town Friedeburg is 20.6 hectares in size. The forest has been under protection since 1966. The 6.9 hectare Bült field near Horsten has been under landscape protection since 1957 . An oak tree in the Dose district has been designated as a natural monument since 1939. Two beeches between Friedeburg and Marx have been a natural monument since 1976.

history

Prehistory and early history

Stapelstein at Etzel

Excavation finds in the community area prove that people lived there in prehistoric times. Visible evidence of the early Bronze Age (from around 2000 BC) are the barrows near Rispel. Of the original 100 barrows, only three have survived. The Stapelstein near the Etzel district, an ancient dolmen made of four carrier stones and two cap stones, also dates from the earlier Bronze Age . A so-called sun stone was found near Horsten in 1963 , a boulder about one meter high with 17 concentric circles carved on the flat underside. A replica of the sunstone is not far from the site, the original is kept in the Horsten primary school.

Prehistoric paths, which were later followed by the Frisian Heerweg , are assumed for the Bronze Age. They led from the Oldenburg area along the Geestrand towards the coast. The impassable bog areas were avoided. It was not a question of paths in the current sense, rather they were much wider and showed lane after lane. Coming from today's Neuchâtel , the Frisian Heerweg followed roughly the federal highway 437 in the direction of Friedeburg and continued north. Around Rispel there were branches in the direction of today's cities of Aurich, Wittmund and Jever.

Early and High Middle Ages

Memorial stone for the Reepsholt Monastery

The stone setting of the Middle Ages Oll Gries and the Hunt along the Frisian Heerweg, the old military and trade route from Oldenburg to East Frisia, lie in the municipality .

The Reepsholt Monastery was founded in what is now the municipality as the first monastery in East Frisia, at the time it was still a monastery . The monastery was mentioned in a decree by Emperor Otto II in 983. The sisters Reingerd and Wendila donated it to the diocese of Bremen . The diocese occupied the monastery with twelve canons who did not belong to any order. Reepsholt Monastery was the only one in the Frisian area belonging to the Diocese of Bremen. This is why it was of particular importance during the Christianization, but also - since in the Middle Ages ecclesiastical and secular power could not be separated - in securing the Frisian coastal area. With the document mentioned, the monastery and its lands were transferred to the sole rule of the diocese, the counts were not supposed to exercise judicial power there. In later centuries, however, it was the Counts of Oldenburg who also received fines on monastery property in their Ostringian territory; Therefore, the demarcation was probably no longer too sharp later. The monastery was built in a strategically favorable location on the Frisian Heerweg with navigable access to the sea via the nearby Reepsholter Tief. In the early days of the monastery there was only one church, which was both monastery and parish church. In the time around 1140, the documented founding of a church in Reepsholt fell - either as the second next to the monastery church or as a relocation of the monastery church: Mauritian patronage through the younger provost church. The juxtaposition of two large stone churches will have been a great burden that was probably too heavy. "

Perhaps for this reason, the Reepsholt Monastery, unlike most other East Frisian monasteries, was already in decline long before the Reformation. The reason is also assumed to be the collapse of the Jade Bay, beginning with the Julian flood of February 17, 1164, as the monastery owned many lands there. Church life shifted to the younger provost church, the monastery became increasingly neglected, the remains were demolished in 1535.

Horsten, Marx and Etzel were first mentioned in 1134 when the local chapels were placed under the preposition of the Reepsholt Monastery. Until the end of the 15th century, the municipality belonged to the Gau Östringen .

Time of the chiefs

East Frisia at the time of the chiefs

The name Friedeburg is derived from the former Friedeburg Castle , which was located southeast of today's village of Friedeburg. The castle was built in 1359 (according to other sources around 1370) by Edo Wiemken the Elder in a strategically important location on the Frisian Heerweg . It allowed control of the trade route. The original stone house with a well-fortified tower was expanded over the centuries into East Friesland's largest fortress and secured the country against the Oldenburgers, who were enemies of East Friesland .

In the 15th century the Friedeburg area received changing rulers several times. The chief Hayo Harlda von Jever extended his sphere of influence over large parts of the Wangerland and Östringen from the 1430s. However, he could not hold Friedeburg Castle against Count Dietrich von Oldenburg : On October 26, 1435, the parishes of Marx, Etzel, Wiesede and Horsten, along with the Friedeburg, submitted to the Oldenburg. However: “Apparently a base that is difficult to maintain; the count sold it back to the countries of Östringen and Harlingerland. In the period that followed, the castle became the seat of the small-scale rule of Chief Cirk von Friedeburg, which also included Reepsholt after the mid-15th century. ”He allied himself with Dietrich's successor, Gerd the Brave of Oldenburg, also known as the arguable . In return, Countess Theda of East Friesland and Chief Sibo Attena of Esens allied in 1473 in order to curb the Oldenburg's expansion drive to the north . The chiefs of Jever, Gödens, Inhausen and Kniphausen also leaned on the East Frisian count house. When Cirk von Friedeburg died in 1474, Countess Theda anticipated an occupation of Friedeburg by the Oldenburgs. It also eliminated possible claims by Jever chief Edo Wiemken the Younger. Also involved in this coup was the chief of Esens, Hero Omken, for whom Hero Mauritz Kankena, from the family of Kankena originally from Reepsholt / Dose and later residing in Dornum, had taken over the guardianship. From 1477 Kankena called himself chief of Dornum and Friedeburg. In the course of the ongoing feuds with the Oldenburgers in 1479/1480 he was taken prisoner in Oldenburg and had to buy himself free, which caused him to get into debt. Countess Theda then seized the opportunity and bought the glory of Friedeburg from Kankena for 5000 Rhenish guilders.

Friedeburg under the Cirksena (1481 to 1744)

Count Edzard I around 1520/1530. Painting by Jacob Cornelisz. van Oostsanen . He took control of East Friesland after his older brother drowned in Friedeburg's moat.

Until 1481, the Friedeburg with the parishes Reepsholt, Leerhafe, Marx, Wiesede, Etzel, Horsten and Zetel formed an independent glory . In 1481 the Herrlichkeit Friedeburg became an East Frisian office . While the Harlingerland , i.e. the northern and central Wittmund district, only finally became part of East Friesland after the Berum comparison of 1600, this was the case in the Friedeburg area 119 years earlier. The feuds with the Oldenburgers lasted until 1486, when the parties to the dispute made peace.

Friedeburg Fortress: reverse engraving from the second half of the 17th century

Memorial stone for the foundation of Wiesedermeer

In 1491 there was a love affair at Friedeburg with far-reaching personal consequences for the East Frisian ruling house and thus also for the history of the region in the following decades. The Drost on the Friedeburg, Engelmann von Horsten, had entered into a love affair with the count's daughter Almuth and had abducted her from Aurich to the castle; According to the historiography, it was a thoroughly consensual kidnapping. Engelmann and Almuth holed up in the Friedeburg. Enno, eldest of the three sons of Count Ulrich and Countess Theda (Enno, Edzard, Uko), who had just returned from a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, then besieged the castle. After a heated argument with Engelmann, Enno followed Drosten in full armor across the icy moat, broke through the ice sheet and drowned. As a result of this accident, the next elder son Edzard succeeded his brother in the line of rule. After the death of his mother in 1494, he took control of East Frisia and later went down in East Frisian history as Edzard the Great .

During the Saxon feud , the Friedeburg was besieged by Brunswick and Saxon troops without being able to be captured at first. The castle commander Rippersbusch handed them over to the besiegers in return for the assurance of safe conduct. Count Edzard the Great took the castle back for East Frisia on September 27, 1517.

To the north-west of the castle, a settlement on the Endel with a few houses was formed around 1600 , in which officials and servants of the castle lived. During the Thirty Years War , East Friesland was occupied three times by foreign troops as a retreat. Especially the first occupation by the troops of Ernst von Mansfeld meant a considerable burden for the population, as the mercenary heap strongly oppressed and plundered the inhabitants. Mansfeld's troops not only occupied Friedeburg, but also lived in Reepsholter Church, which was again badly affected.

While in other parts of the country peat colonies were established in the form of Fehnkanal settlements from 1633 (beginning of the settlement of Großefehn ), such cultivation was not carried out in the Friedeburg area in the 17th and early 18th centuries. The cultivation of moor areas did not begin until 1733 with the drainage of the Kleiner Wieseder Meer. This happened under the direction of the government councilor Sebastian Eberhard Jhering (1700–1759), who was also the founder of Jheringsfehn in the municipality of Moormerland (district of Leer). The first settlers came to today's Wiesedermeer in 1739, but they were not granted lasting agricultural success, so they left the place again. It was not until 1760 that people settled again in the area of the Kleiner Wieseder Meer, and from 1785 also in the area of the Großer Wieseder Meer. The year 1739 is still considered the founding date of the colony.

From the takeover by Prussia in 1744 to the First World War

After the last Count of East Friesland, Carl Edzard , died childless at an early age, East Friesland fell to Prussia in 1744 due to a prospect that had existed since the end of the 17th century . The garrison was withdrawn in 1747. In 1763 the Friedeburg was razed by Prussia at the behest of Frederick II , as the castle no longer had any military significance and was in a poor state of construction.

