Joint municipality of Jümme

coat of arms	Germany map
	Coordinates: 53 ° 14 '  N , 7 ° 38'  E
Basic data
State :	Lower Saxony
County :	Empty
Area :	82.28 km 2
Residents:	6696 (Dec. 31, 2019)
Population density :	81 inhabitants per km 2
License plate :	LER
Association key :	03 4 57 5403
Association structure:	3 municipalities
Association administration address :	Rathausring 8–12 26849 Filsum
Website :	www.juemme.de
Mayor of the municipality :	Johann Boelsen ( SPD )
Location of the Jümme municipality in the district of Leer

Round tower of Stickhausen Castle

The Samtgemeinde Jümme is a community association in the district of Leer in the Lower Saxony region of East Friesland . Along with the joint municipality of Hesel, it is one of the two joint municipalities in the district and consists of the three municipalities Detern , Filsum and Nortmoor , which merged in the course of the municipal territorial reform in 1973. Jümme is named after the river of the same name , which flows through all three member communities. Filsum serves as the administrative headquarters.

Because of its location on Jümme and Leda , Jümme is also known as the “two-stream country”; the East Frisian geographer Dodo Wildvang coined the term “East Frisian Mesopotamia ” as early as the 1920s . On the rivers are the Pünte Wiltshausen, the oldest hand-drawn ferry in Central Europe that is still in operation, as well as Germany's narrowest car bridge in the Amdorf district.

The integrated community has historical significance for East Frisia through the Battle of Detern , in which the East Frisian chief Focko Ukena defeated his adversary Ocko II. Tom Brok and his allies in 1426 . The Stickhausen Castle was in the same district also has some three centuries an important border fortification of the County of East Frisia . In addition to the remains of the castle, the cultural heritage of the integrated community also includes historical churches, of which the Filsumer St. Paulus Church from the 13th century is the oldest.

The integrated municipality, which is only sparsely populated even in comparison with inner-East Frisia, is characterized by agriculture, with dairy farming predominating in the grassland plains along the rivers . Tourism is of some importance, among the municipalities in the district of Leer, Jümme ranks third in terms of overnight stays behind Borkum and the district town . Jümme is hardly industrialized and overall a commuter area , especially to the neighboring district town.

geography

Position and extent

The joint municipality of Jümme is located in the eastern district of Leer in East Friesland , in the northwest of the German state of Lower Saxony . The main town of Filsum is about ten kilometers from the center of the district town of Leer. The closest major city is Oldenburg , about 42 kilometers as the crow flies from Filsum. Other larger, nearby cities are Emden (about 30 kilometers away) and Aurich (about 27 kilometers away).

With 6,453 inhabitants, who are spread over 82.34 square kilometers, the Jümme municipality is only sparsely populated: on average there are around 78 inhabitants per square kilometer. This means that the entire municipality is well below the East Frisian average of 148 inhabitants per square kilometer, which in turn is well below the Lower Saxony (168) and the Federal Republican average (230). With around 6500 inhabitants, the integrated municipality (compared to other integrated and unified municipalities) is among the municipalities of East Frisia in terms of population in the lower range. The regional spatial planning program of the district of Leer assigns the main town Filsum the function of a basic center for the entire municipality area.

Detern is the largest member municipality in terms of area of ​​the three municipalities. With 43.3 square kilometers, it is the second largest member community of the six East Frisian integrated communities after Hesel.

Geology and soils

Geologically, like all of East Friesland, the Jümme municipality is formed superficially by layers of the Pleistocene and Holocene . Pleistocene strata can be found in the Geest areas , which make up the majority of the municipality area. Part of the geest layers are covered with bog , a Holocene layer. The soils of the East Frisian Geest were mostly formed from deck sands and boulder clay .

Along the Leda and Jümme rivers, the ground consists of river marshes that are formed from silty clays. In the transition area between the rivers and the Geest, moor marshes follow, which consist of clay layers mostly less than 40 centimeters thick on peat soils. The central area of ​​the area between the Leda and the Jümme is formed by now fully cultivated fen. To the north and east of this area, in the area of ​​Nortmoor, Filsum, Detern and Stickhausen, Podsol soils predominate in mostly moist locations. They are mostly on Ortstein and have been improved in their load-bearing capacity over the centuries by Plaggenesch . By Plagge fertilization that has been made for centuries until the occurrence of artificial fertilizer at the end of the 19th century, there especially around the villages Geest anthropogenic plaggen soil floors. Due to the constant application of new soil, the Esch, known in East Friesland as (the) guests, is now higher than the village center. This form of fertilization increased the soil value significantly, even if it still lagged well behind the fertile soils of the marshland . The Podzol soils are partially interspersed with moor or have been converted into areas with a very humic topsoil through peat and subsequent cultivation . There are strips of moorland along the river Holtlander Ehetief and along the Südgeorgsfehn Canal.

Waters

Aerial view of the Jümme

5.5 percent of the total municipality area is made up of water: In Jümme there are more than 150 kilometers of flowing water, plus lakes, pools and oxbow lakes. The most important river is the Jümme , the name of which is reflected in the name of the municipality. At the border with the city of Leer, the Jümme flows into the Leda , which previously also ran a few kilometers over the Samtgemeinde area in the Amdorf district and flows further upstream only a little south of the Samtgemeinde boundary . The Leda is classified as an inland waterway in the area of ​​the municipality. Because of this location on the two rivers, the East Frisian geographer Dodo Wildvang spoke of the "East Frisian Mesopotamia " as early as the 1920s when he described the area of ​​today's integrated community. In its own representation, the integrated community still likes to call itself "Zweistromland".

Bascule bridge over the Nordgeorgsfehn Canal near Brückenfehn: The structure was built in 2000 to replace a previous structure and allows boats to pass through quickly.

Unless the Leda barrage in Leer is closed - which happens during severe storm surges - the tidal range over the Ems can be felt far inland. The mean tidal range at the Leda barrage is three meters and at Dreyschloot, a cross-connection between Leda and Jümme in the Barge district in the southeast of the integrated municipality, it is still 80 centimeters. Flood protection, dike safety and drainage are the tasks of the Leda-Jümme Association based in Leer. In addition to the dykes and the barrage, the association has five large, regulated relief polders at its disposal. These are flooded if the Leda barrage has to remain closed due to storm surges, but at the same time high inland water levels occur on the Leda and Jümme (e.g. due to heavy rain or snowmelt). One of the five relief polders is located south of Detern and has a volume of three million cubic meters. The water is "temporarily stored" in these polders until the barrage can be reopened.

In addition to the natural waters of Leda and Jümme, there are also many anthropogenic bodies of water in the Samtgemeinde area , especially the numerous small drainage ditches in the individual agricultural fields. These are called Schloote in East Frisia . There are also the South and North Georgsfehn Canal, the fen canals of the two fen towns of the same name . The Nordgeorgsfehn Canal was laid out after the Fehn was founded in 1829 and completed in the 1920s. Since then it has been a continuous connection from Ems / Leda / Jümme to the Ems-Jade Canal near Marcardsmoor . The canal played an important role in the creation of Wiesmoor and is still important today for the drainage of central East Frisia. With it, water levels between Ems-Jade-Kanal and Jümme can be balanced. The Nordgeorgsfehnkanal is also used for water tourism.

The Leda barrage was completed in 1954. Until then, the lowland landscape on Jümme and Leda, including large parts of the municipality, was often flooded in the winter months.

Land use

Table I: Land use

use	Area in ha
Residential and mixed areas	264
Commercial areas	75
traffic area	488
Water surface	449
Agricultural area	6702
Forestry area	68
other areas	188
total area	8234

The land use table on the right shows the overwhelming proportion of agricultural land in the total area of ​​the municipality. It is around 81.4 percent (for comparison: East Friesland around 75 percent; Germany 52.3 percent.) The proportion of forest in the commune, which is characterized by low-lying grassland zones, is only just under 0.83 percent (East Friesland 2.6 percent; Germany : 30.1 percent).

Neighboring communities

The joint municipality borders on several other (joint) municipalities in the district of Leer, but is also one of the few municipalities in East Friesland that also borders municipalities in two neighboring districts. The municipality of Apen is located east of Jümme in the Ammerland district . In the southeast, Jümme borders the municipality of Barßel in the district of Cloppenburg . The other municipalities bordered by Jümme are in the district of Leer, these are (continued clockwise) Ostrhauderfehn in the south, Rhauderfehn in the south-west, the district town of Leer in the west, the joint community of Hesel in the north-west and north (including the communities Brinkum , Holtland and Hesel ) and the community of Uplengen in the northeast.

