Westoverledingen
| coat of arms | Germany map | |
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Coordinates: 53 ° 9 ′ N , 7 ° 28 ′ E |
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| Basic data | ||
| State : | Lower Saxony | |
| County : | Empty | |
| Height : | −1 m above sea level NHN | |
| Area : | 112.08 km 2 | |
| Residents: | 21,210 (Dec. 31, 2019) | |
| Population density : | 189 inhabitants per km 2 | |
| Postal code : | 26810 | |
| Primaries : | 04955, 04961 , 0491 | |
| License plate : | LER | |
| Community key : | 03 4 57 022 | |
| Community structure: | 12 districts | |
| Address of the municipal administration: |
Bahnhofstrasse 18 26810 Westoverledingen |
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| Website : | ||
| Mayor : | Theodor Douwes | |
| Location of the municipality of Westoverledingen in the district of Leer | ||
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The community Westoverledingen is located in the district of Leer in East Frisia , in the northwest of the German state of Lower Saxony . It forms the western part of the medieval Frisian community of Overledingerland and is bordered by rivers in the west and north: in the west by the Ems with a bank length of almost 18 kilometers, in the north by the Leda . The community is embedded between the district town of Leer and the city of Papenburg in the neighboring district of Emsland .
With 21,210 inhabitants, Westoverledingen is the seventh largest municipality in East Frisia. The inhabitants are spread over about 112 square kilometers, so the municipality is sparsely populated in a national comparison, but is above the East Frisian and Lower Saxony comparison values. The municipality, which was formed from twelve previously independent municipalities as part of the regional reform of Lower Saxony on January 1, 1973, has since had a steady increase in population of almost 5,000.
Economically, the municipality is characterized by medium-sized companies , among which there are hardly any industrial companies. Agriculture, especially the dairy industry, plays an important role due to the large area covered. Tourism is also of minor importance, but it lags far behind the number of overnight stays in places on the East Frisian coast or on the East Frisian islands . Westoverledingen is to a large extent a commuter community; the residents' jobs are mainly in the neighboring towns of Leer and Papenburg.
The cultural heritage includes five Romanesque and one Gothic churches. The oldest are the Esklumer Church and the Reformed Church in Ihrhove from the middle of the 13th century. There are also two historic mills and a large number of historic houses, especially Gulfhöfe .
geography
Position and extent
Westoverledingen is located in the south of the district of Leer in East Frisia and in the extreme northwest of the German state of Lower Saxony . Most of the municipal area is to the right of the Ems , near Coldam (city of Leer) there are smaller uninhabited areas on the other bank. The community borders on the district town of Leer and to the south on the town of Papenburg in the district of Emsland . The center of the district town is about 7.5 kilometers north of the center of the capital, Ihrhove, while Papenburg city center is about 10.5 kilometers south-southwest. Ihrhove is located halfway between the major cities of Oldenburg and Groningen . The closest major German city, Oldenburg, is around 51 kilometers to the east, while Groningen in the Netherlands is around 59 kilometers to the west. Between the northern municipal border near Esklum and the border with Papenburg near Völlenerkönigsfehn in the south there are almost 14 kilometers, in east-west direction the extension between the border with the Rhauderfehntjer district of Rajen and the Ems near the Westoverledinger village Mitling-Mark is about 9.5 kilometers . The northern border of Westoverledingen to the district town of Leer is formed by the Leda river . At the north-western tip of the municipality, opposite the Leerort district of Leer , the Leda flows into the Ems.
Geology, soils and relief
The municipality lies in the transition area between marshland , geest and moor and is part of these three typical landscapes of the East Frisian mainland. The surfaces form sediments of the Pleistocene and Holocene . In the Geest areas in the central part of the municipality there is bog soil partly on the Pleistocene deposits, as well as the marsh of Holocene origin. The sediments of consist of ostfriesischen Geest during Drenthe-stage of Saalian resulting deck sands and boulder . More recent are the drifting sand surfaces made of fine sandy material that arose during the Vistula Glacial Period in the broad, largely vegetation-free valley sand plain of the Ems and was blown onto the western Geest.
The landscape forms marshland, geest and moor in the order from west to east run roughly in north-south direction. In the west the community protrudes into the Emstal . The Emsmarschen along the Ems from Papenburg to Emden branch off to the east at Leer into the Leda-Jümme lowland. The foreland of the dike, which is partially in front of the Emsdeich, is extensively farmed or completely left to nature. This is followed by the Sietland and an Ice Age ground moraine ridge, which forms the high, dry land bridge of the Geest in a north-south direction between wide moor areas in the east and the Ems lowland in the west. The river valleys of the Leda and Jümme separate the Geest ridge of the Overledingerland from the main body of the Geest in East Friesland, the Oldenburg-East Frisian Geest ridge.
The soils of the municipality are as diverse as the geological structure. In the north-easternmost part of the municipality, directly behind the Emsdeich, there is a transition brackish march made of fine sand and silt , which is replaced further east and south by the heavier Knickmarsch . The Brackmarsch has a high density. In earlier centuries the finest suspended solids penetrated the furthest inland and were deposited, so the granularity of the soil there is very fine. For this reason, the Knickmarsch is more difficult to work than the Brackmarsch. To the south of Mitling-Mark, river marshes join near the Ems.
On the ridge in the center of the municipality there are mainly gley and podzol soils, which only allowed for low agricultural yields. Through centuries of pest fertilization until the introduction of artificial fertilizers at the end of the 19th century, there is anthropogenic Plaggenesch, especially in the area around the old Geest villages . Due to the constant application of new soil, the Esch, called (the) guests in East Friesland, is higher than the village centers. This form of fertilization increased the soil value significantly, even if it remained well behind the fertile marshes.
The majority of the eastern municipal area consists of very humus subsoil on recultivated peat areas , locally also moor . The extreme southeast still has parts of the raised bog areas that extend far into the southern Emsland.
Overall, the municipal area is very flat and only reaches heights of over 5 m in a few places, for example in the center of Ihrhove or in the high moor in the extreme southeast . The moraine walls of the Geestrücke are three to four meters high and thus higher than the overcast peripheral moors of the Hammrich at about sea level. At Lütjegaste, flying or river sand fields protrude up to 1.8 m from the marsh. The small villages near the Ems are all on terps . The Driever terp, for example, rises up to 2.5 m above sea level. NN out of the flat river marsh.
Waters
The main waters of the municipality are the Ems and Leda rivers. The Ems is on the entire section of the federal waterway . On the entire western border of the municipality as well as on the lower 1.9 kilometers is the Leda shipping route . In the entire area of the municipality, the influence of the tide can be clearly measured on both rivers . The Ems section from Leer to Papenburg with a water depth at sea chart zero between 3.5 meters (near Leer) and 3.1 meters (near Papenburg) and the Leda to Leer can be navigated by ships up to a depth of about six meters, depending on the tide. The width of the fairway in the area of Leer and Papenburg is between about 75 meters at Leer and 50 meters at Papenburg. The section of the Ems between the lock entrance of the Papenburg port and the mouth of the Leda into the Ems essentially forms the western boundary of the municipality. The area is protected by the 18 km long Emsdeich. The northern municipal boundary also follows the course of the Leda from its mouth to the Leeraner railway bridge. In Westoverledingen there are also numerous drainage ditches, a few canals and a number of smaller stagnant bodies of water. The river marshes of Ems and Leda are criss-crossed by a dense network of waterways for drainage.
Westoverledingen has three noteworthy inland lakes. The largest of them is the approximately seven-hectare Grotegaste natural bathing lake. Together with the Am Emsdeich amusement park, this forms a local recreation destination for the community. Smaller recreational lakes are the recreational lake Steenfelde (Krummspät) with around 2.5 hectares in the western part of the 13 hectare local recreation area Steenfelde and the one hectare recreational lake Völlen (Süderhörner Gaste) west of the Völlen town center.
Land use
| use | surface | % |
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| Buildings and open spaces | 1251 | 11,162 |
| including living space | 926 | 8.262 |
| including commercial and industrial areas | 56 | 0.499 |
| Operating areas | 56 | 0.499 |
| of which mining areas (especially sand) | 10 | 0.089 |
| Recreational areas | 72 | 0.642 |
| including green spaces | 34 | 0.303 |
| Traffic areas | 553 | 4.934 |
| of which streets, paths, squares | 503 | 4.488 |
| Agricultural land | 8252 | 73.632 |
| of which moors | 6th | 0.053 |
| Bodies of water | 538 | 4,800 |
| Forest areas | 273 | 2,436 |
| Areas of other use | 212 | 1,891 |
| including cemeteries | 8th | 0.071 |
| of it land | 44 | 0.392 |
| total area | 11.207 |
The land use table shows the high proportion of agricultural land in the municipality. At 73.6 percent, it is only slightly below the East Frisian average of around 75 percent, but well above the national average of 52.3 percent. Westoverledingen has a water area of 4.8 percent; twice the national average of 2.4 percent. In contrast, the proportion of forests is extremely below average. At 2.4 percent, it is slightly below the East Frisian average of 2.6 percent. Both values are very low in a Germany-wide comparison: The proportion of forests in the total area of the Federal Republic is 30.1 percent. There are only a few smaller afforested areas in the municipality.