In 1766 Hopels, located on the edge of the East Frisian Central Moors southwest of Friedeburg, was founded as a further bog colony in the municipality after Frederick the Great had signed the edict of reclamation in 1765 . Like many other bog colonies that were founded in the first three decades after the edict, however, after initial cultivation successes, bitter hardship soon prevailed: the settlers switched to the bog fire culture, in which the bog burned out in spring and buckwheat seeds were introduced into the still warm ashes has been. However, as a result of the burning out, the soil lost enormous fertility within a few years, so that it had to lie fallow for more than 20 years before it could be used again.

From an economic point of view, the places Horsten (with 76 craftsmen and merchants in 1756), Marx (64), Etzel (51) and, to a lesser extent, Reepsholt (22) held an outstanding position among the localities in the area. Linen weavers in particular were strongly represented in Etzel, Horsten and Marx with a total of 82 professionals. Friedeburg, on the other hand, had little economic importance at that time: Prussian statistics only counted nine craftsmen and merchants. Etzel in particular developed into a focus of line weaving in the following decades. By 1800 the number of these craft businesses had risen to around 60. They worked both for their own account and for wages.

Map of the Kingdom of Holland with East Frisia (top right)

The municipality and all of East Frisia came to the Kingdom of Holland after the double battle of Jena and Auerstedt . This was in turn integrated into the French Empire in 1810 . After the Wars of Liberation, East Frisia became Prussian again for a short time. However, the states participating in the Congress of Vienna had agreed to swap territories, which also affected East Frisia. It came to the Kingdom of Hanover and remained so until its dissolution after the war of German unification .

In 1839 the glory of Gödens was incorporated into the office of Friedeburg. The Friedeburg office was divided into the two bailiwicks of Horsten and Reepsholt. In 1859 Friedeburg lost its official seat and until 1885 belonged to the Wittmund office. In 1885 the Wittmund office was dissolved and the Wittmund district was formed.

Already at the time of the general division of the communal areas of the local farmers in the middle of the 19th century, the Count of Innhausen and Knyphausen had acquired large areas near Reepsholt, which could not be used in landscape terms. From 1873 he had a large forest established there, the Knyphauser Wald, which still exists today. Towards the end of the 19th century, a forest, the Karl-Georgs-Forst, was created near Wiesede on former heather areas (Domanial settlement areas). It was named after the owner of the land, Carl Georg Graf von Wedel (1827–1898).

The infrastructure in the municipality was expanded significantly, especially from the 1870s. From 1870 on, the stone road from Friedeburg via Reepsholt to Wittmund was built, which had previously been unpaved. In the north of the municipality, the Ems-Jade Canal was built between 1880 and 1888 , which connects Emden and Wilhelmshaven. As early as 1850, the East Frisian landscape suggested extending the southern Großefehn Canal further through the moor and thus through the municipality of Friedeburg to the Jade Bay . However, this proposal was not pursued further during the Hanover period. The construction of the Ems-Jade Canal meant not only wages and salaries for the workers who excavated it for eight years. He also improved the agricultural conditions in the neighboring communities, because fertilizer could be more easily brought in in larger quantities.

Weimar Republic

In April 1919 there were so-called "bacon parades" by Emden workers , followed by rioting on the farm workers and similar raids in the Rheiderland . Workers broke into the surrounding villages in closed trains and stole food from farmers in clashes. The situation only calmed down after the deployment of the Reichswehr troops stationed in the region . As a reaction to this, resident police formed in many places in East Friesland - including those that were not affected by the “parades” . They were launched to a particularly high degree in the Wittmund district, although this is the furthest away from the center of the looting. Resident police were in Abickhafe (20 people with 13 weapons), Dose (28/20), Etzel (67/27), Friedeburg (20/20), Hesel (14/14), Hoheesche (12/6), Horsten ( 87/39), Marx (61/31), Reepsholt (39/25), Wiesede (95/20) and Wiesedermeer (20/20). The weirs in Wiesede and Horsten were the strongest in the Wittmund district after the district town. The resident services were only dissolved after a corresponding decree by the Prussian Interior Minister Carl Severing on April 10, 1920.

In the 1920 Reichstag election , the liberal parties in Friedeburg, as in all of East Frisia, remained the leading political force, with the national liberal factor predominating. After the inflationary crisis in 1923 and the subsequent economic decline of large sections of the population, namely the (small) farmers, there was a noticeable shift to the right in the elections in East Frisia in general and in the Wittmund district in particular in most East Frisian Geest villages and peatland colonies. In the following years it was today's Friedeburg municipality that developed into a stronghold of ethnic and later national socialist politics.

As in the entire north-west of Lower Saxony, the rural people's movement was given a boost in the Weimar Republic after a bad harvest occurred in 1927 and the farmers were increasingly in dire straits. However, by focusing on quantities rather than quality, the problems were partly homemade. As in other parts of the country, the black flag, symbol of Florian Geyer's Black Band in the Peasants' War , fluttered as a sign of protest. On January 5, 1928, there was a large demonstration by farmers from the region in Aurich, in which 4,000 people took part. The National Socialists, with their blood-and-soil ideology, saw themselves as guardians of the needs of the farmers and found appropriate support in many communities.

Heinrich Bohnens

The early formation of the Stahlhelm local groups played a major role in this shift to the right . He was very active in the Wittmund district at the latest since 1923. In the Reichstag elections in 1920 and in May 1924, the Völkisch-National Bloc emerged, a union of the Deutschvölkische Freedom Party and the NSDAP . Together with the DNVP election results , the (extreme) right-wing parties already received more than 60 percent of the vote in the Reichstag election in May 1924. In individual communities in the Wittmund district, however, this had already been mapped out since the Reichstag election in 1920: the extreme right-wing parties won 94.5 percent of the vote in Friedeburg, 86 percent in Hesel and 76 percent in Wiesede. The district's first local NSDAP group was founded in Wiesede in January 1928 . The master shoemaker Bohnens from Friedeburg, who founded the local NSDAP branch there in 1928, played an important role . He later became the only National Socialist member of the Reichstag from the Wittmund district.

Publishing house of the "Anzeiger für Harlingerland"

In addition to teachers and pastors in individual places in the district, the administrative apparatus and the judiciary, and in particular the only local newspaper Anzeiger for Harlingerland, contributed to the growth of National Socialist ideology as early as the late 1920s and early 1930s through partisan reporting. In the only comprehensive scientific treatise to date on the growth of right-wing extremist and later National Socialist currents in the Wittmund district at that time, Inge Lüpke-Müller judges that "numerous factors coincided in an unfortunate way": In addition to the economic factors, it also introduces the previously existing conservative, anti-democratic attitude. It was favored by the influence of the press, individual pastors and teachers and leading administrative officials in the district. Opposition parties like the SPD played no role for a long time, which was also due to the socio-economic structure in the non-industrial, small-scale Friedeburg area. They had probably underestimated the right-wing extremist and fascist parties for too long.

After moor areas had already been cultivated in the south of today's municipal area during the First World War, further settlers came in the years of the Weimar Republic. In October 1929, the state domain administration received approval to open up another 109 settlement areas. Two years later, the moor settlement , the youngest of the Friedeburg districts, was named Bentstreek after the bentgrass that often occurs there . The part of the name Streek refers to the region. Also around 1930 another settler colony was established in Wiesedermeer, which was named Neu-Wiesedermeer.

National Socialism

Before the Reichstag election in March 1933, the SPD and KPD representatives in the Wittmund district had tried to draw up a unified list of the two workers' parties. This was expressly forbidden to the local KPD functionaries by their district leadership in Bremen. In the Reichstag election in March, the NSDAP won 71 percent of the votes in the Wittmund district, with the DNVP both parties got 86 percent. The NSDAP officials then had all town halls in the districts occupied, which happened without any problems.

“The transition from the republic to the National Socialist system of rule through Hitler's seizure of power on January 30, 1933 came for [the district, d. Authors] Wittmund more or less “inevitably”. The NSDAP had already celebrated many triumphant successes in the local district, so that the actual seizure of power did not cause any particular excitement. "

- Inge Lüpke-Müller: The Wittmund district between monarchy and dictatorship : p. 76

Since the community area was already a stronghold of the National Socialists during the Weimar period, some big parties were able to establish themselves there during the Nazi era . The Friedeburg community leader Bohnens, at the same time district leader of the Wittmund NSDAP, later became a member of the Reichstag. One week after the March elections to the Reichstag, elections to the provincial parliament took place, in which the Friedeburg merchant Diedrich Oltmanns went to Hanover for the NSDAP.

The council members who did not belong to the NSDAP were expelled from the individual committees in what is now the municipality. Abickhafe was an exception, where the previous mayor was able to remain in office throughout the Nazi period. In Etzel, eight people were forcibly sterilized during the Nazi era due to the law to prevent hereditary offspring . Jews were hardly affected by harassment only because there was hardly any Jewish life in the community area. This was concentrated in Esens, Wittmund and Neustadtgödens, which is no longer part of the Wittmund district .

The farmers in the municipality were in the Reich into line . The passing of the Reichserbhofgesetz met with protests from many farmers, as they felt that their economic freedom of choice was limited. In the bog colonies there was also the fact that the agricultural land was often too small to represent a full-time farm. The ban on selling hereditary farms therefore hit those businesses with the lower size limit of a hereditary farm of 7.5 hectares in particular. Although there were many judicial judgments in favor of the plaintiff smallholders, the proportion of hereditary farms in the region remained above the national average.

At the end of the 1930s, the air force laid out the Marx airport about three kilometers west of the town. The first machines are documented for 1940. Among other things, they dropped sea mines in British coastal waters. As the war progressed and in view of the increasing air war , an increasing number of interceptors were stationed in Marx. In April the aircraft moved to Kaltenkirchen in Schleswig-Holstein in view of the approaching front .