Structure of the integrated community

The joint municipality of Jümme consists of the three member municipalities Detern , Filsum and Nortmoor , which, however, have other localities and places to live. This applies in particular to Detern, the largest member community in terms of area and population. Listed below are the member communities, their area and population as well as the other districts (as of December 31, 2010).

Member parish	Residents	Area (km²)	associated districts
Detern	2,693	43.30	Amdorf , Barge, Deternerlehe , Neuburg , Stickhausen , Velde
Filsum	2,084	23.76	Ammersum, Brückenfehn, Busboomsfehn, Lammertsfehn, Stallbrüggerfeld
Nortmoor	1,676	15.34	Brunn, Plaggenburg, Heide, Pillkamp, ​​Terwisch
total	6,453	82.34	-

climate

Jümme is in the temperate climate zone, influenced by the North Sea . In summer the daytime temperatures are lower, in winter often higher than in the further inland. The climate is characterized by the Central European west wind zone.

After the air classification of Koppen to Hesel is in the classification Cfb (climate zone C : warm temperate climates, air type f : moist-temperate climate, subtype b : warm summer ). Within the temperate zone, it is assigned to the climate district of Lower Saxony flatland North Sea coast , which has a maritime character and is characterized by relatively cool and rainy summers, relatively mild winters with little snow, prevailing westerly and south-westerly winds and high annual rainfall.

Weather data are collected for the neighboring Leer, which has very similar climatic conditions: the average annual temperature there is 9 ° C with maximum values ​​in July and August around 20 ° C and average minimum values ​​around −2 ° C in December and in January. The average rainfall is 738 mm / year. There are most rainy days with 14 in November and December, the least in March and May, where there are nine days of precipitation. The average annual sunshine duration is 1550 to 1600 hours, with the number of average hours of sunshine per day fluctuating between one (December / January) and six hours (May / June). The mean frost-free time is given as 170 to 187 days.

Climate table for Leer Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Max. Temperature ( ° C ) 4th 5 8th 12 17th 20th 21st 21st 18th 14th 8th 5 O 12.8 Min. Temperature (° C) −2 −1 1 3 6th 9 11 11 9 6th 2 0 O 4.6 Precipitation ( mm ) 59.2 40.1 51.4 46.0 61.5 77.4 74.8 67.2 65.6 62.5 69.1 63.2 Σ 738 Hours of sunshine ( h / d ) 1 2 3 5 6th 6th 6th 6th 4th 3 2 1 O 3.8 Rainy days ( d ) 13 9 12 10 11 11 11 11 11 11 14th 14th Σ 138 Source:

Protected areas

Bog and heather vegetation in the Filsumer Moor nature reserve

There has been a nature reserve in the joint municipality since 1941, the Barger Meer near the village that gives it its name. The area is 6.3  hectares and is almost entirely part of the FFH area of the same name . The 45.5 hectare nature reserve Filsumer Moor has been under protection since 1975. It is a former moor area between the towns of Stallbrüggerfeld, Busboomsfehn and Brückenfehn. There are also several natural monuments in the form of old trees that are worth protecting in Nortmoor, Stickhausen and Detern.

history

Prehistory and early history

The north-western part of the Samtgemeinde area belongs to the foothills of the Oldenburg-East Frisian Geestrücken on which the oldest archaeological find to date was discovered: an approximately 35,000 to 40,000 year old, twelve centimeter long and nine centimeter wide flint tool as a tool for cutting and scraping from the Middle Paleolithic . Through this find, the presence of the Neanderthal man in East Frisia was proven for the first time . The find was made in the immediate north of Holtland . The oldest traces of human settlement in the districts of Nortmoor and Filsum come from the Neolithic , both from the funnel beaker culture and from the individual grave culture . Other finds can be assigned to the Bronze Age . Tweezers and a razor made of bronze, a semicircular scraper made of flint and a double-winged arrowhead made of dentine were found to be grave goods. In the vicinity of the graves there were deeply engraved fragments of the funnel cup culture.

Already in the Bronze Age there was a path leading over the Geest and through the Jümmeniederung, which connected the areas of today's cities of Oldenburg and Leer . This is the conclusion reached by archaeologists who, in the 1950s , examined the Bronze Age network of trails in East Friesland on the basis of barrows and other artifacts found , in particular their spatial concentration.

Early and High Middle Ages

Filsum (as Fillisni ) and Ammersum (as Ambriki ) were first mentioned in the Werden land records (around the year 900). A place called Suthanbroka , Südmoor , was also mentioned there . It was probably the predecessor settlement of Nortmoor, which was moved northwards in later centuries, closer to the more flood-proof Geest.

In the High Middle Ages, Jümme belonged to the Frisian state municipality of Moormerland . The medieval state community was much larger than today's political community of the same name: It also comprised the area of ​​the city of Leer, the combined communities of Hesel and the community of Moormerland.

Chiefs (14th and 15th centuries)

The consular constitution of the Frisian freedom existed until about the middle of the 14th century. It then fell apart and was gradually replaced when powerful families took over the chieftainship . In contrast to other East Frisian sub-regions, however, the Leda-Jümme area was unable to establish its own noteworthy chief rule. The area came under the influence of the chief Focko Ukena from Neermoor . This was a former follower of the leading chief Ocko II. Tom Brok , but turned against him. On September 27, 1426, Detern was the scene of the battle named after the place , in which a peasant East Frisian army under Ukena drove the troops of Ocko II. Tom Brok and his allies from Oldenburg, the Archbishop of Bremen and the Count of Hoya , Diepholz and Tecklenburg defeated.

In the subsequent conflict between Ukena and the Freedom League of the Seven East Friesland , the present area stood on the side of the Neermoorer or Leeraner chief. After the defeat of Ukena, the chief family Cirksena rose to counts of East Friesland, who thus also ruled the present area. The Hanseatic cities , above all Hamburg, played a decisive role in this . Since the end of the 14th century, but also in the first half of the 15th century, these were exposed to the raids of the Vitalienbrüder , who attacked merchant ships in the North Sea and made East Frisian ports their hiding places. The Cirksena sensed their chance and in 1433 allied themselves with the city of Hamburg, which was involved in the military in East Friesland in the following years.

The Stickhausen Castle was around the year 1435 by the City of Hamburg built. The Hamburgers handed the castle over to the chief and later count (from 1464) Ulrich I around 1453 , who had the castle expanded as a border fortification against the county of Oldenburg . The castle secured the route from Oldenburg via Apen and Stickhausen to Leer and replaced the neighboring, older Schluesselburg.

Under the Cirksena (1464–1744)

The Counts of East Friesland created new administrative structures by setting up offices . Stickhausen Castle became the seat of one of the eight East Frisian offices, alongside Aurich , Berum , Emden , Friedeburg , Greetsiel , Leerort and Norden . The Stickhausen office included roughly the area of ​​today's (velvet) communities Jümme, Hesel, Uplengen, Rhauderfehn and Ostrhauderfehn, i.e. roughly the eastern third of today's district of Leer. From then on, officials of the counts took over the administrative business. The Stickhausen office was one of the poorer in the county because of the poorer quality of the soil than in the march, and it remained so in the following centuries. A comparison between the Greetsiel Office and the Stickhausen Office, which is much larger in area, shows the differences: In the Stickhausen Office there were 2311 grazing arable land, while the Greetsiel Office was ten times as large with 23,355 grasses.

Countess Anna ordered the abolition of the Primogeniture in East Frisia. The county of East Frisia was then de facto divided between their sons Edzard and Johann. Johann chose Stickhausen as one of his two places to stay.

The Reformation found its way into East Friesland early on, with today's Samtgemeinde area becoming Lutheran, while the Reformed faith prevailed in the western offices of the county. The fact that the country did not break apart despite the Cuius regio, eius religio regulation , is due to a decision by Countess Anna , who had assumed the guardianship of her children Edzard and Johann since 1542 . In 1558 she decreed the abolition of the primogeniture in the East Frisian count house so that the first-born Edzard, inclined to Lutheran doctrine and strongly encouraged by his strictly Lutheran wife Katharina von Wasa , could not enforce Lutheranism in the county on his own. The younger brother Johann was of the Reformed faith. De facto, East Friesland became a divided county with two regents: Johann ruled over the Reformed offices of Greetsiel and Leerort as well as the office of Stickhausen and could also be sure of the support of the Reformed office of Emden, Edzard ruled the remaining offices. In addition to Leerort, Johann stayed mainly at Stickhausen Castle, which thus became a kind of "second residence" in East Frisia. The count's officials often received contradicting instructions from their two regents, resulting in political paralysis in the country. The fraternal dispute did not end until Johann's death in Stickhausen Castle in 1591, after which Count Edzard II ruled alone. However, its reputation had suffered badly.