Neighboring communities
Westoverledingen only has four neighboring municipalities, three of which are cities. The four neighboring communes are in the four cardinal directions . To the west of the community lies the town of Weener , separated from the present area by the Ems. There is no direct road connection to Weener, only the Friesenbrücke , a railway bridge that can also be used by pedestrians and cyclists. To the north of Westoverledingen, on the other bank of the Leda, is Leer. The municipality of Rhauderfehn joins it to the east . The three municipalities mentioned are located in the district of Leer. The town of Papenburg in Emsland is located south of Westoverledingen.
Community structure
The municipality of Westoverledingen consists of the twelve districts (the population figures for 2001 in brackets) Breinermoor (375), Driever (128), Esklum (218), Flachsmeer (4151), Folmhusen (586), Grotegaste (164), Großwolde ( 1687), Mitling-Mark (199), Völlen (5242), Ihr (2008), Ihrhove (3538), Steenfelde (1840).
They are mainly located on the Geest ridge in the western part of the municipality and along the banks of the Ems, while the Sietland in between is largely deserted. Within the localities there are smaller villages which, although they are not administrative units, can be clearly delimited spatially. These include, for example, Großwolderfeld , Völlenerkönigsfehn and Völlenerfehn . The settlement types of the villages are based on the natural areas: In the river marsh are the villages supplemented by terp settlements or individual wards, mainly on the Emsuferwall. On the Geest, clustered villages dominate for the most part on the Geest slope to the river marsh. In the former moor areas there are street villages and scattered settlements .
The regional spatial planning program of the district of Leer gives the capital Ihrhove the function of a basic center for the municipality. Flachsmeer, Folmhusen, Großwolde, yours, Ihrhove, Steenfelde and Völlen have a local council that elects the local mayor. For the villages of Breinermoor, Driever, Esklum, Grotegaste and Mitling-Mark, there are local councilors who are appointed by the local council.
climate
Westoverledingen lies in the moderate climate zone under the influence of the North Sea and is characterized by the central European west wind zone. After the air classification of Koppen to Westoverledingen is in the classification Cfb (climate zone C : warm temperate climates, air type f : moist-temperate climate, subtype b : warm summer ). Within the temperate zone, it is assigned to the climate district of Lower Saxony Plain North Sea Coast , which is maritime and characterized by relatively cool and rainy summers, relatively mild winters with little snow and high annual rainfall. Southwest to westerly winds are predominant. In late winter and spring, the main wind direction is east and southeast. High wind speeds occur preferentially with southwest to northwest winds.
In the raised bog areas in the southeast of the municipality, special microclimatic conditions prevail. Because of the subsurface conditions in the rain moor, there are extreme temperature differences between day and night. In summer, very high temperatures can occur on the ground during the day, which can cause mire fires by spontaneous combustion. Due to the peat extraction and the associated drainage, this effect is no longer as pronounced as in the original natural landscape. The number of frost days is significantly higher in the raised bog than in the surrounding area, there are more early and late frosts. The proximity to the Ems and Leda causes frequent fog and increased humidity, especially in the cooler months.
Weather data is collected for the immediately adjacent Leer, which has similar climatic conditions: the average annual temperature there is 9 ° C with maximum values of around 20 ° C in July and August and average minimum values of −2 ° C in December and January. An annual average of 170 to 187 days remain frost-free. Most rainy days are in November and December, with an average of 14, and the least with nine in March and May. The mean annual rainfall is 738 mm. The sun shines for around 1550 to 1600 hours a year. The number of average hours of sunshine per day varies between one in December and January and six in May and June. Most rainy days are in November and December, with an average of 14, and the least with nine in March and May. The average rainfall is 738 mm per year.
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Climate table for Leer
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Protected areas
With a small area at the mouth of the Leda, the municipality is part of the approximately 600-hectare nature reserve Emsauen between the mouth of the Leda and Oldersum . These are in turn part of an EU bird sanctuary and serve to maintain the foreland of the dike as a breeding area for birds.
The district's planned designation of the Klostermoors in the south of the communities of Rhauderfehn and Westoverledingen as a landscape protection area failed in 2010 because of the vote of the district council. The farmers in the affected communities had previously protested loudly against the plans.
history
The municipality of Westoverledingen was created on January 1, 1973 from twelve previously independent municipalities as part of the Lower Saxony municipal reform. The history of the individual villages can be traced back to the Middle Ages, the presence of people has been documented since the Stone Age.
Westoverledingen is named after the Frisian state community of the same name , which was located in this area in the Middle Ages. It is one of the four historical regions in the Leer district, the others are Moormerland , Rheiderland and Lengenerland . The medieval Overledingerland , however, was much larger and also included most of the present-day communities Rhauderfehn and Ostrhauderfehn as well as the town of Nettelburg in the city of Leer .
Prehistory and early history
Around 8000 years ago, the area of today's municipality was densely forested with hazelnuts in the post-ice age . At that time, the narrow and sandy embankment offered the only means of transport, later known as the Hömelnpadd (Hümmlinger Weg). It led further south along the current villages of Ihrhove, Völlen, Papenburg and Aschendorf. Finds from the Younger Stone Age prove the presence of humans in Westoverledingen since at least 4000 BC. Chr. In Breinermoor, Großwolde, Ihrhove, Völlen and Steenfelde were discovered mainly stone axes and stone axes. The settlement of the municipal area began on the high Geestrücken, which runs from south to north through Westoverledingen, while the moored Sietland of the Ems initially remained deserted. This is the conclusion reached by archaeologists who had already investigated the Bronze Age network of trails in the region in the 1950s on the basis of barrows and other artifacts found , in particular their spatial concentration. In the following millennia, settlement activity apparently began to decline, as there are almost no finds from this period. A major deterioration in the climate at the end of the Bronze Age was probably responsible for this. The only exceptions are gray earthenware and red stoneware from the older Iron Age , which were discovered in 2011 during excavations in a planned building area in yours. The region began to be repopulated during the Roman Empire and the following epochs. In the area of today's Süderhörn street in Völlen, there is evidence of a Chauken settlement from 70 to 200 AD , pottery fragments came to light near Ihrhove and human skeletal remains from what was probably an early medieval burial ground were discovered near Wurt Ammermannsbält . Around the turn of the century, the Frisians began to penetrate into the municipality. They ousted the Chauken, which had not been mentioned since the second century, or included them in their tribal association. It is unclear whether they were absorbed into the tribal association of the Saxons or the Franks .
middle Ages
The Overledingerland was incorporated into the Franconian Empire with the entire Friesland around 785 after the victory of Charlemagne over the Saxons . The region was then part of the Saxon Emsgau . The Lüdeweg, named after the first bishop of Münster , Liudger , missionary of the Frisians , ran through the area . The Lüdeweg was later referred to as one of the Frisian military routes in the Seventeen Küren .
The dyke construction began around the year 1000. This led to increased settlement activity; it is believed that the villages of Esklum, Driever, Grotegaste, Mitling-Mark and Völlen began at this time. The dyke building, organized as a cooperative, is seen as one of the essential foundations of Frisian freedom . In place of the count's rule, which fell into disrepair, the autonomous state communities took over. Around the year 1000, the Emsgau was divided into the four countries Rheiderland, Overledingerland, Moormerland and Lengenerland, which currently form the district of Leer. Due to a lack of economic conditions, the Overledingerland could not maintain such a strong position as further north the Brokmerland , the Harlingerland or the Jeverland . Nevertheless it belonged to the Upstalsboombund during the time of the Frisian Freedom . Stürmünster Castle was built in Völlen around 1250 to protect against the domain of the Counts of Münster, which was immediately adjacent to the south . At the same time the inhabitants of Ihrhove founded the village of Ihrhove as a planned settlement and built the church on a terp .
Around 1300 the Johanniter began to moor the Kommende Muhde at the confluence of the Leda into the Ems opposite Leerort near Leer . In the course of the following centuries, this developed alongside the Kommende Abbingwehr into one of the most important branches of the order in East Frisia.
In the 12th and 13th centuries the sea level began to rise again. Soil subsidence in the area of today's municipality meant that the settlements originally located further west had to be partly abandoned or relocated further east to the Hohe Geest. The farming village of Großwolde was relocated around 1200 and a new church was built from the bricks from the demolished church.
The storm surges of the 14th century, especially the Second Marcellus Flood ( Grote Mandränke ) in 1362, also hit the area of the municipality of Westoverledingen. They and a plague epidemic in 1349/1350 led to political changes in East Frisia. The Frisian freedom of the landowning farmers, which had existed since the High Middle Ages, was gradually eroded.