During the Second World War there were various prisoner of war camps and forced labor camps for Dutch civil prisoners in the municipality. The prisoners were primarily used in agriculture and peatland cultivation. The work of those imprisoned at the air base was directed by the Todt organization and the Meyer in Varel and Bothe in Hamburg companies. The guards consisted of armed civilians from the North German Guard Institute and the Bremen Guard and Locking Company and soldiers from the eyrie command. On April 5, 1945, Sergeant S. shot and killed the Dutch slave laborer Nordermeer.

The community area was hardly affected during the war, when the German Wehrmacht surrendered , Canadian and Polish troops stood in the center of East Frisia. German troops were interned in East Frisia north of the Ems-Jade Canal, i.e. north of Reepsholt.

post war period

After the surrender, as a result of the internment of the soldiers and the presence of displaced persons, the Wittmund district had the highest number of residents ever recorded. In addition, a large number of refugees from the former eastern areas of the German Reich were taken in and distributed to the villages in the municipality of Friedeburg . The displaced persons, primarily Russians and Poles, were mainly housed in central camps throughout East Frisia. Such was also the case at the former airport in Marx. Of around 12,000 Poles who were still living in all of East Frisia at the end of 1945, there were still 1,221 in the region in 1950, almost all of whom were housed in the Marx camp. Caring for these people posed major problems for the communities.

The municipality of Friedeburg was one of those in East Frisia that took in an above-average number of displaced persons in comparison with other regions, although there were clear differences within today's municipality. In addition to the main town Friedeburg - as in other districts of East Friesland - it was mainly the march communities, which were considered fertile, in which many refugees from the east lived. In Horsten, for example, the rate was 22.5 percent in 1946, but had risen again to 26.1 percent by 1950. The development was similar in Abickhafe, where the proportion of displaced persons rose from 21.9 to 24.3 percent in 1950. In Bentstreek, 25 more (agricultural) settler places were created, including 18 full-time jobs with farm sizes between 14 and 18 hectares.

The importance of agriculture as a basis for employment decreased significantly after the Second World War due to increasing mechanization. Correspondingly, the proportion of employees in the municipality shifted from the primary to the secondary and tertiary sector. In Etzel, for example, there were 127 farms in 1960, only 78 in 1971 and ten full-time and four part-time farms in 1997. The number of out-commuters rose significantly, as can also be demonstrated by the example of Etzel: 4.7 percent of those in employment there commuted there in 1950, 30 percent in 1961 and 52 percent in 1971. For the Friedeburg area, Wilhelmshaven and Schortens in particular, with the typewriter manufacturer Olympia-Werke in the Roffhausen district, were the destination for out-commuters after the Second World War . In 1965, workers came to this plant from almost all villages in the district, especially from the eastern and southern parts, especially from the Friedeburg area. There was a branch in Wiesmoor . At that time, ten percent of all Olympic employees commuted to the two plants from the Wittmund district.

In 1970 the federal government decided to create a strategic oil reserve. The Friedeburg district of Etzel was designated as one of the storage locations. Since then, a substantial part of Germany's oil and later also gas reserves have been stored there.

In the course of the municipal reform of August 16, 1972, today's municipality of Friedeburg emerged from the previously independent municipalities Bentstreek, Etzel, Friedeburg, Hesel, Horsten, Marx, Reepsholt, Wiesede and Wiesedermeer. In 1977, the districts of Wittmund and Friesland were merged as part of the Lower Saxony district reform to form the new district of Friesland with its seat in Wittmund. After a constitutional lawsuit, the Lower Saxony State Court in Bückeburg canceled the merger, and the Wittmund district was re-established with effect from January 1, 1980.

After the community reform, the infrastructure was expanded, especially in the main town of Friedeburg. The school center for the community was created. A commercial and industrial area was created in the district of Russia to the west of the core town, and later a commercial area with a focus on retail was added in the core town. There has been another industrial park between Friedeburg and Marx since the early 2000s.

Population development

Reliable data on the population of the predecessor communities of today's Friedeburg have only been available since the first Prussian rule in East Friesland (1744). For the previous period, but also partly for the Prussian period, local historians are dependent on church records.

year	Residents
1793	3,326
1821	4,056
1845	5,055

year	Residents
1875	4,713
1905	4,618
1925	5,604

year	Residents
1939	6,341
1946	8,739
1950	9,890

year	Residents
1956	8,134
1961	8,349
1965	8,534

year	Residents
1970	8,938
1987	9,593
2002	10,687

year	Residents
2007	10,630
2012	10,103
2017	10.177

The increase in the number of inhabitants since the end of the 18th century is due to several causes; one of them was improving medical care. The introduction of the smallpox vaccination in 1803 reduced mortality. During the time of the French Revolution and the subsequent rule of Napoleon until 1806, there was an economic boom due to the rising trade under the Prussian flag. Soil improvements in the (old) marsh by mixing with young marsh soils increased the yields. The sharing of meanness and the avoidance of previous mistakes in peatland cultivation increased the agricultural yield.

In the first half of the 19th century, overpopulation led to increasing emigration and emigration to surrounding areas such as the Oldenburger Land, cities such as Emden and later Wilhelmshaven, but above all to America. The February flood of 1825 and bad harvests in the 1840s increased emigration. The population did not recover from the consequences until the turn of the 20th century.

After a leisurely but steady increase between around 1900 and 1939, the number of inhabitants increased significantly after the Second World War due to the admission of refugees from the eastern German regions. It continued to rise until around 1950, but then an acute job shortage became noticeable, which led to the migration of many refugees to more prosperous regions in Germany.

Since the 1960s, the number of residents has risen continuously to just over 10,000 today.

politics

While East Friesland is a stronghold of the SPD overall, the eastern strip from the Leeraner (velvet) communities Jümme and Uplengen via Friedeburg to large parts of Harlingerland is considered more conservative in party politics. Accordingly, two out of five directly elected members of the East Frisian state parliament belong to the CDU, the other three are Social Democrats. Friedeburg is represented in Hanover by the Christian Democrat Hermann Dinkla. The CDU is also ahead of the SPD in the local council, which only played a major role in the southern Wittmund district since the 1950s. In Bundestag elections, however, traditionally social democratic candidates prevail in direct elections, as the Wittmund district forms an electoral district with the neighboring district of Friesland and the port city of Wilhelmshaven.

Municipal council

Town hall Friedeburg

The council of the community Friedeburg consists of 26 council women and councilors. This is the specified number for a municipality with a population between 10,001 and 11,000 inhabitants. The 26 council members are elected in local elections for five years each. The current term of office began on November 1, 2016 and ends on October 31, 2021. The full-time mayor Helfried Goetz is also entitled to vote in the municipal council.

The last local election on September 11, 2016 resulted in the following:

Political party	Proportional votes	Number of seats
CDU	42.0%	11
SPD	39.0%	10
FWG	6.6%	2
Alliance 90 / The Greens	7.4%	2
The Frisians	4.4%	1
Individual applicants	0.6%	0

The turnout in the 2016 local elections was 55.9%, slightly above the Lower Saxony average of 55.5%. For comparison - in the previous municipal election on September 11, 2011, the turnout was 54.0%.

For local issues there are local councilors as contact persons for the citizens. They are determined by the municipal council for the respective electoral term. These chiefs are in Abickhafe / Dose, Bentstreek, Etzel, Friedeburg (Kernort), Hesel, Horsten, Marx, Reepsholt / Hoheesche, Wiesede / Upschört and Wiesedermeer.

mayor

In the last mayoral elections on May 25, 2014, the non-party candidate Helfried Goetz was elected full-time mayor with no opposing candidates . Goetz received 81.7% of the vote. The turnout was 43.1%. Helfried Goetz took up his post on November 1, 2014, replacing Mayor Karin Emmelmann, who had been in office since 2006 and who did not run again.

Representatives in the Land and Bundestag

The municipality Friedeburg belongs to the state electoral district 87 Wittmund / Insel , which includes the entire district of Wittmund as well as the cities of Norderney and Wiesmoor in the district of Aurich , the municipality of Dornum and the island communities of Juist and Baltrum . 15 parties ran for the state elections in Lower Saxony in 2017 . Six of these parties have put up direct candidates. The directly elected MP is Jochen Beekhuis from the SPD .

Friedeburg belongs to the parliamentary constituency Friesland - Wilhelmshaven . It includes the city of Wilhelmshaven and the districts of Friesland and Wittmund . The directly elected MP is Siemtje Möller (SPD). No party candidate from the constituency entered the Bundestag via the parties' list.

Municipal finance

The municipality of Friedeburg has been confronted with a difficult budget situation since 2010, after having achieved good business tax income in previous years. These collapsed in 2010 as a long-term consequence of the economic and financial crisis : They fell by 500,000 to 5.5 million euros. In the 2010 budget, 1.9 million euros were missing from the administrative budget (current income and expenditure) and 2.9 million euros from the asset budget (investments). This has now been done, Friedeburg is one of the most taxable communities in Lower Saxony. The cavern companies in Etzel contribute a high percentage to Friedeburg's trade tax income. For 2013, the municipality is calculating with trade tax income of 10.1 million euros. 70 percent of this sum came from the companies that are involved in gas and oil storage in Etzel. Friedeburg, together with the economically strong cities of Aurich and Emden as well as the islands (with the exception of Borkums ), is one of the eight abundant municipalities in East Friesland and 42 such municipalities in all of Lower Saxony.