Stickhausen Castle 1632

The relationship between the count's officials at the castle and the subjects was not always free of tension. In 1598 , residents of the office protested against attacks by officials in the state parliament in Leer. In the winter of 1607, the residents of Stickhausen and the surrounding area refused to clear the moat of the castle from the ice and then set up guards if the castle should not be occupied by count soldiers. The number of count soldiers stationed at the castle is given as 70 for the year 1617. For comparison: In Aurich the sovereign rulers maintained a garrison of 500 men, in Berum 200 and in Esens, Wittmund and Greetsiel 70 to 100.

During the Thirty Years' War East Friesland was captured three times (1622–1624, 1627–1631 and 1637–1651) by foreign troops and used as quarters, even if there was no fighting with other foreign armies. Stickhausen Castle was contested several times. In the years from 1622 to 1624 the Mansfelder held it occupied. They strengthened the castle with several external works . The places in the area suffered from the occupation by the troops. Not only farms were looted, but also the churches, which is indicated by the fact that after the mercenary heap had withdrawn, many furnishings had to be procured again. In Amdorf and Neuburg, not only were the pulpits replaced, but the altarpieces were also purchased. After the withdrawal of the Mansfeld troops, the counts only took over the castle again for a short time. The two following occupations also meant burdens through contributions. The occupiers from 1627 to 1631, however, imperial troops under Tilly , “kept male discipline and avoided excesses”, as did the Hessian troops billeted in East Frisia from 1637 to 1651 under Wilhelm V von Hessen-Kassel . The Hessians completed the expansion of Stickhausen Castle into a fortress . Materially, too, the situation was different under the two occupations than under Mansfeld: Although contributions were collected, these were also spent in the region. During the war, the plague also broke out in East Frisia , but deaths for the area in question are not documented.

In 1712, under the government of Prince Georg Albrecht, a new barracks was built in the vicinity of Stickhauser Burg. Up to the end of the county, 600 men were stationed in it. One third of the cost of the garrison was borne by the Princely House and two thirds by the East Frisian estates.

In the roll call war between the East Frisian rulership and the so-called renitents , the villages of today's integrated municipality officially sided with the rulers. Together with Brinkum, Holtland and Hesel, Nortmoor formed advanced posts within the rebellious area around Leer. There were attacks by the insurgents, combined with looting. The renitenten were defeated in 1726 after the sovereignty had strengthened with additional Danish troops.

Prussian period (1744–1806 / 15)

In 1744 Ostfriesland fell to Prussia through an prospectus . After taking office, Frederick the Great had most of the castles in East Frisia demolished, including Stickhausen Castle, of which only the castle tower remained. Even in Prussian times, Stickhausen remained the seat of the office of the same name. As a result of the bog colonization promoted by Friedrich , the number of inhabitants of the office grew from around 5100 to around 9300 people during this period. In 1806 the Stickhausen office was the third largest in terms of population after the Aurich and Leer offices. The town of Detern was the one with the highest number of craftsmen in the first decades of Prussian rule within the extensive office: for the year 1756 there were seven merchants, three coopers, six bakers, nine linen weavers, three bricklayers, seven tailors, three blacksmiths, twelve shoemakers and three carpenters are documented. In nearby Stickhausen there were five more linen weavers as well as a baker, glazier, dyer, tailor, blacksmith and carpenter as well as a merchant.

Reclamation edict

In the second half of the 18th century, several bog colonies were established in what is now the Samtgemeinde area after Frederick the Great had signed his edict of land reclamation . These include Busboomsfehn, Lammertsfehn and Brückenfehn, which were settled from 1772 onwards. While Busboomsfehn and Lammertsfehn were named after the first settlers, the name Brückenfehn goes back to a bridge over the Hollen marriage. Despite the name ending in -fehn, it is not a Fehnkanal settlement , but a scattered settlement. In these cases, the ending in -fehn only indicates that there are settlements in the moor. A year later, the Stallbrüggerfeld moor colony was added. All those peatland colonies are to the northeast of Filsum, and their history is closely linked to the establishment of further peatland colonies in today's neighboring municipalities of Uplengen and Hesel. However, Deternerlehe, which was settled from the 18th century, is considered to be an extension of the town of Detern. In 1816 11 houses were counted.

Food source of the first bog settlers: buckwheat ( Fagopyrum esculentum )

From 1760 Rudolf Heinrich Karl von Glan was the bailiff and rent master of the Stickhausen office and remained so until his death in 1807. Under his aegis, not only the above-mentioned bog colonies were created in what is now the municipality area. He also earned merit as one of the five founders of the Rhauderfehn-Compagnie, which from 1769 had the fen settlement Rhauderfehn built in the moor belonging to the Stickhausen district , from which the present-day community Ostrhauderfehn later emerged.

The agricultural basis of the bog colonies was the bog fire culture. Small trenches were dug in the summer to drain a piece of bog. In autumn, the Moor was chopped into flakes, which by freezing in winter and the following spring harrowed were. In late spring, the colonists set fire to the marshes that had been worked in this way and placed seeds of (mostly) buckwheat in the ashes. Buckwheat grows very quickly and could therefore be harvested after a few weeks. Potatoes, rye and oats were also grown. However, the bog soil was depleted after a few years by this form of cultivation, so that the yields fell. With only a few exceptions, the bog colonies therefore became emergency areas.

After the battle of Jena and Auerstedt in 1806, East Friesland and with it the present area was incorporated into the Kingdom of Holland and thus into the French sphere of influence. In 1810, the Ems-Orientale (Osterems) department became part of the French Empire, and in 1813 it fell again to Prussia after the wars of liberation. After the Congress of Vienna in 1814/15, Prussia ceded East Frisia to the Kingdom of Hanover.

Kingdom of Hanover and the Empire (1815–1918)

Confluence of the North and South Georgsfehn Canal

In the 51 years in which East Friesland belonged to the Kingdom of Hanover (1815–1866), three new fen settlements were created in the region, including Nordgeorgsfehn and Südgeorgsfehn . The canals, which were necessary for the establishment of the feudal settlements, lead across the area of ​​the present-day integrated community.

The north-westerly area of ​​the Nortmoor district is cut through by the stone road from Leer to Aurich, which was laid out in 1834 and was the first road in East Frisia to be developed in this way. In 1867 the road from Leer via Nortmoor and Filsum to Stickhausen was laid. Since the Oldenburg – Leer railway line was opened by the Grand Ducal Oldenburg State Railway on June 15, 1869 , the area has been connected to the national railway network. Railway stations were built in Stickhausen-Velde, Filsum and Nortmoor.

In Prussia, there was a territorial reform in 1885, in which the old offices were dissolved in favor of newly created districts, as was the case in East Frisia. The district of Leer emerged from the previous offices of Leerort and Stickhausen. The city of Leer was designated as the district seat. In addition to the office, the Stickhausen District Court was also dissolved, and the Leer District Court also became responsible. Stickhausen and the nearby towns of Velde and Detern suffered economically from this measure. In addition to civil servants and judges, lawyers also moved away, and declining purchasing power caused more residents to move away. In the following years, many apartments were vacant in the three towns.

Weimar Republic and National Socialism

The towns of Amdorf and Neuburg were already strongholds of the NSDAP early on . In the district elections on November 17, 1929, the National Socialists recorded two of their best results in the district of Leer with 51 and 53.7 percent. The last district elections on March 12, 1933 also showed that the Leda-Jümme area had some particularly strong National Socialist strongholds: in Amdorf they received 72, in Ammersum 83, in Detern 76 and in Filsum 80 percent of the votes cast . For comparison: the National Socialists received 52.1 percent of the vote across the district. In Nortmoor, which is located near the district town of Leer, there was always a strong tendency to vote for left-wing parties during the Weimar years. In the Reichstag elections in December 1932, 51 percent voted for the NSDAP, but the SPD and KPD still accounted for 20 and 16 percent, which was a peculiarity compared to other Geest villages in East Frisia at that time.

The takeover of power by the National Socialists initially concentrated on the East Frisian cities, then also on the district offices. However, the District Administrator Hermann Conring in Leer kept this function. He played an active role in the persecution of politically dissenters, especially communists, which began immediately after the seizure of power, but in some cases also campaigned for the release of prisoners who had been deported to concentration camps. At the end of July 1933, 30 communists from the district were in concentration camps, mainly in the nearby Börgermoor , including the Nortmoor communist Johann Platte.