Chief time
In the 14th century, individual families became increasingly important in their areas. The East Frisian chief system established itself . The local gentry sat in fortified stone houses; In Overledingerland, eight chiefs' seats can be found around 1400. However, there, as in the neighboring Lengenerland and in most of the Moormerland, no notable chiefs could prevail, as the areas characterized by the moor were too economically weak. Only in individual villages did local potentates emerge whose influence did not extend beyond their narrowly defined area. An exception was Focko Ukena , who from Neermoor also gained control over the place Leer and thus over the central place. Ukena served as a vassal in southern East Frisia of the most powerful family of chiefs at the time, tom Brok , who ruled over Brookmerland and Auricherland . Focko Ukena and Keno tom Brok subjugated the chief of Ihrhove in 1407 and razed his castle, the Esseburg . Ukena became the leading chief in Overledingerland.
In their pursuit of unrestricted rule over East Frisia, the tom Brok competed with other chief families. Ukena made himself their leader and defeated Ocko I. tom Brok on October 28, 1427 in the battle of the wild fields . Since Ukena itself claimed a leading position of power after this victory, an opposition soon formed under the leadership of the Cirksena family , the so-called Freedom League of the Seven East Friesland . After several military defeats of the Ukenas party and the fall of his castle in Leer in 1431, Ukena fled to Münster . Emperor Friedrich III. 1464 raised Ulrich Cirksena to the rank of imperial count . In the deed of lending, Hampoel, a moorland in what is now Westoverledingen, was named the southern border of the county. Overledingerland belonged to the county of East Friesland for over three centuries .
Among the Cirksena
Under the aegis of the Counts Cirksena, East Friesland was divided into several offices . Today's municipal area, with the exception of the village of Breinermoor, belonged to the Leerort office , Breinermoor to the Stickhausen office . To protect the southern border of his county, Edzard I had a castle built in Völlen on the Königstraat in 1495 with the type of East Frisian stone houses, as can still be seen in the Bunderhee stone house . This facility was occupied by a permanent crew and was supplemented by a defensive dike, which still forms the southern border of East Frisia, as well as a ski jump at Hampoel.
After the Reformation, a large part of the villages of Westoverledingen turned to the Evangelical Reformed Confession. Lutheran congregations emerged here and there. This was due to the fact that the regulation Cuius regio, eius religio ( Latin for: whose area, whose religion ) laid down in the Augsburg Religious Peace was never implemented in East Friesland in such a way that the citizens were obliged to accept the confession of the sovereign. The Kommende Muhde remained with limited independence under the supervision of the East Frisian Count House. On January 28, 1561, the last Komtur sold it to the East Frisian Countess Anna , after the dilapidated buildings had been demolished in 1556. In 1562 or 1566 the church was torn down; the stones were given to the Jemgum parish to build a new church building.
The settlement of Völlenerfehn, which was first mentioned in a document in 1518, started from Völlen. It was a scattered settlement in the moor, not a feud settlement in the later sense. During the Thirty Years' War , East Friesland was not the scene of fighting, but it was used by troops as a rest room . Three times (1622–1624, 1627–1631 and 1637–1651) foreign troops entered East Friesland; the area around Westoverledingen also suffered from this. The region was particularly hard hit by the occupation by the Mansfelder . The two following occupations also meant burdens through contributions . However, the occupiers from 1627 to 1631, imperial troops under Tilly , “kept discipline and avoided excesses”, as did the Hessian troops billeted from 1637 to 1651 under Wilhelm V of Hessen-Kassel . Materially, too, the situation was different under the two occupations than under Mansfeld: Although contributions were collected, the money was also spent in the region again. During the war, the plague broke out in East Frisia , but deaths for the area in question are not documented.
From Prussia to Hanover
In 1744 Ostfriesland fell to Prussia through an prospectus . The towns of Westoverledingen were among the less prosperous in those years, which can be proven by the number of craftsmen and merchants. In 1756 there were twelve merchants and craftsmen in Ihrhove, 14 in Mitling-Mark, 17 in Steenfelde and 20 in Völlen, in other places there were only a single-digit number or none at all. For comparison: In the more affluent marshland areas of the Leerort office, this number was significantly higher; in Bunde, for example, it was 106. In spots like Weener and especially Leer the number was even higher. Among the 20 merchants and craftsmen in Völlen there was a baker, two merchants and two linen weavers, three tailors, four blacksmiths and eight shoemakers. In Steenfelde the occupational distribution was similar, in Mitling-Mark on a lower level, while in Ihrhove there was no merchant at all.
In the second half of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th century, several bog colonies emerged . Most of them were created after Frederick the Great's edict of land reclamation in 1765.
The agricultural basis of the bog colonies was mostly the bog fire culture. In the summer, small ditches were dug to drain part of the bog. In autumn, the Moor was chopped into flakes, which by freezing in winter and the following spring harrowed were. In late spring, the colonists set fire to the worked moorland and mostly sowed buckwheat in the ashes. The knotweed grows very quickly, could be harvested after a few weeks and was then processed. Potatoes, rye and oats were also grown. However, after a few years this treatment depleted the bog soil, so that the yields fell. With only a few exceptions, the bog colonies therefore became emergency areas.
In 1770 the Flachsmeer bog colony was established in the raised bog areas in the east of Westoverledingen. The name comes from the main cultivation of the settlers. Flax was cultivated in the area, which is still interspersed with several moor lakes , which was then treated in the lakes by cold water roasting and then further processed. The cultivation and processing of flax was an additional source of income for many East Frisian rural residents in the 18th century, especially since the climate favored cultivation. The pretreated products were sold in Leer, where many linen manufacturers and traders had settled since the late 17th century. However, the linen weaving mill in Leer, famous for the high quality of its products, was already in decline at the time Flachsmeer was founded, as the establishment of factories in the sparsely populated East Frisia had failed.
From 1781 the moor settlements of Unlande and Patersweg were laid out from you, and in 1785 the moor colonies of Steenfelderfeld and Klinge near Folmhusen. The Ihrerfeld settlement, in which the first settlers had already settled since 1745, was also significantly more populated from 1785 onwards. In the same decade, the Steenfelderfehn colony was established, which was first mentioned under this name in 1787.
The area of Westoverledingen, as well as all of East Friesland , was incorporated into the Kingdom of Holland and thus into the French sphere of influence in 1806, after the battle of Jena and Auerstedt . In 1810, the Ems-Orientale (Osterems) department became part of the French Empire, and in 1813, after the Wars of Liberation, it briefly returned to Prussia. After the Congress of Vienna in 1814/15, Prussia ceded East Frisia to the Kingdom of Hanover.
Hanoverian time
The Weekeborger Siel was destroyed in the February flood of 1825 . The water mass tore out the gate. As a result, the entire Overledingerland was flooded and the land covered with sand and silt. In the description of the earth of the Principality of East Friesland and the Harlingerland by Friedrich Arends , published in 1824, it says: “Several attempts to dampen the sluice were fruitless. It only succeeded on May 14th, until then you could see ebb and flow in the Overledinger Land, just like a hundred years earlier in Emsinger. The grass was spoiled, no cattle could go to pasture, and no corn could be sown. Three people lost their lives in the repair. "
The connection to the national railway network took place in the years 1854 to 1856 with the completion of the Hanoverian Westbahn between Emden and Rheine . A train station was built in Ihrhove. The construction section between Leer and Papenburg cost around 312,000 Reichstaler, making it the second most expensive section between Emden and Rheine after the Emden – Neermoor section (around 400,000 Reichstaler). This can be attributed to the subsoil conditions (partly marsh, partly bog soil).
In the Hanoverian time, the establishment of Ihrener falls Baptist church that on 23 May 1846 under the chairmanship of the Hamburg Baptist minister Julius Köbner done. The day before he had performed the baptism of believers on nine adults in a pond with them . Baptism and church planting met with “complete lack of understanding” and “strong rejection” in public. Despite police prosecutions and judicial punishments, the young community grew and developed an effective missionary activity throughout the East Frisian region, which in the following years led to numerous other church plantings. Even the Dutch Baptist has its roots in the Westoverledinger Baptist church. The Jeveran teacher Johann Ludwig Hinrichs was appointed your first Baptist pastor in 1849 . He was followed in 1855 by the blacksmith Johann Pieter de Neui and from 1858 by the “theologian in peasant skirt” Harm Willms .
In the middle of the 19th century, Ihrhove was one of the East Frisian centers of the movement of the Old Reformed , who split off from the Reformed Church because it seemed too liberal to them. After the Dutch founder of this movement, Hendrik de Cock , the Old Reformed were initially also called Cocksians . The Ihrhovener congregation was founded on January 9th, 1860. The old reformed pastors Johann H. Vos (Uelsen) and Gerd Kramer played a key role. The latter was the first parish chaplain of the Ihrhov old reformers from 1863. The East Frisian Cocksians had already won the right of assembly in 1848. However, their weddings were only officially recognized with the beginning of Prussian rule in 1866.