Municipal coat of arms and flag

Coat of arms of Friedeburg

Flag of Friedeburg

The coat of arms of the community Friedeburg symbolically shows the former Friedeburg Castle . In addition, the black double-headed eagle is taken from the coat of arms of the old Friedeburg office. The main statute of the municipality Friedeburg contains the following description : “In silver a red battlement wall, in the middle a castle gate with a stepped gable. In the open silver gate a black, red-armored double-headed eagle. "

The flag of the municipality Friedeburg shows: “In three horizontal stripes of the same width from top to bottom the colors red, silver (white) and red, on the silver stripe, shifted a little towards the pole, in the two red stripes each overlapping up to half , the municipal coat of arms. "

The district president in Aurich approved the flag and coat of arms on November 8, 1973.

Parish partnership

The partner community is Friedeburg in the district of Mansfeld-Südharz in Saxony-Anhalt . The partnership charter was signed on November 10, 1990.

religion

Christianity found its way into the municipality early on. Reepsholt Abbey is considered the oldest in East Frisia and was first mentioned in a document in 983. The Reepsholt congregation later emerged from this and has had its own church since the 13th century. In Horsten, today's church building had two previous wooden churches, the origins of which go back to the time before the turn of the first millennium. The Reformation entered the communities in the 1520s. Today Friedeburg, like the entire district of Wittmund and the eastern part of East Frisia, is predominantly Lutheran. There are 42,000 Lutheran Christians with a population of just over 60,000 in 28 parishes and two chapel parishes in the Harlingerland parish. The districts of Wittmund and Aurich are the two districts in Germany with the highest proportion of Lutherans in the total population. The parishes belong to the Harlingerland parish , a subdivision of the Ostfriesland-Ems district in the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Hanover .

In the municipality there are the five Lutheran parishes in Marx, Horsten, Etzel, Friedeburg and in Reepsholt with the attached chapel community in Wiesede. The Friedeburg community is the youngest of them. It broke away in 1992 from the mother parish in Reepsholt.

There is no Roman Catholic parish in Friedeburg. The Catholics belong to the parish of St. Joseph in Neustadtgödens . Today the community with its very large catchment area has around 660 members and forms a parish community with the communities in Aurich, Wiesmoor and Wittmund. This belongs to the Dean's Office of East Frisia of the Diocese of Osnabrück .

Since the arrival of so-called guest workers and refugees, especially in connection with the Yugoslavia conflict , there have been Muslims in the community who, however, do not have their own place of worship. The closest mosques are in Emden , Oldenburg and Wilhelmshaven .

Culture and sights

Churches and organs

St. Marcus Church in Marx

St. Mauritius in Reepsholt

The Romanesque St. Marcus Church in Marx was built at the end of the 12th century as a single nave apse . It is one of the oldest and best preserved granite square churches in East Friesland. The colorful and differently sized granite blocks could be identified as guiding debris from the Ice Age. A granite stone from the time the church was built is only preserved as a fragment. Eight members of the von Capelle family from the 18th century are buried in the grave cellar. The organ behind a Biedermeier - Brochure created Johann Gottfried Rohlfs in the years 1820 to 1823. It originally stood in the apse above the altar and was transferred to the west gallery 1957/58.

The St. Mauritius Church in Horsten from the first half of the 13th century has a similar floor plan with an apse, but is made of bricks on a granite ashlar base. The furnishings of the Horsten church come from the baroque era. The lower picture of the altarpiece from the middle of the 17th century shows the Last Supper, the upper one the crucifixion scene. The pulpit is dated to 1655, the knee benches to 1684, the two prehouses next to the apse to 1698 and the brass chandelier to 1732. As in Marx, the interior is closed off by a flat wooden beam ceiling. The organ built by Samuel Schröder from Jever from 1731 to 1733 is the only surviving organ from this organ builder. Seven to eight registers are still in their original condition. To the east of the church is the closed bell tower from the 13th century.

The St. Martinus Church in Etzel, built in 1240, consists of granite blocks in the lower part and bricks in the upper part. The arch on the outer wall still bears witness to the former east apse. The interior is dominated by an elaborately designed altar retable , which extends to the flat wooden beam ceiling and possibly goes back to Hinrich Cröpelin (around 1680 to 1690). From bottom to top, four stations from the life of Jesus are shown: birth, communion, crucifixion and resurrection. The pulpit with the four evangelists in the fields was probably made by the same artist . The pharmacist and natural resource collector Albert Seba , who came from Etzel, donated the wooden baptismal stand and the two paintings in 1713. Only the historical prospectus from 1864 has survived from the Janssen organ, behind which the company P. Furtwängler & Hammer installed a new pneumatic mechanism in 1928.

The Romano-Gothic St. Mauritius Church in Reepsholt was built in the 13th century as a single-nave hall church on a cross-shaped floor plan with a polygonal choir closure on the site of an older previous building. The brick building was erected above the granite base. In the middle of the 13th century, the west tower was added, which was brought down during the siege of the town in 1474 and whose ruins are a well-known landmark. After the devastation in the Thirty Years War, the western part of the nave was shortened by a third. The oldest piece of furniture is a granite holy water basin, which, according to tradition , was consecrated by Bishop Willehad in the 8th century and which previously stood in the Abickhafer Chapel. The late baroque organ was made by Johann Friedrich Wenthin (1788/89) and has largely been preserved.

In addition to these four from the Romanesque period, there are two churches from the 20th century in Friedeburg. In Wiesede, the Reepsholt parish acquired the school building from 1913 in the 1960s and converted it into a chapel. In 1992, the Reepsholter branch church Zum guten Hirten became independent in Friedeburg . The building dates from 1978 and is the youngest church in the Harlingerland parish.

Secular buildings

Model of the former Friedeburg Castle

At the southeast entrance of Friedeburg is the former castle grounds of Friedeburg Castle . After the castle was destroyed in 1763, a Dutch windmill was built in 1775 on the rest of a former defensive tower . In 1981 the windmill was demolished. The Friedeburg community built a viewing platform on the rest of the mill stump from which the former castle grounds can be viewed.

A model of Friedeburg Castle has been on Wieseder Strasse since 2002. The complex shows the size of the castle, which was once one of the largest fortifications in East Frisia and secured the area against attacks by the Oldenburgs from the south.

Of what were once seven windmills in the municipality, only the one in Horsten remains. The Galerieholländer was built in 1838 and damaged several times in the 20th century: A bomb hit in 1941 was followed by storm damage in 1972. Four years later, the wings had to be removed. The mill was restored with public money and donations so that it is available for grinding again.

There are also agricultural farms in Friedeburg as in all of East Friesland as Gulf houses . These are located in the western marshland area of the municipality as well as in the moor and geest areas; In the latter two, however, they are mostly of a more modest size because of the previously considerably lower soil quality.

One of the peculiarities of the eastern edge of East Friesland and thus also of the municipality of Friedeburg is that a large number of clinker brick buildings do not have the light red typical of East Friesland, but, similar to the neighboring district of Friesland and in Wilhelmshaven, are darker red to reddish brown.

Museums

Friedeburg guest house and community center with a local history museum

In the local history museum , the members of the Friedeburg Heimatverein document the history of Friedeburg Castle, the Reepsholt and Hopels monasteries and the Frisian Army Trail from modern times to the present. A cottage garden is attached to the museum . The museum is housed together with the citizens' and guest house and the municipality's tourist information office in the commercial section of an old Gulf house . There is also a special wedding room there.

Regular events

In the district of Marx, a so-called “family reunion” has been held at regular intervals since 1986 for people with the surname Marx, Marks, Marcks and Marckes. This meeting is now being organized every five years by the associations active in Marx. In addition to getting to know each other, there is also a tourist program. In the district of Hesel there are regular competitions between residents of America and Russia at the local paddle and pedal station. These include tug-of-war competitions over the Ems-Jade Canal and a boat competition called Fischerstechen . A hit party has been taking place in a large tent in Priemelsfehn since 2006, which attracts several thousand visitors on two evenings. An agricultural autumn market has been taking place in Reepsholt since 1977, where old agricultural machines , among other things, come under the hammer .

language

Distribution area of the East Frisian Platt and its dialect Harlinger Platt

In the municipality of Friedeburg, East Frisian Platt is spoken in addition to Standard German . In contrast to the western and central part of East Frisia, the local dialect Östringer Platt is spoken in the eastern part, to which Friedeburg also belongs . It differs not only in details of the vocabulary, but also in certain grammatical peculiarities from the rest of the East Frisian plateau. In the Friedeburg area, as in most of northern Germany, “ges (ch) nackt” is used when “talking / speaking” is used, while in the western part of East Frisia the corresponding verb is “proten”, which goes back to the influence of its western neighbor, the Netherlands (cf. ndl. praten ). In addition, in Harlingerland the unit plural is formed on (e) t and not on (e) n as in western East Frisia. We speak accordingly means “Wi s (ch) naked” in Friedeburg, while closer to the Ems it means “Wi proten”.

The community has a Low German representative who takes care of the preservation of East Frisian Low German. The municipalities have long been supported by the Wittmund district.

In 2009, the municipality of Friedeburg was the first municipality in the Wittmund district to put up bilingual place-name signs on the approach roads, initially only in the main town of Friedeburg. In addition to the High German name of the place, the Low German, Freborg, can also be read on them. The municipality spent 3,000 euros on the 29 signs. The planning for this lasted five years. Friedeburg thus follows the example of several communities in the Aurich district that have had bilingual place name signs for years.