In the course of job creation measures to overcome the very high unemployment in the district of Leer, several major projects were considered, including the long overdue improvement of the drainage situation in the Leda-Jümme area. However, this could only be tackled after 1936, when the unemployment figures had already dropped noticeably. In 1938/1939 Jews from Vienna were also used as forced laborers to raise the levees on Leda and Jümme. The Jews, mostly people with a higher education, were housed in two camps: in Wiltshausen, in what is now the city of Leer, and in Terheide, between Detern and Potshausen. There was hardly any contact with the local population.

The area was not affected by air strikes during the war. After the allied troops on 28/29. Having conquered Leer in April 1945, they advanced further east across the area of ​​today's Samtgemeinde.

post war period

In the immediate post-war period, the district of Leer was the most heavily populated of the three East Frisian districts with refugees from the East, because - in contrast to the districts of Aurich and Wittmund - it was not used as an internment area for prisoners of war German soldiers. However, the district of Leer subsequently accepted most of the people in Lower Saxony who were already unemployed or unemployed in the eastern regions. The proportion of people over 65 was also higher than the average in Lower Saxony. In contrast, the district of Leer recorded the lowest proportion of male refugees from the East between the ages of 20 and 45 of all districts in Lower Saxony. The present area also took in a large number of displaced people, but also bombed out people from other cities. In Nortmoor the share was around 40 percent in 1946, but fell due to the lack of economic opportunities in the following years. In other localities of today's integrated community, the number of displaced persons was over 20 percent in 1946, for example 21.2 percent in Velde, where it rose to 24.7 percent by 1950.

The local infrastructure was continuously expanded after the Second World War. The regular flooding of the low-lying Hammrich areas south of Nortmoor in the winter months came to an end when a new pumping station on the Jümme was put into operation in 1962. More than 40 kilometers of farm roads were also expanded. The structural change in agriculture with the tendency towards ever larger farms continued: While there were 149 farms in the village in 1949, the number had fallen to 89 by 1971 and to 11 by 2005. The development in the other localities was similar. At the same time, the number of out-commuters increased significantly.

In 1973 the municipalities of Detern, Filsum and Nortmoor merged to form the Jümme municipality. Filsum became the main town. Detern turned to tourism as early as the 1970s and subsequently became a state-recognized resort . Nortmoor, on the other hand, used its proximity to the city of Leer and to the federal motorway 28 to build an industrial park at the Leer-Ost junction from 1991 . Since then Nortmoor has been the economic focus of the community.

Development of the joint municipality name

The Jümme municipality is named after the river of the same name that flows through the area. The name Jümme possibly comes from the Old High German word gumpito for pool or pond. The initial change from “g” to “j” can be found in at least two other place names in the region.

politics

Town hall of the joint municipality

In contrast to the rest of East Friesland, the CDU in the district of Leer was organized very early after the Second World War and achieved the best results within the region there. In the federal elections in 1949 it achieved a majority in Filsum, Neuburg, Amdorf, Ammersum, Detern, Barge and Stickhausen, while the Social Democrats prevailed in Nortmoor, Velde and Lammertsfehn. In the 1953 Bundestag elections, the CDU won a majority in all parts of the town, including Amdorf, Neuburg, Filsum, Ammersum and Barge an absolute majority. This majority subsequently remained unmolested and was even expanded in the 1969 election: the Christian Democrats won an absolute majority in all districts except Nortmoor. Even in the "Willy Brandt election" in 1972 , which brought the SPD a record result in East Friesland and penetrated many of the previous CDU bastions, the entire municipality area remained a support for the CDU: Only in Nortmoor did the SPD win an absolute majority, in in all other districts the CDU was ahead of the Social Democrats. In the 2005 Bundestag election, Jümme was one of only three East Frisian municipalities (alongside Uplengen and Juist ) in which the CDU was ahead of the SPD. In all the other municipalities in the region, the Social Democrats won, for whom East Frisia has been one of the strongholds in Germany for several decades.

In the political bodies of the joint congregation there are occasional discussions about an appropriate financial burden sharing between the three member congregations and about the question of whether Jümme should become a unitary congregation instead of a joint congregation. In 2010 the joint municipality council decided to change the contributions of the three member municipalities to the joint municipality budget. This led to a change in the tax base: if the basis was previously a combination of the number of residents and tax revenue, since then only the tax revenue has been used as the basis for calculation. As a result, Nortmoor, the smallest member municipality in terms of inhabitants, which has a higher tax revenue due to its industrial park, has since paid more to the joint municipality.

Joint council and administration

The joint council of the joint municipality of Jümme consists of 18 councilors. This is the specified number for a joint municipality with a size between 6001 and 7000 inhabitants. The 18 council members are elected by local elections for five years each. The current term of office began on November 1, 2016 and ends on October 31, 2021.

The full-time Mayor of the Joint Community, Johann Boelsen, is also entitled to vote in the Council of the Joint Community .

The last local election in Lower Saxony on September 11, 2016 resulted in the following result:

Political party	Proportional votes	Number of seats	Change voices	Change seats
CDU	40.1%	7th	+1.7%	0
SPD	33.6%	6th	+ 2.9%	0
General voter community (AWG)	11.8%	2	−4.7%	−1
Citizens per Jümme (BpJ)	5.9%	1	+ 5.9%	+1
Alliance 90 / The Greens	5.8%	1	−1.3%	0
FDP	1.9%	1	−5.3%	0

Allocation of seats in the Jümme municipal council since 2016

      

A total of 18 seats

• SPD : 6
• Greens : 1
• AWG : 2
• FDP : 1
• CDU : 7
• BpJ : 1

The turnout in the 2016 local elections was 63.5 percent, well above the Lower Saxony average of 55.5 percent.

Since the Jümme joint congregation consists of three member congregations, there are no local councils there as in many unified congregations. The purely local functions that the local councils have in unit congregations are taken over by the member congregations. For the election results in the member municipalities, see the articles on the member municipalities. The integrated community has the administrative apparatus that not only takes on the tasks set out in the Lower Saxony Municipal Constitutional Law and the main statute , but also the administrative business for the member communities. The member communities therefore do not have their own administration.

Joint mayor of the municipality

In contrast to the mayors of the member municipalities, the joint municipality mayor serves as a full-time employee, analogous to the mayors in unitary municipalities. The mayor of the entire municipality also acts as the municipality director of the three member municipalities.

The current mayor of the Jümme municipality is Johann Boelsen (SPD).

The first directly elected full-time mayor since September 2001 was Gerhard Wallentin. Before that, the highest office of the joint municipality Jümme was held by the joint municipality director. Hans-Dieter Becker held the position of joint municipality director for the longest time. Boelsen's predecessor was the non-party Wiard Voss, who was re-elected in the mayor election on September 11, 2011 with 86.8 percent yes-votes and no opposing candidates. Voss was seen as a proponent of a unified community Jümme instead of the current construct of an integrated community.

In the joint mayor election on September 11, 2016, Boelsen was elected mayor with 58.2 percent. The previous incumbent Voss did not run again.

Representatives in the Land and Bundestag

The Jümme municipality is part of the Leer constituency . 15 parties ran for the state elections in Lower Saxony in 2017 . Six of these parties had put up direct candidates. The directly elected MP is Ulf Thiele ( CDU ). Meta Janssen-Kucz ( Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen ) also entered the Lower Saxony state parliament via the state list .

The joint municipality Jümme belongs to the Bundestag constituency Unterems (constituency 25), which consists of the district of Leer and the northern part of the district of Emsland. The constituency was redesigned for the 1980 federal election and has remained unchanged since then. So far, only representatives of the CDU have prevailed as direct candidates in this constituency. The constituency is represented in the Bundestag by the directly elected CDU MP Gitta Connemann from Leer. No party candidate from the constituency entered the Bundestag via the parties' list.

coat of arms

Blazon : “Square of green and silver; Field 1: in green a silver tower with an open gate and a silver pointed roof, each topped by a silver star. Field 2: in silver an oblique left green holly leaf, accompanied by five green balls above and below. Field 3: four green wavy bars in silver. Field 4: a silver horse's head with bridle in green. "

Reasons for the coat of arms: The colors of the Jümme municipality are silver and green. Each of the quarters symbolizes one of the member communities or the entire community itself. In field 1 you can see a tower that stands for the old castle complex in Stickhausen , Detern. In field 2 there is a holly leaf as an element of the coat of arms of a noble family from Nortmoor. In field 3 the wavy bars stand for the Jümme river and thus for the entire municipality. In field 4 a horse's head indicates the Filsum tradition of riders and horse breeding.