Empire
In 1885, the old office of Leer and today's municipal area merged into the larger district of Leer as part of the Prussian district reform , to which Westoverledingen has belonged without interruption ever since. In the following years, the state continued to invest in the expansion of the infrastructure, especially the sewer network. The associated drainage of the moors meant that the lands in the Sietland became heavily waterlogged. To solve the problem, the Muhder Sielacht had a water mill built. In the railway sector in particular, construction activity increased: the Leer-Nieuweschans line (Netherlands) was completed as early as 1876, and although it ran on Prussian territory, it was financed and operated by the Grand Ducal Oldenburg State Railways . To cross the Ems, the company had a 300-meter-long railway bridge built near Hilkenborg. This had six fixed bridge structures and two passage openings for shipping that were around 20 meters wide. In 1912 the Ihrhove – Westrhauderfehn small railway was opened. The Prussian state, the province of Hanover and the district of Leer each took over a third of the financing . As a result, today's capital, Ihrhove, developed as a railway junction into a regional economic center with cattle markets (from 1863), butter and junk markets. The number of inhabitants grew from 816 in 1885 to 1252 in 1925.
During the First World War , a work detachment made up of 65 Russian prisoners of war began to cultivate 999 hectares of moorland. After their capture, the men were interned in the camps near Soltau and Hameln and were assigned to Großwolderfeld. There they were housed in the prison camp on Ellernweg. The building had barred windows and was without heating. A horse stable on the back of the house served as a heat source. Russenstraße commemorates the deployment of prisoners of war .
Weimar Republic
Immediately after the end of the First World War, shortly before Christmas 1918, the first local groups of the People's Union of Citizens and Peasants in the Leer district emerged in Ihrhove and Holtland (today part of the Hesel municipality ) as a counterweight to social democracy . In the elections for the National Assembly in January 1919, national conservative or national liberal forces were able to prevail in almost all parts of the village. Only in Völlen, yours and Flachsmeer was the SPD clearly ahead in Steenfelde. In the turmoil of the early days of the Weimar Republic, the community council in Ihrhove rejected the formation of a resident defense in Ihrhove in 1920, despite the strategic importance of the station there, while such weirs were built in almost all other districts. In the rural, rather conservative population of East Frisia, the workers 'and soldiers' councils were unable to prevail; they gradually dissolved after the election to the Weimar National Assembly. At that time, yours in particular suffered from great financial distress and the residents of Ihrerfeld successfully defended themselves against plans to separate their poor colony from the mother community.
In the years 1924 to 1926 the Friesenbrücke, until then a swing bridge, was replaced by a bascule bridge. This also created a connection for pedestrians and cyclists to the opposite bank of the Ems.
time of the nationalsocialism
After the “ seizure of power ” by the National Socialists, the persecution of political opponents began in Overledingerland. The Nazis paid particular attention to the small group of active communists . The Leeran district administrator Hermann Conring was active in the persecution of politically dissenters, especially communists, but also campaigned for the release of prisoners who had been deported to concentration camps. The communist Bernhard Gerdes from Steenfelde was taken into “ protective custody ” in the spring of 1933 and was imprisoned in Leer until August 17, 1933 when he was released after Conring's intercession. In a second big wave in July 1933, another 19 communists from the district of Leer were arrested and taken to the Börgermoor concentration camp that had recently been established . These included Max Grothuis from Völlenerfehn and Emil Blank from Völlenerkönigsfehn. At the beginning of August of that year, a National Socialist, Deddo Kramer, the head of the community, came to the Börgermoor concentration camp for embezzlement and “considerable damage to the reputation of the NSDAP”.
After the establishment of the Emsland camps Börgermoor and Esterwegen in the summer of 1933, there were attacks on the population in southern East Friesland by the SS death-head associations deployed there . In addition to the neighboring cities of Papenburg, Leer and Weener, the villages in the municipality were also affected.
During the church struggle, there were sharp disputes between the German Christians (DC) and the pastors, who refused to accept the threat of conformity and subordination of the Evangelical Church to the Führer principle and the Nazi state. These included the pastor from Steenfeld, Eilhard Aden, who, together with his colleagues Hans Bruns ( Hollen ) and Ludwig Heinemeyer ( Firrel ), went public with an advertisement in the empty advertising paper shortly before Christmas 1933 . The pastors, who until then had been close to the German Christians, complained that the Reich leadership of the DC had carried "false doctrines in the Evangelical Church and divisions in the communities" and declared their departure from the German Christians. In the period that followed, so-called confessional services were held in the Steenfeld Church .
The most famous village original Wilhelm Brechtezende (1886–1966) from Großwolde, generally known by the nickname "Oll 'Willm" (Old Wilhelm), was one of the persecuted by the Nazis in Westoverledingerland . The unique with a long beard lived in an old hut on the outskirts and earned his living as a messenger (“Böskupploper”) for the villagers and with shopping trips to Leer. Branded as an eccentric by the Nazis, he was arrested and shaved in his cell. Hitler Youth set his house on fire. A plaque commemorates him since 2011.
Some Jewish cattle dealers had lived in Ihrhove and Ihr since the second half of the 19th century. In 1908 there were eight, in 1930 only two. The last family fled Tjücherweg in September 1933. At least 14 Jews who were born in the two places or who lived there were murdered in camps.
By the mid-1930s, government measures were taken to reduce unemployment, but these resulted in higher national debt . The infrastructure was expanded in the context of so-called labor battles. Until 1935, traffic between Overledingerland and the district town was still handled via the Leda ferry at Esklum; From that year cars drove for the first time over the newly built bridge on Reichsstrasse 70 .
During the Second World War there were several prisoner-of-war and labor camps in Westoverledingen. Around 20 French were imprisoned in Ihrhove, and several Ukrainians, Russians and Poles in yours. Twenty Russians and Ukrainians were housed in Völlen, and Polish and Dutch slave laborers in Driever. All of them were used on farms.
The area was hardly affected by the air war . The places Großwolde, Steenfelde and Flachsmeer suffered great damage at the end of the war when the Canadian troops marched on Leer. The Allies were set across the Ems between Weener and Westoverledingen and attacked Leer both from the west (initially across the Ems) and from the south. Ihrhove escaped the fate of the neighboring villages when the mayor drove towards the Canadian troops on a bicycle and a white flag. The city commandant of Leer, Frigate Captain Frey, insisted on defending the city and had the bridge over the Leda built ten years earlier blown up on April 24th. Although this no longer had any influence on the city's defense, it made the connection between Overledingerland and the district town more difficult after the war. With the capture of Leer at the end of April 1945, the hostilities in the area ended.
post war period
Numerous displaced persons were taken in in the post-war period. The district of Leer, and with it the Overledingerland, accepted most of the people in Lower Saxony who were already unemployed or unemployed in the eastern regions. The proportion of people over 65 was also higher than the average in Lower Saxony. In contrast, the district of Leer had the lowest proportion of male refugees between the ages of 20 and 45 of all districts in Lower Saxony. This contributed significantly to the fact that unemployment rates were well above average in the early 1950s. The migration of refugees to more prosperous regions of Germany was correspondingly high.
The structural change in agriculture affected all of East Frisia after the war. The number of people employed in agriculture decreased significantly as a result of increasing mechanization and rationalization. The surplus of workforce was partly absorbed by the fact that new employment opportunities outside the community opened up in the late 1950s, for example from 1957 through a branch of the office machine manufacturer Olympia in Leer with at times 2700 employees. Westoverledingen became a commuter area. The unemployment figures nevertheless remained above average.
During the storm surge in 1962 , the Emsdeich broke near Völlen. As a result, the lands and the village itself were flooded by the water. Property damage occurred to houses and in the nursery settlement; There were no fatalities. Subsequently, almost all the dikes in the region were raised and smaller sluice structures combined, as they formed the weakest point in the dike line. In the course of these measures, the Esklumer Siel was abandoned. At Coldemüntje, an old sewer structure was replaced by the Coldemüntje pumping station as part of the dike corrections, and the Weekenborger sewer was taken out of service by shortening the dike. The Muhder Siel near Muhde Monastery has been expanded considerably and has since served as the main sewer of the municipality.
The Ems ferry between the Westoverledinger residential area Hilkenborg near Mitling-Mark and Weener was discontinued in 1972. Ferry traffic had already declined since the construction of the new Friesenbrücke bridge in the 1920s. After the construction of a modern road bridge between Papenburg and Weener in the south, the district of Leer saw no future as operator of the ferry. The Ems ferry Ditzum – Petkum is the last remaining across the river.
The community continued to suffer from above-average unemployment. In the mid-1980s, unemployment rates of more than 20 percent were recorded in the employment office district of Leer, with the peak in 1984 (23.1 percent), at that time the highest unemployment rate in Germany. One of the reasons was the closure of the Olympia factory and the Jansen shipyard, the two largest employers in Leer.
In November 2006 the community hit the headlines due to a cross-border power failure . The background was the transfer of the cruise ship Norwegian Pearl built at Meyer Werft : For safety reasons, the 380 kV Ems overhead line crossing between Mitling-Mark and Diele had to be shut down for the Emspassage . Due to its height, the ship could indeed pass under the power line, but the distance to the superstructure would have been small, which posed safety risks. The shutdown resulted in an overload of the power grid and, as a result, a power failure in several Western European countries. After that, the masts of the overhead line crossing were raised to 110 meters so that the shipyard's ships have been able to pass the Ems since then without having to switch off the high-voltage line.