Sports

There are sports clubs in most districts, in addition to universal sports clubs, there are also those with a special focus. Several of them offer the Frisian sports Boßeln and Klootschießen . In the Wittmund district, almost twice as many people are active in Boßeln and Klootschießen as in football. Overall, more than half of the population there is active in a sports club, which is the top figure in Lower Saxony. Universal sports clubs are the Bentstreek and Wiesede / Upschört / Wiesedermeer sports clubs, the Friedeburg gymnastics club and the gymnastics and sports clubs (TuS) Horsten, Marx, Reepsholt and Strudden. TuS Strudden is the gymnastics and sports club in the main town of Friedeburg, named after a location in the east of the town. The clubs have sports fields in their respective districts, and the municipal gyms are also used. There are ten Klootschießer and Boßelvereine in the districts of Abickhafe / Dose, Bentstreek, Etzel, Friedeburg, Horsten, Marx, Reepsholt, Upschört, Wiesede and Wiesedermeer. The community forms its own district association within the Frisian Klootschießerverband. There are shooting clubs in Etzel, Friedeburg, Hesel, Horsten, Marx, Reepsholt, Wiesede and Wiesedermeer. The sports offer is rounded off by the riding and driving club "Altes Amt Friedeburg" and the sports fishing club of the same name. Water sports enthusiasts take advantage of the location on the Ems-Jade Canal. There are no higher class playing clubs in the community.

Economy and Infrastructure

The natural gas and oil storage facilities in the Etzel district are of national economic importance. In addition, Friedeburg is characterized by medium-sized craft and trading companies as well as agriculture. Tourism plays a certain role, but far less than in the northern coastal section of the Wittmund district or on the two islands of the district. There are only a few industrial companies, and there is a smaller scale mining of mineral resources (sand, gravel).

The community has several industrial parks. One of them is on the B 437 between Marx and Friedeburg, another to the west of the core town of Friedeburg near the B 436. In the main town there is also an industrial area that is mainly occupied by retail stores and supermarkets. Together with the district town of Wittmund, the city of Wilhelmshaven and seven municipalities in the district of Friesland, the community participates in the intermunicipal industrial park JadeWeserPark . This is to be built at the intersection of the A 29 and the B 210 (Wilhelmshavener Kreuz) and provide space for companies that are involved in the operation of the JadeWeserPort deep-water port .

Friedeburg is an out- commuter community . In the municipality, 2932 people are employed subject to social security contributions. In contrast, there are only 1,791 jobs subject to social security contributions in the municipality. 1099 commuters from other municipalities compared to 2240 Friedeburgers who work outside the municipality, which results in a negative commuter balance of 1141. In absolute figures, this is the largest negative balance of commuters among the municipalities in the district, which has a total of 3,326 people in negative commuters.

Etzel cavern facility

Etzel cavern information center

Under the Etzel district, there are extensive caverns in salt domes, in which a “considerable” part of the German federal crude oil and natural gas reserves are stored. In addition to the geological conditions (see section Geology), the proximity to Germany's largest oil import port, Wilhelmshaven, was decisive for the construction of the cavern storage facility. The tanker handling facility of Nord-West-Oelleitung GmbH (NWO) , where the oil is landed, is less than 25 kilometers away and is connected via pipelines . Gas pipelines lead to Emden and Dornum, where the Norwegian energy company Statoil lands gas from Norwegian North Sea fields. Statoil has been storing gas in Etzel since the mid-1980s; The background to this was the obligation to stock up on natural gas. The whole of northern Germany is connected to the Etzel caverns via the NETRA pipeline . The cavern facility is connected to the gas pipeline junction in Bunde / Oude Statenzijl via the 60-kilometer-long Bunde-Etzel Pipeline (BEP) and is thus connected to the Dutch gas market.

The gas caverns operated by various companies are owned by IVG Immobilien , a former federally owned holding company that is now listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange . The subsidiary IVG Caverns, which is responsible for cavern operation, was released into entrepreneurial independence in the course of a reorganization in 2016 and now operates under the name STORAG Etzel. The following companies are active on the site: The Friedeburger Speicherbetriebsgesellschaft Crystal is a joint venture between EnBW Energie Baden-Württemberg and Électricité de France . The company Viking is made up of BP , Dong Energy and Gazprom . The ESE gas storage Etzel GmbH is a joint venture between E.ON (E.on Gas Storage), OMV and Verbundnetz Gas .

An expanded natural gas storage facility with a volume of around two billion cubic meters is scheduled to go into operation in 2014. The above-ground area required for this is eleven hectares. The investment costs should amount to 356 million euros.

Natural brine is produced as a "waste product" when the caverns are washed out. As part of a pilot project, this has been used by several road maintenance departments in the region since winter 2012/2013 for use in winter maintenance.

Other resident companies

Spirits factory Heiko Blume

The Heiko Blume GmbH & Co.KG group of companies , known for the production of East Frisian spirits, is based in Friedeburg. Around 70 different schnapps are made in Friedeburg. The porcelain manufacturer Blume, which is also part of the group, is the only East Frisian company that produces porcelain. Due to the high tea consumption in East Friesland, the manufactory has concentrated on the production of tea services . The Raiffeisenbank Wiesedermeer-Wiesede-Marcardsmoor in the municipality is the smallest Raiffeisenbank in the Weser-Ems area. It has 983 members and around 2,600 customers. The Wiesedermeer dairy and the Rücker dairy in Aurich are the only remaining ones in East Frisia. The Wiesedermeer dairy, which was formerly organized as a cooperative, was taken over in 2010 by the Westphalian Wiegert dairy from Velen . Eleven employees process around 32 million kilograms of milk a year, which is delivered by surrounding farmers. Schrage Conveying Systems, which specializes in the construction of chain conveyor machines, is active in the field of conveyor technology. From 1978 to 2015, the Wilhelmshaven construction company Geithner operated a precast concrete plant in Friedeburg. The Horsten building materials plant has been located in the Horsten district since 1955, producing sand-lime bricks as well as pipes and panels. The company Angiokard, which belongs to the Hamburg subsidiary Equitrust, is active in the field of medical technology. The fittings manufacturer M + S Armaturen, founded in Großefehn in 1983 , moved to Friedeburg in 1985. More than 200 people are now employed at three locations, including around 170 in Friedeburg.

Due to its proximity to the coast with its steady wind, the municipality is suitable for generating wind energy. The municipality has decided to focus on the construction of wind turbines on a wind farm in Bentstreek.

Agriculture and Forestry

In the late 18th century, the Plaats Horster Grashaus was the largest farm in East Friesland with an area of 250 hectares.

As in all of East Friesland (apart from the medieval Wik settlements, the later towns and market towns), agriculture also played a dominant role in the Friedeburg community over the centuries. This still applies to land use today. However, the proportion of residents directly involved in agriculture has declined sharply in the past few decades, mainly due to advancing technology.

The proportion of small and micro-enterprises (up to ten hectares) in all agricultural operations in the municipality has also decreased. Around the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, it was 85 to 90 percent; Since then, however, it has continuously developed downwards, especially in favor of medium-sized enterprises between ten and 30 hectares. The few small and very small businesses in the Wittmund district can still be found in the moor and Geest areas of the district, in addition to Friedeburg, especially in the joint municipality of Holtriem . While in the Geest and Moorg areas agriculture predominates on its own clod, the farms in the marshland are primarily on leased areas; in the Friedeburg municipal area, it affects the east around Horsten. The Plaats (place, East Frisian name for a large marsh farm ) Horster Grashaus in the Horsten district was the largest farm in East Frisia with an area of 250 hectares in the late 18th century.

Historically, horse and sheep breeding played a major role; however, this has decreased sharply since the Second World War. Sheep breeding and processing was an essential economic factor up to the 19th century, especially in the former moorland areas. Apart from a brief renaissance in the time of need after the Second World War, when the sheep was the “little man's cow”, the importance of this farm animal for local agriculture has declined significantly. In contrast to the northern Wittmund district area, sheep also play no role in dike maintenance (keeping the sward short, kicking the dike foot) due to the lack of a dyke line in Friedeburg. Horse breeding, which was strongly represented in the district for a long time and was reflected in the famous Wittmund horse market, has also faded into the background. As a result of the mechanization of agriculture, the horse has lost its role as a workhorse since the 1950s at the latest. Today horses are kept exclusively for recreational use.

The cultivation of forage crops predominates in arable farming: Gulfhof with a corn field in front of it in Bentstreek.

In the municipality, grassland farming, i.e. dairy farming, is predominant. The number of cattle increased from the 19th to the late 20th century. Fattening is of secondary importance, the production of milk predominates. The cultivation of forage crops plays a role in dairy farming, and maize is an essential factor in this. It is mainly grown for the production of silage . Pig farming has always played a subordinate role compared to cattle farming.

Individual farmers have switched to organic farming. One of the organic farms in the community is the Ökohof Wiesede, which was founded in 1993 as a project for the long-term unemployed. Various types of vegetables are grown on five hectares in accordance with organic guidelines. In the period outside of sowing and harvesting, wood is felled in the Friedeburg forests.

Plans to build large fattening stalls met with resistance from the population.