Parish partnership

The former Steintanz-Warnowtal office from Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania was from April 18, 1998 the partner municipality of the Jümme joint municipality.

Culture and sights

Museums and theaters

In the Stickhausen Castle is a local history and folklore museum. On the ground floor, the dungeon cells can be viewed with torture tools such as a rack and forceps. On the first floor the living situation of the prison guard is shown; the second floor is dedicated to the history of the castle. Finally, a bird and bird egg collection is on display in the attic. The museum is housed in the round tower that was built in 1498. Nothing is left of the older parts of the complex, which was built by the Hanseatic City of Hamburg around 1453 .

Churches

St. Paul Church

There are a number of historic churches in the municipality, some of which have historic organs. Of the medieval churches, only the Filsumer St. Paulus Church from the 13th century has been preserved. The original semicircular apse was replaced in the 15th century by a chancel and around 1650 by a polygonal choir with buttresses, which is angled slightly to the left. This architectural peculiarity is indicated by the fact that the nave symbolizes the body of Christ and the choir his inclined head. The most valuable piece of furniture is the Gothic winged altar (around 1500) in the form of a keel arch . On the left is the adoration of the child by Mary and the angels, on the right the adoration of the kings . During the Reformation period, the middle field that shows the Lord's Supper scene today was changed. The carved pulpit with depictions of the Evangelists dates from 1660, the box stalls from 1687, the chandeliers from 1707 and 1770. The interior is closed off by a wooden barrel vault, which was painted in 1976 by the Delmenhorst church painter Oetgen.

View into the nave of St. George

The Nortmoorer St. George Church from 1751 is a baroque hall church with large arched windows and beamed ceiling. The free-standing bell cage of the “parallel wall type” and a bell have been preserved from the time of the previous building. Bertolt Klinghe cast the second in 1509. The church is known for its rich furnishings. The trapezoidal coffin lid with club cross dates back to Romanesque times. The remains of the choir stalls are said to have been transferred from the Barthe Monastery . The pulpit carved by Tönis Maler in 1652 is similar to the one in Filsum with corner pillars and depictions of the evangelists in the round arches. In 1662 a Flemish master created the winged altar with the sacrament scene in the middle. Hinrich Just Müller built the altar organ between 1773 and 1775 , which has largely been preserved.

St. Stephen's and Bartholomew Church

The St. Stephani and Bartholomäi Church in Detern from 1806 is a classical hall building with a mansard roof that has been redesigned several times. The free-standing bell tower and a bell date from the 13th century, the second bell was cast by Bertold Klinghe in 1482. Some furnishings from the old churches were used again. The early Gothic baptismal font dates back to the 14th century, the corresponding stand, decorated with volutes and acanthus , to the 18th century. Wilhelm Eilert Schmid created the organ with twelve registers in 1819, nine of which are still original.

Some of the furnishings were taken over for the successor to the Amdorfer Church from 1769. The pulpit by Tönnies Mahler dates from 1658 and an altarpiece from his workshop from 1674. The Westphalian organ builder Heinrich Wilhelm Eckmann created an organ in 1773, which was rebuilt in 1821 by Wilhelm Eilert Schmid . The bell tower was not added until 1870.

The Neuburg Church from 1779 is also a replacement for an older building. The hall church with pilasters has a pulpit by Tönnies Mahler from 1650 and an altarpiece from 1674. Parts of the old predella were also taken over. The box stalls are from 1779. The bell tower of the parallel wall type in the northwest was built in 1664.

Secular buildings

The Pünte: Ferry people overtake.

The remains of Stickhausen Castle are in the joint community. This is the round tower built in 1498, which survived the razing on the orders of Frederick the Great. After the Second World War, measures were taken to secure the remains. A local history and folklore museum is housed in the tower. Different focal points can be found on three different floors: while the dungeon cells with torture tools such as rack and pinions have been preserved on the ground floor, the living and living situation of the prison guard is shown on the first floor. On the second floor there is an exhibition on the history of the castle. A bird and bird egg collection completes the exhibition.

A Pünte runs between the Wiltshausen district of Leer and Amdorf . According to the Detern municipality, it is the oldest hand-drawn ferry in Central Europe that is still in operation. The Pünte is used almost exclusively for tourist traffic, which can already be seen from the ferry times: It only runs between May 1st and September 30th, and during this time of year only Wednesdays to Sundays from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. or 7 p.m. The ferry is operated by a development association after the district of Leer, which was the carrier until then, had discontinued the ferry connection in 1975. The first written mention of a ferry between Wiltshausen and Amdorf dates from the 15th century. The Pünte can also move cars, but the majority of passengers are on two wheels. In 2011 the ferry carried around 600 cars, more than 2500 pedestrians, 8000 cyclists and 700 motorcycles.

Regular events

The Kulturkreis Jümme is responsible for organizing several events in the cultural field. This also includes the two-day “Burggarten” garden festival, which takes place in the garden of Stickhauser Burg in summer. One of the concerts of the Musical Summer in East Friesland usually takes place in one of the historic churches of the integrated community .

The tradition of carbide shooting is maintained in Filsum on New Year's Eve .

language

Distribution area of ​​the East Frisian Platt

In the integrated community, East Frisian Platt is spoken in addition to Standard German . At least among adults, Platt is an everyday language. The integrated community promotes - also with the support of the Plattdütskbüro der Ostfriesische Landschaft - the use and thus the preservation of the Low German.

Sports

There are four universal sports clubs in the municipality: TuS Detern, Blau-Weiß Filsum, TSV Lammertsfehn and SV Nortmoor. Due to the abundance of water in the municipality, there are several clubs that offer sports "all about water". These are the Stickhausen fishing club, the Jümme water sports club and the Jümmesee boat club. The fishing association is one of 17 associations across the country that have been selected for a project on the subject of “stocking fish” in cooperation with the Berlin Leibniz Institute for Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries . Filsum is known as an equestrian center. The tournaments are organized by the Filsum riding and driving club there. In addition to the riding and driving club, there is also the Filsum horse breeding club, one of six of its kind in East Friesland. Foal shows take place at the riding and driving club as well as on the farm of Tamme Hanken, who is known as a horse whisperer from television. The Frisian sports Boßeln and Klootschießen are operated in the Boßelverein Deternerlehe. There are shooting clubs in Nortmoor and Detern (shooting club Altes Amt Stickhausen). No Jümmer club takes part in the national leagues in the various sports.

Gyms can be found at the schools in Detern, Filsum and Nortmoor, sports fields in these three locations and in Lammertsfehn. There are also tennis courts in Detern. There is no indoor or outdoor swimming pool in the municipality, however, and bathing facilities are available at Jümmesee in summer .

Economy and Infrastructure

Bünting's central warehouse in Nortmoor

The economy in the Jümme municipality is primarily shaped by medium-sized companies. In addition, agriculture, including upstream and downstream farms, continues to play a role in the integrated community. Tourism is of great importance, especially in Detern and the surrounding area. The main tourist infrastructure of the municipality is also located here. In the joint community there is a larger industrial park in Nortmoor, directly at the exit Leer-Ost the Highway 28 area. Despite an expansion to meanwhile 35 hectares, it is now fully occupied and further expansion is not possible. Around 400 jobs have been created there. The largest of the 20 companies in that industrial park is the central warehouse of the Leer-based Bünting Group , and a company for construction machinery and systems technology and a stable equipment company are also represented there. The joint municipality administration is considering setting up further industrial areas in other districts. There is also a small industrial park in Filsum.

Data on unemployment in the municipality itself are not collected. In the Leer division of the Employment Agency, which includes the district of Leer excluding Borkum, the unemployment rate in November 2015 was 5.8 percent and was exactly the average for Lower Saxony.

The entire community is a commuter community . Since there is also a flow of commuters between the individual member communities, the number of commuters cannot be aggregated for the entire municipality area. Information is available for the individual municipalities which, according to a survey from 2006, all show a negative balance of commuters. The commuter balance in the municipality of Nortmoor is only minimally negative, however: the commercial area on the A 28 has a significant impact here. 397 in-commuters are compared to 411 out-commuters. The negative commuter balance is clearer in the municipalities of Filsum (235 in-commuters, 527 out-commuters) and Detern (157 in-commuters, 574 out-commuters). The total number of employees subject to social insurance contributions in the joint municipality is 1711. This compares to 988 jobs subject to social insurance contributions in the joint municipality area.

tourism

Tourism plays an important role in the economic life of the municipality. Although Jümme is only of average size compared to other municipalities in the district of Leer, it ranks third behind Borkum and Leer in terms of the number of overnight stays (as of 2010) . 115,646 overnight stays were registered in the entire municipality. In addition to hotels and guesthouses as well as holiday homes and apartments, there is also a campsite on Jümmesee. In addition, a motorhome parking space with 40 spaces has been created, the number of overnight stays has increased in recent years: from almost 7,500 in 2008 to 8,977 to 10,784 in 2010.