Incorporations
On January 1st 1973 the twelve municipalities (today: localities) Breinermoor, Driever, Esklum, Flachsmeer, Folmhusen, Großwolde, Grotegaste, Ihr, Ihrhove, Mitling-Mark, Steenfelde and Völlen were merged to form Westoverledingen. Those responsible remembered the name of the medieval state community and named the present area after Overledingerland. The local politicians acted similarly in other areas of East Frisia, for example in the Moormerland , in Uplengen or in the Brookmerland .
Outsourcing
On July 1, 1974, a part of the area with then about 100 inhabitants was assigned to the city of Papenburg .
Population development
With 19,828 inhabitants on 111.9 square kilometers, Westoverledingen is densely populated both in comparison to the East Frisian and Lower Saxony mean. A population density of around 177 per square kilometer contrasts with comparative values of 147 (East Frisia) and 166 (Lower Saxony). Compared to the Federal Republic (229 inhabitants / square kilometer), however, the population density of Westoverledingen remains behind.
The number of residents rose to 20,091 between the time the church was founded and 2005. A slight decline has been observed since then. A trend that the Bertelsmann Foundation predicts will not continue. In the community guide, she assumes that the community will have around 19,950 inhabitants in 2030. However, the age structure will shift. The average age of the population is already increasing, due to the immigration of older people from other regions and a negative birth balance . In 2011, 152 births and 194 deaths were registered.
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Development of the community name
The region was first mentioned in 1346 as Overlederlande . In 1460 the name Overledingerlande appeared. The name of the municipality goes back to a designation for the area and the inhabitants beyond the Leda ( over de Leda from the point of view of the center of East Friesland around Aurich , Emden and Leer), to which the suffix -ing was added. The name of the river comes either from the Old Frisian lêde for watercourse or is a tautological combination of lêde and the Old Frisian name ā , ē for river or water. Since the community is in the western third of the historical state community, a western one was added.
religion
Since the Reformation , Westoverledingen has been mainly Protestant Reformed for centuries , but there were also individual Lutheran congregations. Due to the influx of Catholics from the Catholic Emsland and of displaced persons after the Second World War, there is now a significantly larger number of Catholics. In the meantime, almost twice as many Lutheran as Reformed Christians live in the parish. In 2008, the denominations were made up as follows: 47 percent of the population belonged to the Evangelical Lutheran Confession, 24 percent were Protestant and 17 percent were Roman Catholic. Other and non-denominational made up 12 percent of the population.
The southeast of the parish is more Lutheran with the five parishes of Breinermoor, Flachsmeer, Steenfelde, Völlen and Völlenerkönigsfehn, the northwest with seven parishes in Driever, Esklum, Großwolde, Grotegaste, Ihrhove, Ihrerfeld and Mitling-Mark. The Lutheran parishes belong to the Rhauderfehn parish with a total of 18 parishes and around 40,000 members within the district of East Friesland. The Reformed parishes are part of the Synodal Association of Southern East Friesland with 23,000 parishioners in 17 parishes.
From 1853 there was a Roman Catholic mission station St. Bernhard in Flachsmeer, which was converted into a parish in 1908. The diaspora congregation encompassed the entire area of today's political municipality Westoverledingen from its beginnings. St. Franziskus Ihrhove and 1967 St. Bonifatius Völlenerkönigsfehn were completed as outstations. Flachsmeer forms a parish community with St. Bonifatius Rhauderfehn and belongs to the Dean's Office of East Friesland in the Diocese of Osnabrück .
Evangelical Free Church Christians ( Baptists ) have their community center in yours. The congregation, which also includes a small Baptist chapel in Flachsmeer, has around 230 members and is considered the mother congregation of the Baptists in East Frisia. Organizationally, the Westoverledingen Baptists belong to the Evangelical-Free Church regional association Ems-Jade-Mission (EJM) as well as to the state association of Baptists in the northwest . An old denominational free church is the Evangelical old reformed community. Your second church building dates from 1960. The congregation currently has around 200 members.
politics
Westoverledingen has been - like East Frisia in its entirety - a stronghold of the SPD for decades. However, the CDU, which was organized in the district of Leer earlier than in other areas of the region after the Second World War, also played an important role. Certain geographical focal points can be identified in both federal and local elections. The CDU achieved its best results in the small, agricultural Emsdörfern as well as in the main town Ihrhove, while the SPD achieved its best results in the most populous southern part of the municipality (Flachsmeer, Völlenerfehn and other districts), which often over 60 percent and in individual polling stations over 70 percent of the valid votes cast.
In the 2002 Bundestag election, the SPD was 59 percent across the community, the CDU 27 percent. The 2005 election saw the SPD at 54 and the CDU at 26.2 percent. In 2009 the Social Democrats achieved their worst result in decades with 36.6 percent, but the CDU remained at almost the same level as four years earlier with 27.3 percent. For the first time in decades, another party won a double-digit share of the vote in that election: The Left won 13.5 percent. In addition, the Greens and FDP received high single-digit shares of the vote (7.9 and 9.8 percent), while the shares in previous elections were mostly in the lower to medium single-digit range.
At the local level, the Social Democrats are also ahead. Until 2006 they also provided the mayor. In the most recent local elections in 2011, the Greens achieved a double-digit result for the first time. In addition, a voter community is represented in the local council, but its share of the vote remained in the single-digit range.
Mayor and City Council
The full-time mayor of the municipality of Westoverledingen has been the non-party Theodor Douwes since November 1, 2016. His predecessors were Eberhard Lüpkes from 2006 to 2016 and Meinhard Schmidt (SPD) from 1998 to 2006. Within the framework of the two-track system that had been in effect until then , Gerhard Hartema acted as community director from 1973 to 1997. Douwes is supported by the First Councilor Rolf Hüser and the Deputy Mayors Gabriele Ostholthoff (SPD), Andreas Klaasen (SPD) and Hedwig Pruin (CDU). In the mayoral election on May 25, 2014, Lüpkes received 75.6% of the vote without any opposing candidates. The turnout was 39.1%. Lüpkes began his further term in office on November 1, 2014 and, as announced at the time, resigned from his office on October 31, 2016. In the following mayoral election on September 11, 2016, none of the candidates achieved an absolute majority. The runoff election due on September 25 was won by the non-party Theodor Douwes with 65.1% in front of the SPD candidate Gerhard Wiechers. The new mayor took office on November 1, 2016.
The municipal council consists of 32 councilors. This is the specified number for a municipality with a population between 15,001 and 20,000. The council members are elected for five years in local elections. The current term of office began on November 1, 2016 and ends on October 31, 2021. The mayor is also entitled to vote in the city council, whose term of office is now aligned with that of the municipal council.
The last local election on September 11, 2016 resulted in the following:
| Political party | Proportional votes | Number of seats | Change voices | Change seats |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SPD | 48.9% | 16 | + 0.8% | +1 |
| CDU | 30.8% | 10 | + 0.1% | 0 |
| HELLO | 9.9% | 3 | + 9.9% | +3 |
| Alliance 90 / The Greens | 7.1% | 2 | −4.3% | −2 |
| Individual applicant Martin Bron | 1.9% | 1 | +1.9% | +1 |
| FDP | 1.4% | 0 | −0.9% | −1 |
The voters group Bürger für Bürger and Die Linke , each represented with one seat on the municipal council from 2011 to 2016 , did not run again. The turnout of 52.7 percent was below the Lower Saxony average of 55.5 percent.
Representatives in the Land and Bundestag
Westoverledingen is part of the state constituency of Leer / Borkum . 15 parties ran for the state elections in Lower Saxony in 2017 . Five of them had put up direct candidates. The directly elected MP is Johanne Modder ( SPD ).
Westoverledingen belongs to the Unterems constituency (constituency 25), which consists of the district of Leer and the northern part of the district of Emsland. The constituency was redesigned for the 1980 federal election and has remained unchanged since then. So far, only representatives of the CDU have prevailed as direct candidates in this constituency. The constituency is represented in the Bundestag by the directly elected CDU MP Gitta Connemann from Leer. No party candidate from the constituency entered the Bundestag via the parties' list.
Municipal finance
In 2010, the municipality of Westoverledingen was the first municipality in the district of Leer to convert its budget to the new municipal accounting system (NKR) ( double ). In the budget at that time there were around 18.3 million euros in the result budget, compared with around 20 million euros in “ordinary expenses”. That means a shortfall of 1.76 million euros. The per capita debt at the end of 2010 was around 40 euros. It was the lowest in the East Friesland region, but it was 10 euros higher than in 2007. In total, the liabilities at the end of 2010 amounted to around 793,000 euros, the majority of which are due to long-term borrowings from the Kreisschulbaukasse.
Due to the low corporate population, the net trade tax income in 2010 was only 89.67 euros per capita, which corresponds to 31 percent of the Lower Saxony national average. The municipality's share of income tax (159.55 euros per capita) in that year was 62 percent below the average for Lower Saxony.
Coat of arms, seal and flag
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Blazon : "In silver over a lowered blue wavy bar, a red round shield with a silver shield boss and twelve points, four of which cross with elongated points and a diamond at the top over two crossed red pennant lances." |
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Justification of the coat of arms: The coat of arms was approved by the district of Leer on November 4, 1975. It was designed by Edo Pannenborg from Leer. The shield and the lances represent a Frisian warrior who is borrowed from an Overledinger seal from the 15th century. The twelve-pointed shield boss indicates the twelve localities of the municipality. The wave symbolizes the Leda and Ems rivers.