Since the community of Friedeburg has a large number of trees in comparison to the rest of East Frisia, the use of the forests also plays a role. The forests owned by the state of Lower Saxony belong to the state forests of Lower Saxony. The responsible district forester is the one in Neuchâtel . Most of the forests in Friedeburg consist of mixed forests, with pine and spruce dominating the proportion of conifers. Damage in the coastal community is mainly caused by windthrow. Due to the lack of sawmills in the surrounding area, the wood is used economically far outside the country.

Fishing is of no economic importance in the Friedeburg community. Among the tourist and recreational aspects, however, sport fishing should be mentioned.

tourism

Paddle and pedal station on the Ems-Jade Canal

Friedeburg is a state-approved resort. The targeted promotion of the community means that tourism is becoming increasingly important. The community records around 75,000 overnight stays annually. The two campsites in Marx and Wiesedermeer play a major role in this . Further numbers of overnight stays can be assigned to the area of farm holidays . There are several hotels, mostly in the main town of Friedeburg, holiday homes and apartments as well as pensions in all parts of the village.

There is a paddle-and-pedal station on the Ems-Jade Canal near Reepsholt. There, guests can borrow bicycles or paddle boats and return them to other paddle-and-pedal stations. The municipality is opened up for tourism through two themed routes, the Lower Saxony Mühlenstraße , which connects the Horster Mühle, and the Friesischer Heerweg cycle path .

traffic

Traffic axes in East Frisia: Friedeburg (east of Wiesmoor ) is on federal roads 436 and 437

The municipality of Friedeburg is connected to the federal highway 29 via the federal highways 436 and 437 , which leads from Wilhelmshaven via Oldenburg to the triangle Ahlhorner Heide . The B 436 runs in a north-easterly direction through the south and east of East Friesland from Weener to the Sande junction on the A 29. Coming from Wiesmoor, it leads in the municipality through the villages of Wiesede, Friedeburg, Etzel and Horsten or directly past these villages before it north-east of Horsten reached Sander municipality. The federal road 437 begins in Friedeburg and heads east via Neuenburg , Bockhorn and Varel to Rodenkirchen an der Weser. In the Friedeburg area, in addition to the main town, Marx is also on this main road, which ensures the connection to the Varel / Bockhorn junction on the A 29.

Several state roads are also important : The L 11 connects the district town of Wittmund via Reepsholt with the main town of Friedeburg. The L 12 leads from Wittmund via the Friedeburg district of Wiesedermeer to Wiesmoor and on to Remels . The L 34 begins in Aurich and leads via the Wiesedermeer district to Wiesede with a connection to the B 436.

The municipality of Friedeburg never had a railway connection. The closest train station is in Wittmund, where the NordWestBahn trains provide a connection to Wilhelmshaven, on to Oldenburg and to the national long-distance network. Alternatively, trains can be boarded in Sande, where there is also a direct connection to Oldenburg. From there, supra-regional InterCitys and occasional ICEs run .

The Ems-Jade Canal , which connects the Ems near Emden with the Jadebusen in Wilhelmshaven, runs through the northern municipal area. It is administered by the Lower Saxony State Office for Water Management, Coastal Protection and Nature Conservation in Aurich . The Ems-Jade Canal is 72.3 km long, has six locks and is crossed by 15 fixed and 26 movable bridges. Seven bridges cross the canal in the municipality of Friedeburg, two of which are on state roads. The canal is only navigable for ships up to 33 m long, 6.2 m wide and 1.7 m deep and has therefore been used almost exclusively for tourism for some time.

The closest airfield is the JadeWeserAirport (former airfield Wilhelmshaven-Mariensiel) in the Sander district of Cäciliengroden. The closest international airport is Bremen Airport .

education

In the community there are primary schools in Reepsholt, Wiesede, Horsten and Marx. The main and secondary school Altes Amt Friedeburg is located in the main town of Friedeburg as an all-day school, the catchment area of which extends over the entire municipality. There are no educational institutions in the community beyond the tenth grade. The Abitur can be obtained in the neighboring municipalities at the Cooperative Comprehensive School (KGS) Alexander von Humboldt in Wittmund and the KGS in Wiesmoor. Special schools can be visited in Wittmund. The Friedeburg community has two day-care centers in the main town and one each in Etzel and Horsten. There are other day-care centers in Wiesedermeer, Reepsholt and Marx run by the Evangelical Lutheran Church. Independent sponsors maintain the Friedeburg forest kindergarten in Stroot Forest and the Wurzelzwerge crèche in Horsten. The community college Friesland / Wittmund has a branch in Friedeburg. The closest universities of applied sciences are in Wilhelmshaven and Emden , the closest university is the Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg .

Public facilities

In addition to the municipal administration with its operations such as the building yard, there is also a rescue station in Friedeburg. The station is operated by the private rescue service Akkermann, which works on behalf of the public, and covers the southern Wittmund district, but also parts of the neighboring town of Wiesmoor in the Aurich district. The Friedeburg police station is manned Monday to Friday from 7 a.m. to 6 p.m. and on Saturdays in the morning hours. Outside these times, the community is looked after from the commissioner's office in Wittmund. One of around 1800 measuring points of the radioactivity measuring network of the Federal Office for Radiation Protection (BfS) is located in Friedeburg . The measuring station measures the local gamma dose rate (ODL) at the measuring location and sends the data to the measuring network. The data averaged over 24 hours can be called up on the Internet.

media

The community belongs to the circulation area of two daily newspapers: the Anzeiger für Harlingerland , the leading daily newspaper in the district of Wittmund, and the Ostfriesen-Zeitung , which is published throughout East Frisia . The supraregional part ( coat ) is the same, however, since both newspapers get it from the Nordwest-Zeitung, which appears in Oldenburg . Report from the municipality citizens broadcast transmitter Radio Ostfriesland and Radio Jade .

In January 2018, the Frisian Broadcasting Corporation moved to Friedeburg in the former Netto-Markt an der Bauernstücke.

Personalities

Memorial stone for Albert Seba in his hometown Etzel

Born in Friedeburg

The most famous son of the community was Albert Seba (born May 12, 1665 in Etzel, † May 3, 1736 in Amsterdam ), scientist and pharmacist.

The hydraulic engineer Tönjes Bley († December 18, 1814 in Aurich) was born on January 21, 1757 at the Horster Grashaus farm . He planned the construction of the Treckfahrtstief , a forerunner of the Ems-Jade Canal .

The Lower Saxony SPD state politician Günter Peters (* 1944 in Wiesede), who was a member of the Lower Saxony state parliament from 1994 to 1998 , also comes from the municipality .

People who are associated with Friedeburg

Count Enno I (1460–1491) drowned in February 1491 in the moat of Friedeburg
Johann Vollrath Deimann (1682–1739) Procurator in Friedeburg
Doris Janssen-Reschke (1944–2008) She was one of the first women in the pastoral office of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Hanover when she took up her pastorate in Friedeburg.
Thorsten Schütt (* 1963) sculptor, lived in Horsten
Sebastian Schnülle (* 1970) dog sled driver, grew up in Friedeburg

literature

A modern history of the Friedeburg community, such as the one that has existed for the neighboring town of Wiesmoor since the 1990s , has not yet appeared. It is more likely to be classified as an illustrated book with additional basic information:

Hans-Peter Heikens, Martin Stromann (photography): Friedeburg - Landpartie , Verlag SKN, Norden 2006, ISBN 3-928327-88-7

Especially wrote about Friedeburg Castle:

Jörg Eckert: The Friedeburg Fortress. In: Ostfriesland. Guide to archaeological monuments in Germany 35. , Stuttgart 1999, pp. 221–224.
Heinz Ramm: The Friedeburg. Origin and building history. In: College of the East Frisian Landscape (ed.): Res Frisicae. Harm Wiemann on his 75th birthday. (Treatises and lectures on the history of Ostfriesland, Volume 59), Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1978, without ISBN, pp. 28–72.

One book deals exclusively with the Marx airfield:

Norbert Giese: Marx airfield. Brune-Mettcker Verlag, Wilhelmshaven 2008, ISBN 978-3-87542-065-4 .

The following works, which refer to the entire district of Wittmund, deal with individual aspects:

Hendrik Gröttrup: Constitution and administration of the Harlingerland 1581–1744. (Treatises and lectures on the history of East Frisia, Volume 38), Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1962, without ISBN.
Robert Noah: The medieval churches in Harlingerland. Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1969, without ISBN.
Almuth Salomon : History of the Harlingerland up to 1600. (Treatises and lectures on the history of East Frisia, Volume 41), Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1965, without ISBN.
Almuth Salomon: The Attena. In: Emder Yearbook for Historical Regional Studies in East Frisia , Vol. 83 (2003), pp. 7–26.
Almuth Salomon: The Kankena. In: Emder yearbook for historical regional studies of East Frisia , vol. 88/89 (2008/2009), pp. 7-22.
Helmut Sanders: The population development in the Wittmund district since the end of the 18th century with special consideration of the soil types. (Treatises and lectures on the history of East Frisia, Volume 49), Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1969, without ISBN.
Karl-Heinz de Wall: Wittmund district. , Self-published by the district of Friesland, Jever 1977, without ISBN.