The Jümmesee near Detern

Crank ferry over the Holtlander Ehetief

Due to the abundance of water in the entire municipality, water tourism plays a major role. In Stickhausen there is a "paddle and pedal" station where visitors can borrow both bicycles and canoes. These stations are part of a network in East Friesland that is connected by canals and cycle routes, at which means of transport borrowed from other stations can be exchanged. Fishing is possible in 14 standing and 8 running waters in the area. The Jümmesee is located near the Jümme in Detern, but not connected to the river . It is a swimming and fishing lake with additional tourist infrastructure that was created in the course of the expansion of the B 72.

In addition to water tourism, cycle tourism plays an important role in the entire municipality. Jümme and the neighboring municipalities of Hesel and Uplengen as well as the municipality of Moormerland have set up the longest cycling route in the region to date, the "East Frisian Route" over 172 kilometers. In addition, the entire municipality is connected to the long-distance cycle routes Friesischer Heerweg and Deutsche Fehnroute . A special feature of the municipality's cycle path network is the crank ferry across the Holtlander Ehetief on the border with the municipality of Hesel: users take the ferry themselves across the river. It cannot be used for cars.

Agriculture

Gulfhaus with harvested corn field in the foreground in Lammertsfehn

Agriculture in the Samtgemeinde area is characterized by dairy farming and, to a lesser extent, by cultivation of fodder for cattle. Due to the overwhelming share of agricultural land in the integrated municipality, this contributes to a large extent to the fact that the district of Leer is one of the ten largest milk-producing districts in Germany. For some years now, dairy farmers have suffered from an often low and highly fluctuating price for milk and milk products. Individual farmers have specialized in direct marketing and organic farming. Farmers earn additional income by installing wind turbines or generating energy from biomass. In addition, some farmers rent rooms to holiday guests under the motto of a holiday on the farm .

Plans to build large stables for factory farming met with resistance in the entire community. At the beginning of 2012, a citizens' initiative against fattening pens was formed in the joint municipality, after plans for a pen for 40,000 laying hens had been in place since 2011. The project has since been abandoned by the investors.

traffic

Traffic axes in East Frisia: The joint municipality of Jümme (east of Leer) is conveniently located on the federal highway 72 and on the A 28 .

The Filsum community is conveniently located on the Autobahn 28 and on the federal road 72 . The A 28 leads from Leer via Oldenburg to the Stuhr motorway triangle near Bremen. The two connection points Leer-Ost (partly also in the area of ​​the neighboring municipality Brinkum ) and Filsum are located in the area of ​​the integrated community . At the Filsum junction, the motorway crosses the B 72, which leads from Norddeich via Aurich to Cloppenburg and on via the A 1 to Schneiderkrug . Until the completion of the A 31 in the 1990s and 2000s, this was the shortest connection between East Frisia and the Osnabrück area and thus also North Rhine-Westphalia south of it . In the area of ​​the integrated municipality, the B 72 is developed as a motor road: in the northern area two lanes with wide hard shoulders, in the southern area in the 2 + 1 system , in which the driving directions alternate between two lanes for around 1.5 km, while the other direction only runs in a single lane. In the present area there are two junctions of the B 72, Filsum and Detern, which are at different levels . The other supra-local roads in the combined municipality are two state roads and district roads. The L 821 is the more important one for inner-community traffic: It leads from Leer via Nortmoor to Filsum, then uses the B 72 and continues from Detern in the direction of Augustfehn . The L 21 connects Detern with the localities of the neighboring communities Rhauderfehn and Ostrhauderfehn.

Car when passing the Amdorf bridge

A special feature of road traffic in the integrated community is the Ledabrücke Amdorf , Germany's narrowest car bridge, which enables the traffic connection over the Leda between Amdorf and Leer or Backemoor. The bridge was built from January to June 1956 to secure the traffic connection between Amdorf and Neuburg. Until then, the main roads to the surrounding communities and the city of Leer could only be reached via the Amdorf passenger ferry and the Pünte Wiltshausen . Since the ferry service was stopped in winter, all connections were cut off. School visitors, mail, milk and cattle transports as well as the fire brigade and rescue service had to take the unpaved detour via Stickhausen, if at all possible. The Leda Bridge, a steel arch bridge, including the driveways, is 150 meters long, 2.50 meters wide and 2.44 meters high from the base of the bridge to the top. The pure bridge is 50 meters long, the lane is 1.85 meters narrow. The maximum width of the vehicles must not exceed 1.80 meters, the maximum permissible weight is two tons. The bridge can therefore not be used for agricultural traffic. Traffic is regulated by traffic lights.

There is a separate cycle path in sections on state road 821, as well as on several district roads. On the L 21, on the other hand, there is still no bike path, despite corresponding demands from the residents.

The Oldenburg – Leer railway line runs through the Samtgemeinde area in an east-west direction. After the railway stations in Detern, Filsum and Nortmoor were closed around 1970, the trains passed through these places without stopping. The closest train stations are those in Leer and Augustfehn . Both are intercity stops on the Norddeich – Hanover – Berlin / Leipzig route, and the Regional Express runs on this route between Norddeich and Hanover.

Jümme and Leda (in this section) are of no significance for commercial shipping. However, there is a lot of excursion traffic.

education

In the joint community there are primary schools in Nortmoor, Filsum and Detern. The primary schools are sponsored by the joint municipality. Kindergartens are also located in these three places. There are no secondary schools in the municipality. The closest secondary schools are the secondary and secondary school “Kloster Barthe” in Hesel with a branch in Brinkum, the Wilhelm Busch School for Learning Assistance in Hesel, the Teletta Groß Gymnasium and the Ubbo Emmius Gymnasium in Leer. Schoolchildren, especially from the eastern integrated community area, also attend the integrated comprehensive school in Augustfehn in the Ammerland district . There are also the closest vocational schools in Leer. These schools are sponsored by the district of Leer. The closest university of applied sciences is the University of Emden / Leer . The closest university is the Carl von Ossietzky University in Oldenburg.

media

Jümme is in the circulation area of ​​the Ostfriesen-Zeitung , which has a de facto monopoly in the joint municipality. Various newspapers financed by advertisements ( Neue Zeitung , Sunday Report and others) appear weekly or monthly and complement the local reporting. The community radio broadcaster Radio Ostfriesland also reports from the community .

Personalities

Ludwig Ihmels

The economist Bernhard Harms (1876–1939) was born in Detern and, after studying and doing various professional positions, moved to the Christian Albrechts University in Kiel in 1908 . There he founded the renowned Institute for the World Economy .

The Protestant theologian and publicist Carl Heinrich Ihmels (1888–1967), who also came from Detern, was director of the Leipzig Mission Organization for 37 years and a member of the Confessing Church during the Nazi era . He was the son of pastor Ludwig Ihmels from Middels , who held the pastor's position in Detern from 1885 to 1894 and later became the first regional bishop of Saxony and holder of the dogmatics chair at the University of Leipzig .

In 1956, the former SPD member of the Bremen SPD (1995–2007) and today's speaker of the Bremen Senate, Hermann Kleen , was born in Nortmoor .

The horse whisperer and book author Tamme Hanken († 2016), well-known nationwide through the NDR television series Der XXL-Ostfriese , was born in Filsum in 1960 and ran a horse rehab farm there. The series title was based on his appearance: Hanken was 207 cm tall and 160 kg. In the series, his work as a chiropractor for animals, popularly known in East Friesland as a bone breaker , was described. The TV series Jümmer Justizgeschichten is more recent , but it is neither about cases from Jümme (or from East Frisia at all) nor was it filmed there.

literature

The following work, published in 1976 on the occasion of the 550th anniversary of the Battle of Detern, deals with the history of the Samtgemeinde area:

• Hajo van Lengen et al .: In the mirror of the centuries: Detern, Stickhausen, Neuburg, Amdorf , edited by the festival committee of clubs and associations in the municipality of Detern on the 550th anniversary of the Battle of Detern, Detern 1976, without ISBN.