The municipality's flag is divided into two horizontal stripes in blue (above) and silver (below) and shows the municipality's coat of arms in the middle. The official seal contains the coat of arms and the inscription "Gemeinde Westoverledingen, Landkreis Leer". |
Partnerships
Westoverledingen has no partnerships at the municipal level. The community library, on the other hand, is the only library in Germany to take part in the global project “Sister Libraries”. Since January 2010 there has been a partnership with the children's library in Požega, Serbia . Both institutions are in close contact, exchange ideas about their activities and plan joint projects.
Culture and sights
Museums and theaters
The East Frisian School Museum Folmhusen has been located in the Folmhusen district since 1987 . It is housed in an old school building from 1904 and presents the history of school and childhood in East Frisia.
The Museum Vom Korn zum Brot is located in the mill ensemble of Mitling-Mark. This consists of a renovated and functional gallery windmill from the 18th century (see section on secular buildings ) and the miller's house and bakery. The grandma's kitchen collection is on display . This consists of over 800 historical kitchen items. According to the municipality of Westoverledingen, the large number of porcelain in Delft blue with predominantly hand-painted mill motifs and ornaments partially set off with gold leaf is unique in Germany . A historic bakery was rebuilt in the Müllerhaus, a Gulf house. Some exhibits come from the Leferink bakery, Großwolde, while other exhibits come from the former Greve bakery, Völlenerkönigsfehn. You can also see a replica steam oven, an original bread cart and various grain mills. Civil weddings can be carried out in the mill.
In the Am Emsdeich amusement park , a historic village square with true-to-original reconstructed Gulf houses and outbuildings was created. This also includes a typical farm. Inside, it houses a historic cartwright, a blacksmith's shop, farm wagon, a milking and laundry room, as well as many agricultural implements. In the living part of the building, the life of better-off farming families in historical times is shown.
There is no independent theater in Westoverledingen. The four amateur theater groups of the Spölkring Ihr , the D Körperkrugspölers from Ihrhove, the Flassmeertjer Spölschaar and the theater group of the choral society Einigkeit Völlenerfehn perform their productions in the local inns or in one of the community's eleven meeting places .
Churches
In the pre-Reformation period, most of the churches in today's municipality belonged to the Leer provost in the diocese of Münster . The three churches in the south in Mitling-Mark, Steenfelde and Völlen were subordinate to the Sendkirche Aschendorf in the Diocese of Osnabrück . In the course of the Reformation, the congregations quickly turned to the new creed, in Völlen as early as 1521. Five Romanesque churches have been preserved, all of which were built as east-facing , rectangular brick hall churches. The small high-seated arched windows and the portals on the long sides were bricked up later.
The Esklumer Church from the middle of the 13th century is the oldest in western Overledingerland. It is possible that an older predecessor building was made of wood. In the 15th century the bell tower was pitched roof grown as a defense tower and could as a dungeon be used. This is indicated by the loopholes and the chimney on the upper floor, the shaft of which protrudes above the church entrance.
The latest archaeological investigations of the Reformed Church in Ihrhove suggest that the settlement was founded and the church was built around 1250.
The Mitling-Marker Church from the 13th century originally belonged to a monastery complex. The location outside the village and the rubble in the terp point to this in addition to traditional traditions .
The Steenfeld Church from the 13th or 14th century is surrounded by a three meter high earth wall covered with trees. The bell tower, which is located north of the church in the form of the free-standing "parallel wall type", also dates from the time the church was built.
The first Großwolder church in Hammrich was dismantled due to the rising groundwater and rebuilt on the Geest around 1350 .
Various inventory items from the pre-Reformation period have been preserved, such as the granite baptismal font from the 13th century in Esklum, which was originally used as a holy water font. The Romanesque baptismal font made of Bentheim sandstone are decorated with a tendril frieze in Großwolde and Mitling-Mark and rest on four lion feet. In the Großwolder church, the niches for the Vasa Sacra , a sandstone relief with a cross and two bishop's wands , a piscina and a sideboard have been preserved from the Middle Ages . A hagioscope was broken into the east wall , which enabled lepers to see the Holy Eucharist in the Middle Ages . The Marienglocke in Völlen dates from 1330 and is one of the oldest bells in East Frisia. In the bell tower of St. Johannes Baptist in Grotegast, the two bells from the 14th century are still in use today. The older Marienglocke was cast by Harmannus in 1352 and shows in a line drawing the severed head of John the Baptist , to whom the church owes its patronage . The other bell dates from 1364 and is named after Saint Catherine .
There is a late Gothic brick church in Völlen in the municipality . The Peter and Paul Church from the beginning of the 15th century has a polygonal east choir with ribbed vaults and a choir bay , which are supported like the long sides by buttresses. In 1559, the fortified tower was added to the west of the nave on a square base with a gable roof. The most important piece of furniture is the altar with a medieval cafeteria . The altarpiece with a canopy on a predella dates from the 2nd half of the 15th century. The original shrine was replaced by a painted Protestant winged altar in 1676, the center image of which shows the sacrament scene and the pages depicting childhood scenes of Jesus. The ascension of Christ is depicted on the canopy, decorated with wood carvings, and the triumphant risen Christ with the globe on the baroque top.
Three churches were built in the municipality in the 19th century. St. Johannes Baptist in Grotegaste from 1819 is characterized by classicism . The two long sides are divided by pilasters into four wall fields, each with a round-arched window. The Your Baptist Chapel was built around 1854. It is the second oldest Baptist church building in Germany after the Felder prayer house near Westerstede . St. Bernhard in Flachsmeer is the only Catholic parish church in Westoverledingen. It was designed in the neo-Romanesque style in 1860 and expanded in 1904 with a retracted apse and a sacristy on the side. The long sides are structured by pilaster strips , in whose fields round-arched windows are attached. The bell tower is half built into the ship. Two houses of worship were built in 1907, the Ihrerfeld Church and, for the newly founded fen colony, the Christ Church in Völlenerkönigsfehn.
Gerd Sieben Janssen created a number of new organs in the Westoverledingen area: in Grotegaste (1854), Esklum (1854/55), Steenfelde (1858/59), Breinermoor (around 1874) and Großwolde (1883/84). In 1869 he carried out a major reconstruction of the organ in Völlen by Wilhelm Eilert Schmid from 1822/23. Almost completely preserved instruments are from Brond de Grave Winter (1859/60) in Mitling-Mark and from the Rohlfing brothers in Driever.
Other structures
From the castles, such as the Esseburg , as well as from the Kommende Muhde, no wall remains have survived. The old weir dike, on the other hand, still forms the southern border of Westoverledingen - and thus East Frisia - opposite the neighboring Papenburg.
Among the agricultural buildings is a Low German hall house from 1491 in Ihrhove. It is considered to be the oldest building of this type found in East Frisia. The mill in Mitling-Mark is a one-story gallery Dutch mill from 1843. The building was bought in 1984 by the municipality. The mill has been open to the public again since 1990. The Fluttermühle Grotegaste, on the other hand, is a replica from 2000. It goes back to models from the 16th century and was built by the mill builder Richard Kluin (1926–2013) from Ihrhove. The mill in Völlenerfehn, built in 1813, is a Dutch windmill. Its cap was dismantled in 2009, now nothing can be seen of the mill. In addition to these buildings, several well-preserved Gulfhöfe are listed as historical monuments in Westoverledingen. There are extensive hedge landscapes around the Geest villages . Taken together, the walls reach a length of 160 kilometers, of which more than 100 kilometers were renovated between 1990 and 2000. The majority of the wall hedges are so-called "battle walls", which used to separate the pastures from each other. The older "guest walls", which were created as borders between the fields on the guests and the communal pastures, are rarer.
An important railway engineering structure is the Friesenbrücke , the longest German bascule bridge. It will be displayed when the cruise ships pass through the Meyer Werft shipyard upstream, and will be used again after the passage is over.
At Weekeborg, south of Driever, you can visit a historic gate. After shortening the dike, this was completely preserved in a dyke remnant and was made accessible via a walkway. Immediately to the south of the sluice there is a large scour , the trace of a dike breach from 1825.
Regular events
The most outstanding regular event is the Ihrhover botter market. It is held every year on two days on the last weekend in June and is based on historical models from the 19th century. In 1979, the then local mayor of Ihrhove, Hedwig Pruin, organized the new edition, which has attracted thousands of visitors since then. Every two years a classic car meeting took place in Flachsmeer. The event, organized by the Westoverledinger Schlepperfreunde , was one of the largest gatherings of historic tractors in the region, but had to be canceled in 2015 due to the restrictions. In addition to agricultural tractors, old cars and motorcycles were also exhibited. The dragon boat race on the bathing lake of the Am Emsdeich amusement park in Grotegaste had its premiere in 2009. The competition for the “Grand Prix of Westoverledingen” organized by the community attracts more than 1000 spectators every year. Jazz concerts take place in the Ihrhover town hall at irregular intervals, but continuously. There are also a number of traditional events such as rifle festivals and folk festivals, but these have no significance beyond the local context. The regular traditional events throughout the year also include Easter bonfires (mostly on Holy Saturday ), the setting up of a maypole on the evening of April 30th, harvest festivals at the end of October, martinis singing on November 10th ( Martin Luther's birthday ) and gnawing on the eve of St. Nicholas Day . Not an organized event, but an event that every time attracts hundreds of onlookers to the Emsdeich Westoverledingen are the transfers of the cruise ships from Meyer Werft down the Ems.