In addition, the following works, which deal with East Frisia in general, are also significant for the history and description of the Friedeburg community insofar as they shed light on individual aspects:

Karl-Ernst Behre; Hajo van Lengen (Ed.): Ostfriesland. History and shape of a cultural landscape. Ostfriesische Landschaftliche Verlags- und Vertriebsgesellschaft, Aurich 1995, ISBN 3-925365-85-0 .
Walter Deeters : East Frisia in the Thirty Years War. In: Emder Yearbook for Historical Regional Studies Ostfriesland , Vol. 78 (1998), pp. 32–44.
Hans Bernhard Eden: The residents' defenses of Ostfriesland from 1919 to 1921. In: Emder yearbook for historical regional studies of Ostfriesland , vol. 65 (1985), pp. 81-134.
Hermann Haiduck: The medieval building history of the church of Reepsholt and Romanesque west towers and tower boxes between the Ems and Elbe. In: Emder yearbook for historical regional studies of East Frisia , vol. 62 (1982).
Beatrix Herlemann : The East Frisian Agriculture in National Socialism. In: Emder Yearbook for Historical Regional Studies Ostfriesland , Vol. 81 (2001), pp. 205–216.
Karl Heinrich Kaufhold ; Uwe Wallbaum (Ed.): Historical statistics of the Prussian province of East Frisia. ( Sources on the history of East Frisia , Vol. 16), Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1998, ISBN 3-932206-08-8 .
Gottfried Kiesow : Architecture Guide East Friesland. German Foundation for Monument Protection , Bonn 2009, ISBN 978-3-86795-021-3 .
Inge Lüpke-Müller: A region in political upheaval. The democratization process in East Frisia after the Second World War. (Treatises and lectures on the history of East Frisia, Volume 77), Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1998, ISBN 3-932206-11-8 .
Christian Moanzig: Reepsholt Abbey: history, goal of founding, constitution. In: Emder yearbook for historical regional studies of East Frisia , vol. 63/64 (1984).
Heinrich Schmidt : Political history of East Frisia. ( Ostfriesland in the protection of the dike , Vol. 5), Verlag Rautenberg, Leer 1975, without ISBN.
Herbert Reyer (Ed.): Ostfriesland between republic and dictatorship (treatises and lectures on the history of Ostfriesland, volume 76), Ostfriesische Landschaftliche Verlags- und Vertriebsgesellschaft, Aurich 1998, ISBN 3-932206-10-X , therein a. a .:
- Inge Lüpke-Müller: The district of Wittmund between monarchy and dictatorship , in: Reyer, Herbert (Hrsg.): Ostfriesland between republic and dictatorship . Ostfriesische Landschaftliche Verlags- und Vertriebsgesellschaft, Aurich 1998, ISBN 3-932206-10-X .
Wolfgang Schwarz: The prehistory in East Frisia. , Verlag Schuster, Leer 1995, ISBN 3-7963-0323-4 .
Wolfgang Schwarz: Findings about the location of the monastery in Reepsholt. In: Emder yearbook for historical regional studies of East Frisia , vol. 63/64 (1984).

Web links

Commons : Friedeburg (Ostfriesland) - Collection of images, videos and audio files

www.gemeinde-friedeburg.de - Official website

Individual evidence

↑ State Office for Statistics Lower Saxony, LSN-Online regional database, Table 12411: Update of the population, as of December 31, 2019 ( help ).

^ Arend Remmers : From Aaltukerei to Zwischenmooren. The settlement names between Dollart and Jade , Verlag Schuster, Leer 2004, ISBN 3-7963-0359-5 , p. 190.

↑ Source: State Office for Statistics and Communication Technology Lower Saxony , as of August 9, 2011.

↑ Map on landesforsten.de ( Memento of the original dated May 14, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed May 29, 2011

↑ Unless otherwise stated, the information in this section comes from: Helmut Sanders: The population development in the Wittmund district since the end of the 18th century with special consideration of the soil types , Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1969, without ISBN, p. 12 ff .

↑ The operators of the Etzel cavern storage facility (ed.): Etzel cavern storage facility - security of supply for natural gas and crude oil, p. 5. (PDF file; 2 MB), accessed on February 23, 2018.

↑ Information in this and the following paragraphs originate from Heinz Voigt / Günter Roeschmann: Die Boden Ostfrieslands , in: Karl-Heinz Sindowski et al .: Geology, Soils and Settlement of Ostfriesland (Ostfriesland in the protection of the dike, volume I), self-published by ed. von der Deichacht Krummhörn, Pewsum 1969, o. ISBN, pp. 51-106.

↑ Thomas Huntke: Vegetation-ecological studies on the development of the Lengener Meer nature reserve (Leer district) - a case study on the efficiency of nature conservation in raised bogs , dissertation, University of Oldenburg, 2008, PDF file, 330 pages , pages 7/8.

^ Karl-Heinz de Wall: Landkreis Wittmund , self-published by Landkreis Friesland, Jever 1977, without ISBN, p. 20.

^ Harm Wiemann / Johannes Engelmann: Old streets and ways in Ostfriesland (Ostfriesland in the protection of the dike, Volume VIII), reprint of the first edition 1974, published by Deichacht Krummhörn, Verlag Schuster, Leer 2002, ISBN 3-7963-0356-0 , P. 96 ff. And 114 ff.

↑ The information in this section comes, if not otherwise referenced, from Christian Moanzig: Stift Reepsholt: History of origin - aim of the foundation - constitution. In: Yearbook of the Society for Fine Arts and Patriotic Antiquities in Emden (since 1995 Emder Yearbook for Historical Regional Studies of East Friesland), Volume 63/64 (1984), pp. 22-44.

↑ The information in this section comes, if not otherwise referenced, from: Christian Mo 30: Reepsholt Monastery : History of origin - aim of the foundation - constitution. In: Yearbook of the Society for Fine Arts and Patriotic Antiquities in Emden (since 1995: Emder Yearbook for Historical Regional Studies in East Frisia), Volume 63/64 (1984), p. 43.

^ Karl-Heinz de Wall: Wittmund district , self-published by the Friesland district, Jever 1977, without ISBN, p. 244.

^ Heinrich Schmidt: Political History of East Friesland (East Friesland in the protection of the dike, Vol. 5), Verlag Rautenberg, Leer 1975, or ISBN, p. 99.

↑ Almuth Salomon: The Kankena. In: Emder Yearbook for Historical Regional Studies in Ostfriesland , Vol. 88/89 (2008/2009), pp. 7–22, here p. 7.

^ Heinrich Schmidt: Political History of Ostfriesland (Ostfriesland in the protection of the dike, Vol. 5), Verlag Rautenberg, Leer 1975, or ISBN, pp. 119f.

↑ Heinrich Schmidt: Political History of East Friesland (East Friesland in the protection of the dike, vol. 5), Verlag Rautenberg, Leer 1975, or ISBN, p. 121.

^ Karl-Heinz de Wall: Wittmund district , self-published by the Friesland district, Jever 1977, without ISBN, p. 242.

^ Karl-Heinz de Wall: Landkreis Wittmund , self-published by Landkreis Friesland, Jever 1977, without ISBN, p. 247.

^ Heinz Ramm: The Friedeburg. Origin and building history. In: College of the East Frisian Landscape (ed.): Res Frisicae. Harm Wiemann on his 75th birthday. (Treatises and lectures on the history of Ostfriesland, Volume 59), Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1978, without ISBN, pp. 28–72, here p. 70.

↑ Helmut Sanders: Wiesmoor - His cultivation and settlement from the peripheral communities . Verlag Mettcker & Söhne, Jever 1990, ISBN 3-87542-006-3 , p. 22 ff.

^ Karl Heinrich Kaufhold; Uwe Wallbaum (Ed.): Historical statistics of the Prussian province of East Friesland (sources on the history of East Friesland, Volume 16), Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1998, ISBN 3-932206-08-8 , p. 383.

↑ Hannelore Reents (local chronicle of the East Frisian landscape): Etzel (PDF file; 56 kB), accessed on August 28, 2011.

↑ Article on the von Wedel family by Walter Deeters in the Biographisches Lexikon für Ostfriesland , PDF file, two pages, accessed on February 28, 2012.

^ Ernst Siebert: History of the city of Emden from 1750 to 1890. In: Ernst Siebert, Walter Deeters, Bernard Schröer: History of the city of Emden from 1750 to the present. (Ostfriesland in the protection of the dike, vol. 7), Verlag Rautenberg, Leer 1980, p. 74.

↑ Hans Bernhard Eden: The Resident Services of Ostfriesland from 1919 to 1921. In: Emder Yearbook for Historical Country Studies Ostfriesland , Vol. 65 (1985), pp. 81-134, here pp. 94, 98, 102, 114.

↑ Information in this section, unless otherwise stated, in: Inge Lüpke-Müller: Der Landkreis Wittmund between monarchy and dictatorship. Political structures and election results from 1918 to 1933. In: Herbert Reyer (Ed.): Ostfriesland between republic and dictatorship , Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1998, ISBN 3-932206-10-X , pp. 11–84.

↑ Beatrix Herlemann : The East Frisian Agriculture in National Socialism. In: Emder Yearbook for Historical Regional Studies Ostfriesland , Vol. 81 (2001), pp. 205–216, here: pp. 205f.

^ Karl-Heinz de Wall: Landkreis Wittmund , self-published by Landkreis Friesland, Jever 1977, without ISBN, p. 239.

^ Karl-Heinz de Wall: Landkreis Wittmund , self-published by Landkreis Friesland, Jever 1977, without ISBN, p. 247.

↑ Hannelore Reents (local chronicle of the East Frisian landscape): Etzel (PDF file; 56 kB), accessed on August 25, 2011.

^ Karl-Heinz de Wall (local chronicle of the East Frisian landscape): Abickhafe (PDF file; 27 kB), accessed on August 25, 2011.