In addition, the following works, which deal with East Frisia in general, are also significant for the history and description of the integrated community insofar as they illuminate individual aspects:

• Heinrich Schmidt: Political history of East Frisia . Rautenberg, Leer 1975 ( Ostfriesland in the protection of the dike , vol. 5), without ISBN
• Wolfgang Schwarz: The prehistory in Ostfriesland , Verlag Schuster, Leer 1995, ISBN 3-7963-0323-4 .
• Karl-Heinz Sindowski et al .: Geology, Soils and Settlement of Ostfriesland (Ostfriesland im Schutz des Deiches, Vol. 1), Deichacht Krummhörn (Ed.), Self-published, Pewsum 1969, without ISBN.
• Menno Smid: East Frisian Church History . Self-published, Pewsum 1974 ( Ostfriesland im Schutz des Deiches , Vol. 6), without ISBN
• Harm Wiemann / Johannes Engelmann: Old ways and streets in East Frisia . Self-published, Pewsum 1974 ( East Frisia in the protection of the dyke , vol. 8), without ISBN

Web links

Commons : Samtgemeinde Jümme  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

1. ↑ State Office for Statistics Lower Saxony, LSN-Online regional database, Table 12411: Update of the population, as of December 31, 2019  ( help ).
2. ↑ www.landkreis-leer.de: Regional spatial planning program of the district of Leer 2006 , PDF file, p. 13 according to the original pagination, accessed on January 21, 2012.
3. ^ Eberhard Rack: Kleine Landeskunde Ostfriesland , Isensee Verlag, Oldenburg 1998, ISBN 3-89598-534-1 , p. 24.
4. ^ Günter Roeschmann: The soils of Ostfriesland , in: Sindowski et al .: Geology, soils and settlement of Ostfriesland. 1969, pp. 51–106, here p. 96 and cartographic supplement.
5. ↑ Lengths (in km) of the main shipping routes (main routes and certain secondary routes) of the federal inland waterways ( memento of January 21, 2016 in the Internet Archive ), Federal Waterways and Shipping Administration
6. ↑ Carsten Ammermann: Bascule bridge opened for the bridge festival . In: Ostfriesen-Zeitung of August 23, 2010, accessed on January 7, 2012.
7. ↑ The Leda Jümme Association. In: leda-juemme-verband.de. Archived from the original on July 19, 2011 ; Retrieved January 6, 2012 . 
8. ↑ Elke Wieking, Ole Cordsen and Philipp Koenen: Hinterland under! , Ostfriesen-Zeitung of January 6, 2012, accessed on the same day.
9. ^ Eberhard Rack: Small regional studies of Ostfriesland. Isensee Verlag, Oldenburg 1998, ISBN 3-89598-534-1 , p. 115.
10. ↑ Updated world climate map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification , accessed on December 28, 2011.
11. ↑ holidaycheck.de: Climate and Weather for Leer , accessed on December 28, 2011.
12. ^ Eberhard Rack: Kleine Landeskunde Ostfriesland , Isensee Verlag, Oldenburg 1998, p. 35ff.
13. ^ Precipitation data according to the formerly free German Weather Service, normal period 1961–1990
14. ↑ Temperature information , hours of sunshine and rainy days according to holidaycheck.de: Climate and Weather for Leer , accessed on December 28, 2011.
15. ↑ The information can be found on an interactive map at www.meine-umweltkarte-niedersachsen.de ( Memento of the original from January 16, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. be considered. 
16. ↑ www.ostfriesenelandschaft.de: Find in Holtland 2008 , accessed on January 3, 2012.
17. ↑ Harm Wiemann / Johannes Engelmann: Old ways and streets in Ostfriesland (Ostfriesland im Schutz des Deiches, Volume 8), Deichacht Krummhörn (Ed.), Self-published, Pewsum 1974, without ISBN, p. 96ff and cartographic appendix.
18. ↑ Waldemar Reinhardt: The local and land forms of Ostfriesland in their settlement history development , in: Karl-Heinz Sindowski et al .: Geology, Soils and Settlement of Ostfriesland (Ostfriesland in the protection of the dyke, Volume 1), Deichacht Krummhörn (ed.), Self-published , Pewsum 1969, without ISBN, pp. 203–378, here p. 226ff.
19. ↑ East Frisian landscape excavations in Detern
20. ^ Harm Wiemann: Material for the history of the East Frisian landscape (treatises and lectures on the history of East Frisia, Volume 58), Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1982, without ISBN, p. 167.
21. ^ Harm Wiemann: Materials for the history of the East Frisian landscape (treatises and lectures on the history of East Frisia, Volume 58), Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1982, without ISBN, pp. 54, 62, 82.
22. ↑ Gerhard Bürjes / Rudolf Schröder: Stickhausen from 1464 to 1900 , in: Hajo van Lengen et al .: In the mirror of the centuries: Detern, Stickhausen, Neuburg, Amdorf , ed. by the festival committee of the clubs and associations in the municipality of Detern on the 550th anniversary of the Battle of Detern, Detern 1976, without ISBN, p. 14.
23. ^ Walter Deeters: Ostfriesland in the Thirty Years War , in: Emder Yearbook for Historical Regional Studies Ostfrieslands , Vol. 78 (1998), pp. 32–44, here: p. 39.
24. ↑ The East Frisian historian Tileman Dothias Wiarda had already pointed this out in Volume 5 of his "Ostfriesische Geschichte" (Aurich 1795): "Since, however, as a result of the many years of billeting, these contributions were almost completely consumed again in the province, and the money always remained in circulation, in this way the riddle can be solved to some extent. ”Quoted in: Walter Deeters: Ostfriesland im Thirty Years War , in: Emder Jahrbuch für Historische Landeskunde Ostfrieslands , Vol. 78 (1998), pp. 32–44, here: p. 43.
25. ^ Walter Deeters: Ostfriesland in the Thirty Years War , in: Emder Yearbook for Historical Regional Studies Ostfrieslands , Vol. 78 (1998), pp. 32–44, here: p. 38.
26. ↑ Gerhard Bürjes / Rudolf Schröder: Stickhausen from 1464 to 1900 , in: Hajo van Lengen et al .: In the mirror of the centuries: Detern, Stickhausen, Neuburg, Amdorf , ed. by the festival committee of the clubs and associations in the municipality of Detern on the 550th anniversary of the Battle of Detern, Detern 1976, without ISBN, p. 14.
27. ^ Karl Heinrich Kaufhold; Uwe Wallbaum (Ed.): Historical statistics of the Prussian province of East Friesland (sources on the history of East Friesland, Volume 16), Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1998, ISBN 3-932206-08-8 , p. 40f.
28. ^ Karl Heinrich Kaufhold; Uwe Wallbaum (Ed.): Historical statistics of the Prussian province of East Friesland (sources on the history of East Friesland, Volume 16), Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1998, ISBN 3-932206-08-8 , p. 384.
29. ^ Arend Remmers : From Aaltukerei to Zwischenmooren. The settlement names between Dollart and Jade. Verlag Schuster, Leer 2004, ISBN 3-7963-0359-5 , pp. 42, 46, 137.
30. ↑ Diedrich Grüssing: The first settlement of Lehe, village Chronicle in 1987 , retrieved on December 25, 2012
31. ↑ Helmut Sanders: Wiesmoor - His cultivation and settlement from the peripheral communities . Verlag Mettcker & Söhne, Jever 1990, ISBN 3-87542-006-3 , p. 22 ff.
32. ↑ ^{a b c} Heinrich Erchinger (local chronicle of the East Frisian landscape): Nortmoor , PDF file, p. 4.
33. ↑ Gerhard Bürjes / Rudolf Schröder: Stickhausen from 1464 to 1900 , in: Hajo van Lengen et al .: In the mirror of the centuries: Detern, Stickhausen, Neuburg, Amdorf , ed. by the festival committee of the clubs and associations in the municipality of Detern on the 550th anniversary of the Battle of Detern, Detern 1976, without ISBN, p. 17.
34. ^ Albert Janssen: The district of Leer 1930 to 1934 and the role of District Administrator Conring in the transition from democracy to Nazi dictatorship. In: Herbert Reyer (Ed.): Ostfriesland between republic and dictatorship , Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1998, ISBN 3-932206-10-X , pp. 299–378, here: p. 306.
35. ^ Albert Janssen: The district of Leer 1930 to 1934 and the role of District Administrator Conring in the transition from democracy to Nazi dictatorship. In: Herbert Reyer (Ed.): Ostfriesland between republic and dictatorship , Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1998, ISBN 3-932206-10-X , p. 299–378, here: p. 374 ff.