Sports
The best-known national sports club is the SV Concordia Ihrhove , which played in the major football league for eight years until 2004 . The club's greatest success was reaching the first main round in the 2002/03 DFB Cup . Here Concordia met Borussia Dortmund and lost 3-0 in front of a record crowd of 14,500 spectators, most of whom were in the temporary stands in the Hindenburg Stadium. After financial difficulties and a subsequent bankruptcy, the club's footballers had to start over at the district level, currently (as of the 2011/2012 season) the club plays in the Ostfriesland district league. Other sports are also practiced at SV Concordia. Further universal sports clubs can be found in other districts.
In addition to the universal sports clubs, there are clubs with special orientations. Water sports are offered by Wasserfreunde Völlen / Papenburg and the sport fishing club Westoverledingen eV. The Frisian sports Boßeln and Klootschießen are operated by BV Frisia Overledingerland based in Ihrhove. There are shooting clubs in Flachsmeer, Folmhusen, Steenfelde, Völlenerfehn and Völlenerkönigsfehn. Equestrian fans have joined forces in two riding and driving clubs. The Königsspringer Völlen chess club is the only one of its kind in the municipality.
The sports infrastructure in Westoverledingen comprises 15 large playing fields of 5,000 and more square meters, one of which has a 400-meter track, and three small playing fields. The Hindenburg Stadium of SV Concordia Ihrhove is the largest sports field and has grandstands. There are also six sports halls at the schools , which are also used by the clubs. A tennis hall is operated commercially. Four outdoor tennis facilities have a total of 13 fields. Two equestrian facilities belong to the two riding and driving clubs. There is no outdoor pool, but there are summer bathing opportunities at the bathing lakes in Völlen and Steenfelde and at the Grotegaste leisure lake. There is no indoor swimming pool , but the Flachsmeer primary school does have a covered teaching pool.
language
In Westoverledingen, East Frisian Platt is spoken in addition to High German . Due to the influx of Dutch religious refugees after the Reformation , the Dutch language , which was introduced mainly by the pastors, was widespread at least in the reformed west of the parish area. The number of active speakers fell sharply in the 19th century, when East Frisia culturally oriented itself more towards Germany and the Reformed pastors were trained in German-speaking areas. In 1936 the Dutch language was banned from the services of the Old Reformed . Today, Dutch hardly plays a role, apart from sprinkles in the local dialect , which are more pronounced in Overledingerland - as in the entire western East Frisia border area to the Krummhörn - than in the eastern parts of East Frisia.
The Low German is anchored in the community especially among (older) adults. There are Low German church services and weddings . Council meetings are also sometimes held in Low German. In order to make younger people more familiar with the Low German language again and to offer a contact point for questions about Low German, the Westoverledingen community has appointed a Low German representative. In doing so, she followed a request made by the Plattdütskbüro der Ostfriesische Landschaft to all municipalities in East Frisia.
Economy and Infrastructure
The economy of Westoverledingen is characterized by medium-sized craft and trading companies. In addition, agriculture plays an important role due to its high proportion of the municipal area. The community, however, is hardly industrialized. Retail centers are the main town, Ihrhove, and there are also trading companies in the heavily populated south of the municipality (Flachsmeer, Völlenerfehn, Völlenerkönigsfehn), although they are more scattered there. The small villages on the Ems, on the other hand, hardly have any shopping opportunities on site. In the small district of Steenfelde, however, a village shop has re-established itself due to the initiative of the residents. Westoverledingen has two industrial areas: One is located in the north of the main town Ihrhove ( industrial area Ihrhove Nord ) and has a size of 53.5 hectares. The other industrial area is located in the Steenfelderfehn district and is 9.3 hectares in size.
Westoverledingen is largely a commuter community , not least because of its location between the cities of Leer and Papenburg . 725 inbound commuters are compared to 4627 people who earn their living beyond the municipal boundaries (as of 2006). In Westoverledingen there are 5451 residents who are subject to social security contributions, but only 1549 jobs subject to social security contributions. Data on unemployment in the municipality itself are not collected. In the Leer division of the Employment Agency, which includes the district of Leer excluding Borkum, the unemployment rate in December 2015 was 6.3 percent. It was 0.4 percentage points above the Lower Saxony average. In 2014, seven percent of employees were employed in the primary sector (agriculture), and 34 percent in the production sector. Trade, hospitality and transport accounted for 18 percent, the remaining 41 percent for other services.
Companies
Two former larger employers in the municipality no longer exist: The construction company Müsing had to file for bankruptcy in 2004 . At that time, the group of companies employed more than 750 people at 17 locations in Germany, the Netherlands and Poland. The lamp manufacturer Korte (brand Lampi ) was sold and closed its Ihrhover production facility with 470 employees. More than 30 smaller companies have now settled in a start-up center on the former Korte site.
The French energy company GDF Suez produces natural gas near Breinermoor and Folmhusen. The group uses the controversial production method hydraulic fracturing ("fracking"). The Oldenburg company IFE Eriksen operates a wind farm with 16 turbines in the Steenfelde district, which are to be replaced by eight larger ones as part of repowering . Residents should also be able to acquire wind farm shares. The electrical company Plock in Völlenerfehn emerged from a craft business and now employs around 100 people.
Agriculture
In 2005, 169 agricultural holdings cultivated an area of 6,782 hectares in the municipality. The average farm size was around 40 hectares. A profound structural change is noticeable in Westoverledingen. Ten years earlier there were 363 farms that farmed an area of 7,428 hectares. The average farm size in 1995 was around 21 hectares.
The type of soil determines its use: on the peated bog areas, mostly grassland (dairy farming) is practiced because of the low soil value index . This also affects large parts of the river marsh of the Ems. Due to its size and the high proportion of the agricultural area, the municipality contributes a large part to the fact that the district of Leer is one of the ten largest milk-producing districts in Germany. For some years now, dairy farmers have suffered from an often low and highly fluctuating price for milk and milk products. In addition to cows, sheep play a role to a certain extent: They graze on the Emsdeich, keep the sward low and at the same time trample the ground, which is important for the dike safety.
In terms of arable farming, the agricultural areas are mainly used for growing animal feed, especially maize . On the one hand, the maize is grown for the production of silage . In addition, the cultivation of crops for the production of biogas also plays a role. The boom in biogas plants, however, is leading to an expansion of the cultivation areas for maize, which in East Frisia grew by 60 percent between 2005 and 2010. This was accompanied by an increase in the price of agricultural land for arable land and grassland by 31 and 40 percent respectively. In the neighboring regions of Emsland and Oldenburger Münsterland in particular, farmers, but also non-agricultural investors, have specialized in the production of biogas and increasingly need land in the Leer district for maize cultivation. Another reason for the sharply increased lease prices in Westoverledingen is the need for compensation areas due to encroachments on nature - above all the overhanging of dredged material that occurs when the depth of the channel in the Ems is maintained. The purchase of agricultural land increases the rent.
The municipality of Westoverledingen and the city of Papenburg together have the largest covered garden areas in Germany and are among the largest marketing and logistics centers for horticulture. The majority of them are, however, in Papenburg. The Westoverledinger growing operations are concentrated in the gardening settlement in the Völlen district.
Farmers earn additional income by installing wind turbines . In addition, some farmers rent rooms to holiday guests under the motto of a holiday on the farm . Individual farms have specialized in organically produced products and have joined corresponding marketing organizations. One of the few East Frisian asparagus growers is also one of the direct marketers .
tourism
In 2011 around 90,400 overnight stays were counted in the community. The lion's share of this was accounted for by campers and motorhome enthusiasts at the campsite on the Emsdeich (around 63,800), the remaining 26,600 were accounted for by hotels, guest houses and holiday homes and apartments. After Borkum , the district town of Leer and the joint municipality of Jümme , Westoverledingen has the fourth highest number of overnight stays in the district of Leer.
The municipality puts a focus on horse tourism. Westoverledingen took part in the “Horse-friendly Community” competition in 2010 and received the state title from the German Equestrian Association . A “Riding Agenda Group” formed in the community promotes horse tourism on a voluntary basis. The offers include therapies with horses as well as tournaments and competitions in dressage and show jumping. There are several well-developed bridle paths in Westoverledingen. In 2011 the first horse festival took place in Ihrhove. The community also promotes fishing tourism.
The amusement park on the Emsdeich is an essential part of the tourist infrastructure. There is not only a swimming and fishing lake, but also the campsite and other leisure facilities. A disc golf facility has been part of this since 2010 . The leisure facility has been significantly expanded over the past decade. Not only does it benefit guests, it also serves the locals.