↑ Beatrix Herlemann : The East Frisian Agriculture in National Socialism. In: Emder Yearbook for Historical Regional Studies Ostfriesland , Vol. 81 (2001), pp. 205–216, here: pp. 209f.

↑ reliefe.com: The port of deployment Marx. , accessed October 10, 2013.

^ LG Oldenburg, April 10, 1953 . In: Justice and Nazi crimes . Collection of German criminal judgments for Nazi homicidal crimes 1945–1966, Vol. X, edited by Adelheid L. Rüter-Ehlermann, HH Fuchs, CF Rüter . Amsterdam: University Press, 1973, No. 352 pp. 615–629. Abuse of two Dutch inmates who had fled but were picked up again and one of them was shot during questioning. Another Dutch prisoner was shot during the transport from Marx Air Base to Nordenholz Air Base ( memento of the original from December 10, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2
^ Inge Lüpke-Müller: A region in political upheaval. The democratization process in East Frisia after the Second World War. (Treatises and lectures on the history of East Frisia, Volume 77), Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1998, ISBN 3-932206-11-8 , p. 43 f.
↑ Bernhard Parisius : Many looked for their own homeland. Refugees and displaced persons in western Lower Saxony (Treatises and lectures on the history of East Frisia, Volume 79), Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 2004, ISBN 3-932206-42-8 , pp. 74 f.
^ Ortschronisten der Ostfriesischen Landschaft: Horsten. (PDF; 630 kB), p. 2, accessed on October 10, 2013.
^ Karl-Heinz de Wall (local chronicle of the East Frisian landscape): Abickhafe. (PDF; 408 kB), p. 1, accessed on October 10, 2013.
↑ Hannelore Reents (local chronicle of the East Frisian landscape): Etzel (PDF file; 56 kB), p. 7, accessed on August 28, 2011.
↑ Helmut Sanders: The population development in the district of Wittmund since the end of the 18th century with special consideration of the soil types , Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1969, without ISBN, p. 61.
↑ The available figures and the explanations in this section come from: Helmut Sanders: The population development in the Wittmund district since the end of the 18th century with special consideration of the soil types , Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1969, without ISBN, pp. 18–41 (Statistics especially insert p. 16/17).
↑ Klaus von Beyme : The political system of the Federal Republic of Germany: An introduction , VS Verlag, Wiesbaden 2004, ISBN 3-531-33426-3 , p. 100, viewed at Google Books , May 22, 2011
^ Inge Lüpke-Müller: A region in political upheaval. The democratization process in East Friesland after the Second World War , Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1998, ISBN 3-932206-11-8 , pp. 339-400.
^ Lower Saxony Municipal Constitutional Law (NKomVG) in the version of December 17, 2010; Section 46 - Number of MPs , accessed on December 28, 2016
↑ ^a ^b Election result of the Friedeburg community council election 2016 , accessed on December 28, 2016
↑ The CDU gets the most votes nationwide. September 12, 2016, accessed December 27, 2016 .
^ Friedeburg parish: Mayor , accessed on October 14, 2018.
↑ Friedeburg: 81.7 percent of citizens want Helfried Goetz , accessed on November 24, 2014
↑ Friedeburg: Mayor not running again , accessed on November 24, 2014
↑ Bundestag constituencies , accessed on October 15, 2018.
^ Nordwest-Zeitung: Bundestag election: These members represent our region . In: NWZonline . ( nwzonline.de [accessed September 29, 2017]).
↑ Manfred Stolle: “Household has never been so difficult”. In: Ostfriesen-Zeitung , March 10, 2010, accessed on August 16, 2011.
↑ Christian Behrends: Household: “Kassensturz” puts you in a good mood. In: Anzeiger für Harlingerland , June 12, 2013, accessed on October 10, 2013.
↑ State Office for Statistics and Communication Technology Lower Saxony : Statistical monthly magazine Lower Saxony No. 09/2013. , PDF file (2.05 MB), p. 13, accessed on October 10, 2013.
↑ Friedeburg municipality: main statute (PDF file; 42.9 kB), accessed on October 15, 2018.
↑ archive.today: Statistical ( Memento from September 14, 2010 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on May 9, 2014.
↑ St. Ludgerus Aurich: There are FOUR parishes all ( Memento from September 21, 2011 in the Internet Archive ); accessed on May 9, 2014.
↑ Lower Saxony Institute for Historical Coastal Research: Witnesses of the Ice Age in the walls of the church of Marx ( memento from March 17, 2014 in the Internet Archive ), viewed May 30, 2011.
↑ Gottfried Kiesow : Architectural Guide Ostfriesland . Verlag Deutsche Stiftung Denkmalschutz , Bonn 2010, ISBN 978-3-86795-021-3 , p. 355 .
↑ Gottfried Kiesow: Architectural Guide Ostfriesland . Verlag Deutsche Stiftung Denkmalschutz , Bonn 2010, ISBN 978-3-86795-021-3 , p. 354 .
^ Homepage of the Reepsholt parish , as seen on August 25, 2011.
^ Church district Harlingerland: Zum Guten Hirten Friedeburg , seen May 30, 2011.
^ Community Friedeburg: Mill in Horsten , accessed on October 15, 2018.
^ Community Friedeburg: Heimatkundliches Museum , accessed on October 14, 2018.
↑ The next round of the spectacle , Ostfriesen-Zeitung, August 16, 2010, accessed on August 16, 2011.
^ Thousands of friends on a summer night , Ostfriesen-Zeitung, June 14, 2010, accessed on August 16, 2011.
↑ It all started with the big auction , Ostfriesen-Zeitung, October 5, 2009, accessed on August 16, 2011.
↑ Karin Lüppen: Low German for advanced learners. In: Ostfriesen-Zeitung , September 29, 2011, accessed on October 9, 2013.
↑ Wolfgang Trumpf: New place-name signs now also on Platt. In: Ostfriesen-Zeitung , September 21, 2013, accessed on October 10, 2013.
^ Friedeburg community: Associations , accessed on October 15, 2018.
↑ More than half of Wittmund's do sports , Ostfriesen-Zeitung, April 1, 2010, accessed on August 16, 2011.
^ Friedeburg community: JadeWeserPark , accessed on October 15, 2018.
^ Statistics from the Federal Employment Agency, Excel file, line 2310
↑ JadeBay: Erdöl und Erdgas ( Memento from February 11, 2016 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on February 11, 2016.
^ The operators of the Etzel cavern storage facility: Etzel cavern storage facility - security of supply for natural gas and oil, pp. 5-7. (PDF file; 2 MB), accessed on February 23, 2018.
↑ Bunde-Etzel-Pipeline goes into operation ( Memento from June 9, 2013 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on March 11, 2012
↑ STORAG Etzel GmbH: Change of name on July 1st , 2016: IVG Caverns becomes STORAG ETZEL , accessed on February 23rd, 2018.

^ Foundation stone for an energy hub , Ostfriesen-Zeitung, May 7, 2011, accessed on August 16, 2011.

↑ above author: Free roads thanks to natural brine from cavern construction. In: Emder Zeitung , January 24, 2013, accessed on May 9, 2014.

^ Community Friedeburg: Porcelain Manufactory Flower , accessed on October 14, 2018.

^ Raiffeisenbank Wiesede grows with fertilizer , Ostfriesen-Zeitung, October 21, 2009, accessed on August 16, 2011.

^ Buy Westphalia Wiesedermeer dairy , Ostfriesen-Zeitung, October 8, 2010, accessed on August 17, 2011.

^ Jeversches Wochenblatt: Betonwerk-Aus makes affected , accessed on February 11, 2016.

↑ www.bauhorst.de: The company , accessed on August 21, 2011.

↑ www.ms-armaturen.de: Locations , accessed on August 21, 2011.

↑ Unless otherwise referenced, the information in this section comes from: Karl-Heinz de Wall: Landkreis Wittmund , Selbstverlag des Landkreis Friesland, Jever 1977, or ISBN, p. 170 ff.

↑ Information from the biographical article on Tönjes Bley, who was born on the farm. See the entry on Bley in the Biographical Lexicon for Ostfriesland (PDF file; 53 kB).

^ Ökoprojekt has established itself , Ostfriesen-Zeitung, September 15, 2010, accessed on August 16, 2011.

↑ Turkey stalls: Farmers are withdrawing , Ostfriesen-Zeitung, March 12, 2009, accessed on August 16, 2011.

^ Friedeburg community: paddle and pedal station , accessed on October 15, 2018.

^ Friedeburg community: Educational institutions , accessed on October 15, 2018.

↑ notfallrettung.net: Company history , accessed on September 8, 2012.

↑ Polizeidirektion Osnabrück: Police station Friedeburg , accessed on April 19, 2019.

↑ Friedeburg measuring point , accessed on September 1, 2011

↑ Locations of the measuring probes of the radioactivity measuring network with their daily mean values , accessed on September 1, 2011

This article was added to the list of excellent articles on February 10, 2012 in this version .

[Metadaten_Einwohnerzahl_DE-NI-1] State Office for Statistics Lower Saxony, LSN-Online regional database, Table 12411: Update of the population, as of December 31, 2019 ( help ).

[2] Arend Remmers : From Aaltukerei to Zwischenmooren. The settlement names between Dollart and Jade , Verlag Schuster, Leer 2004, ISBN 3-7963-0359-5 , p. 190.

[3] Source: State Office for Statistics and Communication Technology Lower Saxony , as of August 9, 2011.