36. ^ Enno Eimers: The conquest of power in the town halls of East Frisia by the National Socialists: The mayors between party and local interests. In: Herbert Reyer (Ed.): Ostfriesland in the Third Reich: The Beginnings of National Socialist Tyranny in the Aurich District 1933–1938 , Ostfriesische Landschaftliche Verlags- und Vertriebsgesellschaft, Aurich 1999, ISBN 3-932206-14-2 , p. 14 ff.
37. ^ Albert Janssen: The district of Leer 1930 to 1934 and the role of district administrator Dr. Conring in the transition from democracy to Nazi dictatorship. In: Herbert Reyer (Ed.): Ostfriesland between republic and dictatorship , Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1998, ISBN 3-932206-10-X , pp. 299–378, here: pp. 354 ff.
38. ^ Albert Janssen: The district of Leer 1930 to 1934 and the role of district administrator Dr. Conring in the transition from democracy to Nazi dictatorship. In: Herbert Reyer (Ed.): Ostfriesland between republic and dictatorship , Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1998, ISBN 3-932206-10-X , pp. 299–378, here: p. 356.
39. ↑ Paul Weßels : The Jewish labor camps 1939 in the district of Leer , in: Heinrich Schmidt / Wolfgang Schwarz / Martin Tielke (ed.): Tota Frisia in Teilansichten - Festschrift for Hajo van Lengen , Ostfriesische Landschaftliche Verlags- und Vertriebsgesellschaft, Aurich 2005, p. 447-472.
40. ↑ Bernhard Parisius : Many looked for their own home. Refugees and displaced persons in western Lower Saxony (Treatises and lectures on the history of East Frisia, Volume 79), Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 2004, ISBN 3-932206-42-8 , p. 47.
41. ^ Bernhard Parisius: Many sought their own home. Refugees and displaced persons in western Lower Saxony (Treatises and lectures on the history of East Friesland, Volume 79), Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 2004, ISBN 3-932206-42-8 , p. 78/79 .
42. ^ ^{A b c} Heinrich Erchinger (local chronicle of the East Frisian landscape): Nortmoor , PDF file, p. 2.
43. ^ Ortschronisten der Ostfriesischen Landschaft: Velde , PDF file, p. 1.
44. ↑ www.juemme.de: Jümme at a glance  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed January 20, 2013.  
45. ^ Heinrich Erchinger (local chronicle of the East Frisian landscape): Nortmoor , PDF file, p. 3.
46. ^ Arend Remmers: From Aaltukerei to Zwischenmooren. The settlement names between Dollart and Jade. Verlag Schuster, Leer 2004, ISBN 3-7963-0359-5 , p. 118.
47. ^ Theodor Schmidt: Analysis of the statistics and relevant sources on the federal elections in East Frisia 1949-1972 . Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1978, p. 54, for the following statistical information on the Bundestag elections up to 1972 see the cartographic appendix there.
48. ^ Ostfriesen-Zeitung, September 19, 2005, p. 9.
49. ↑ Klaus von Beyme : The political system of the Federal Republic of Germany: An introduction , VS Verlag, Wiesbaden 2004, ISBN 3-531-33426-3 , p. 100, limited preview in the Google book search, May 22, 2011.
50. ↑ Sebastian Bete: Jümme: Vortex about the finances . In: Ostfriesen-Zeitung of December 22, 2010, accessed on January 7, 2012.
51. ^ Lower Saxony Municipal Constitutional Law (NKomVG) in the version of December 17, 2010; Section 46 - Number of MPs , accessed on December 28, 2016.
52. ↑ ^{a b} Samtgemeinde Jümme - Samtgemeinderatswahl Jümme 2016 ( Memento from December 29, 2016 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on December 28, 2016.
53. ↑ hna.de: Local elections: All information, all results , accessed on December 27, 2016.
54. ↑ Overall result of the 2011 elections for the municipal mayor ( memento from March 5, 2016 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on December 27, 2016.
55. ↑ Sebastian Bete: "Unity Church will not let me go" . In: Ostfriesen-Zeitung of October 5, 2010, accessed on December 31, 2011.
56. ^ District administration Leer: State election 2017 constituency 83 first votes
57. ↑ Results of the 2017 Bundestag election in the constituency, broken down by cities and municipalities
58. ^ Nordwest-Zeitung: Bundestag election: These members represent our region . In: NWZonline . ( nwzonline.de [accessed September 29, 2017]).
59. ↑ Festschrift St. Paulus Church (PDF file; 7.5 MB), p. 11, accessed on December 3, 2015.
60. ^ Homepage of the Filsum Church: History , accessed on December 3, 2015.
61. ↑ organ in Nortmoor in NOMINE eV , accessed on January 6, 2011th
62. ↑ Gottfried Kiesow : Architectural Guide Ostfriesland . Verlag Deutsche Stiftung Denkmalschutz , Bonn 2010, ISBN 978-3-86795-021-3 , p. 185 .
63. ^ Günther Robra: Tönnies (also: Master Tonio) Mahler . in: Biographical Lexicon for East Frisia . Volume IV, Aurich 2007, pp. 289–292, accessed on January 6, 2012.
64. ↑ organ on NOMINE eV , accessed on January 6, 2012th
65. ↑ Carsten Ammermann: Ferrymen fight against the current . In: Ostfriesen-Zeitung of October 4, 2011, accessed on January 6, 2012.
66. ↑ Philipp Koenen: Flower lovers storm the castle . In: Ostfriesen-Zeitung of June 6, 2011, accessed on January 7, 2012.
67. ↑ Michael Mittmann: There was a lot of rumbling on the sports field . In: Ostfriesen-Zeitung, January 3, 2011, accessed on January 7, 2012.
68. ↑ Bodo Wolters: Anglers work with researchers . In: Ostfriesen-Zeitung of July 8, 2011, accessed on January 7, 2012.
69. ↑ Karsten Gleich: More than 400 foals at eight shows . In: Ostfriesen-Zeitung of June 17, 2011, accessed on January 7, 2012.
70. ^ Carsten Ammermann: All commercial space in Nortmoor sold . In: Ostfriesen-Zeitung of November 23, 2010, accessed on January 7, 2012.
71. ↑ Labor market figures November 2015 from the Employment Agency Leer , accessed on December 3, 2015.
72. ↑ Federal Employment Agency: Statistics for Lower Saxony, November 2015 , accessed on March 26, 2013.
73. ^ Statistics from the Federal Employment Agency from 2006, Excel file, lines 2206–2207
74. ↑ Data mirror of the district of Leer , PDF file, p. 2, accessed on January 4, 2012.
75. ↑ Sebastian Bete: Parking space on the Jümme is becoming increasingly popular . In: Ostfriesen-Zeitung of March 3, 2011, accessed on January 7, 2012.
76. ↑ Wolfgang Malzahn: New: Longest bicycle route in East Friesland presented . In: Ostfriesen-Zeitung of May 27, 2011, accessed on December 29, 2011.
77. ↑ Leer ranks eighth with 384,000 tons (survey year: 2006). For comparison: the three highest values ​​were determined in the district of Cuxhaven (564,000 tons), in the district of Unterallgäu (451,000 tons) and in the district of Schleswig-Flensburg (448,000 tons). Source: Lower Saxony State Office for Statistics, quoted in: Ostfriesischer Kurier, August 14, 2008, p. 12.
78. ↑ Petra Herterich: The falling butter price brings a lot of unrest . In: Ostfriesen-Zeitung of February 5, 2010, accessed on January 4, 2012.
79. ↑ Ostfriesland.de: dairy ( Memento of 7 April 2013, Internet Archive ), accessed on January 6, 2012th
80. ↑ Sebastian Bete: Ammersum: Green light for biogas plant . In: Ostfriesen-Zeitung of December 16, 2010, accessed on January 7, 2012.
81. ↑ Sebastian Bete: Animal protection: forces should be bundled . In: Ostfriesen-Zeitung of December 23, 2011, accessed on January 6, 2012.
82. ↑ Sebastian Bete: Planned chicken coop off the table . In: General-Anzeiger of July 6, 2011, accessed on March 26, 2013.
83. ↑ Germany's narrowest car bridge , Die Welt (online edition), January 18, 2008, accessed on January 5, 2012.
84. ↑ www.brueckenweb.de: Ledabrücke , accessed on March 26, 2013.
85. ↑ Sebastian Bete: No money for the cycle path near Stickhausen . In: Ostfriesen-Zeitung of October 28, 2011, accessed on January 6, 2012.
86. ↑ Jochen Brandt: Hanken's "Justizgeschichten" met with criticism . In: Ostfriesen-Zeitung of January 3, 2012, accessed on January 6, 2012.

This article was added to the list of excellent articles on April 13, 2013 in this version .