Under the impression of the masses of visitors who flock to the Emsdeichen at the ship overpasses of the Meyer Werft, the municipalities represented in the ILEK "Region east of the Ems", including Westoverledingen, decided to designate a cruise route . Ship transfers, tourist offers and sights are presented at ten information points on both sides of the Ems. The express goal of the cruise route is to make the region tangible even in times when there is no overpass. In Westoverledingen, the second stop on the trail is at the Mitling-Mark mill. The 23-kilometer-long road to the hydraulic structures was also laid out with a view to tourism. It should make the story of the struggle of the people in Westoverledingen with the natural forces of the waters of the Ems understandable.
Westoverledingen is on the German Fehnroute , the Emsradweg , the Dortmund-Ems-Kanal-Route and the Lower Saxony Mühlenstraße . Two gardens in Esklum and Flachsmeer are also members of the Het Tuinpad Op / In Nachbars Garten foundation , to which a total of 150 gardens in the border region of northeastern Netherlands / northwestern Germany are connected. These gardens are open to visitors at fixed times.
traffic
The most important road traffic connection in the municipality is the B 70 , which leads in a north-south direction from Leer via Ihrhove, Steenfelde, Völlenerfehn to Papenburg and on to North Rhine-Westphalia . On a larger scale, it runs from Neermoor to Wesel on the Lower Rhine and largely follows the course of the Ems, as well as from the point of view of the traffic route bundling of the Rheine – Norddeich Mole railway line and the A 31 . A bypass road was built for the main town of Ihrhove in 1969/1970 . The second federal road is the B 438 : It branches off from the B 70 in the Folmhusen district and leads east through the neighboring communities of Rhauderfehn and Ostrhauderfehn to the B 72 . This makes it the main access road for large parts of the Overledingerland. There are no state roads in the municipality. Those localities that are not on one of the two federal roads are connected via district roads. Two of them also lead roughly in a north-south direction through the municipality: The K 22 connects the small districts on the Ems to the B 70 and Papenburg. The K 24 leads as Ihrer Straße and Papenburger Straße from Ihrhove via your and Flachsmeer to the neighboring town to the south. Further district roads serve the traffic in the community and the further connection of the neighboring community Rhauderfehn.
There is no road connection from the Westoverledinger municipality across the Ems to the neighboring town of Weener. The closest crossing options are the Jann-Berghaus-Brücke in Leer in the north and the bridge on the Rheiderlandstraße from Papenburg to Weener in the south. There is also no direct connection to the motorway network. When driving in the south (A 31 in the direction of the Ruhr area / Oberhausen ) it is necessary to cross the neighboring town of Papenburg. For journeys on the A 31 in the direction of the coast or on the A 28 in the direction of Oldenburg , the neighboring town of Leer must be driven through. The same applies to trips to Groningen in the Netherlands .
Westoverledingen is on the Emsland line operated by Deutsche Bahn and on the Leer – Groningen line , which is operated by the railway subsidiary Arriva . However, trains have not stopped in the community since Ihrhove Station closed to passenger traffic in the early 1970s. It is planned that the station will again be served by local rail transport. Between Leer and Ihrhove station , which currently only serves as a depot , both railway lines use the same route, south of Ihrhove the Groninger line branches off to the west. She crossed the Ems on the Friesenbrücke , the largest bascule railway bridge in Germany. At certain times, pedestrians and cyclists could also pass the bridge. This connection was interrupted on December 3, 2015, when a cargo ship rammed the Friesenbrücke and partially destroyed it. The closest train stations are in Leer and Papenburg. They offer daily intercity connections in the direction of Münster / Cologne, the train station Leer (Ostfriesl) in addition connections in the direction of Bremen / Hanover and a two-hour connection to Groningen .
The public transport in the municipality is ensured by buses. The line network is operated by the railway subsidiary Weser-Ems Bus and its cooperation partners. The bus routes 600 and 622 of the Ems-Jade transport association run from Leer train station on two different routes through Westoverledingen to Papenburg train station. There are also other lines that are primarily used to transport schoolchildren, but can also be used by non-schoolchildren, as well as a dial- a- bus , which is organized by the Leer district. It serves as a feeder for the more frequent bus routes as well as for connections within the community, away from the bus routes.
Although the Ems forms the western boundary of the municipality and has sea depth in this section, it is of no importance as a mode of transport for Westoverledingen. There are no ports or marinas to be found there. The nearest airport is in Leer , the nearest international airport with scheduled services is in Bremen .
education
In Westoverledingen there are seven primary schools in the districts of Ihrhove, Ihr, Flachsmeer, Steenfelde, Völlen, Völlenerfehn and Völlenerkönigsfehn. These are owned by the municipality. The district of Leer is responsible for the special needs school in yours and the school center (secondary and secondary school) in Großwolderfeld. The closest grammar school is in Rhauderfehn, which opened in 2004. Vocational schools can be found in the district town of Leer. Early childhood education is ensured in six kindergartens in Flachsmeer, Ihr, Ihrhove, Großwolde, Völlenerfehn and Völlenerkönigsfehn. The latter two kindergartens are sponsored by the political community, the other four are sponsored by the Evangelical Lutheran Church. (Flachsmeer) and the ev.-ref. Parishes. In the Esklum district there is also a children's farm called “Swaalvkenüst” (swallow's nest) run by an association, where children are looked after and at the same time are made familiar with agriculture and life with animals and plants in a playful way. In Ihrhove and Flachsmeer there are branches of the Leer County Folk High School. The nearest university of applied sciences is the University of Emden / Leer , the nearest university the Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg .
media
Overledingerland is located in the catchment area of two daily newspapers, both of which, however, originate from the newspaper group Ostfriesland (ZG0). On the one hand, there is the Ostfriesen-Zeitung , which is the only daily newspaper in East Frisia to appear across the region. As a local newspaper there is also the General-Anzeiger , which has been published since 1888 and is published in neighboring Rhauderfehn. Both media cooperate in the editorial field and also have the same editor-in-chief, Uwe Heitmann. The ZGO also publishes two advertising papers called Der Wecker and Von Haus zu Haus , which also cover the entire Overledingerland. Since the end of 2009, there has been competition from the Neue Zeitung at the weekend in the advertising newspaper market . The community radio broadcaster Radio Ostfriesland also reports from the community .
Public facilities
The municipal administration with its operations such as the building yard belong to the public institutions. In addition, the community is a wholly-owned shareholder in Freizeit- und Erholungs GmbH. There is also a police station in Ihrhove. Your area of operation includes the municipality of Westoverledingen. However, it is not manned around the clock. Outside of business hours, the police station in neighboring Rhauderfehn is responsible. Authorities responsible for the municipality such as tax office, employment agency, district court, land registry office etc. are located in neighboring Leer, where the district administration is also based and two of the closest hospitals are located, and another in Papenburg. The fire service is organized on a voluntary basis with smaller and larger brigades. The district of Leer rubbish dump is located in Breinermoor. The drainage of the municipal area and an adjacent part of the city of Papenburg is taken over by Muhder Sielacht, a corporation under public law . It is named after the former monastery Muhde and operates the largest of its four sluices and pumping stations in Muhde between Esklum and Driever. The Overledinger Deichacht , also a corporation under public law, maintains the Emsdeich in the municipality. Both organizations are financed through compulsory contributions from the property owners in the respective association area. The Leda-Jümme Association , based in Leer, is responsible for dyke and sluice shelter for a small sub-area in the northeastern municipality . This maintains a large relief polder near Breinermoor in the event that not enough water can be pumped into the Ems after heavy rainfall. In such cases, the polder framed by dykes is flooded. The water supply to Westoverledingen is ensured by the water supply association Overledingen, which maintains a waterworks in Collinghorst for this purpose . The installation of a wind turbine to power the waterworks is controversial.
Personalities
Sons and daughters of the church
As the place of origin of Baptism in East Friesland, the towns of Ihr and Ihrhove have produced two important clergymen of this creed. Harm Willms (1822-1893) was born in Ihrhove and contributed to the spread of Baptism in East Friesland, but also in the neighboring Netherlands through his literary work. Wiard Popkes (1936–2007), a Baptist theologian from yours, was a professor at the Theological Seminary of the Federation of Evangelical Free Churches in Hamburg-Horn .
Johann Niemann (1913–1943) was a German SS-Untersturmführer member of the camp team in the Sobibor extermination camp . In 1943 he was head of the camp. During this time, Niemann created a collection of 361 photos. In two albums and further individual photos, Niemann documented his career in the SS from the Esterwegen concentration camp to the crimes of so-called "euthanasia" to "Aktion Reinhard" in Belzec and Sobibor, where he was largely responsible for the implementation of the murder program. This collection lay in the family's attic for decades until the local historian Hermann Adams finally researched the biography of the SS man. He contacted one of Niemann's grandsons who showed him the pictures. In 2015, the grandson donated the collection to the educational institution Stanisław Hantz eV The Topography of Terror project made the collection accessible to the public in January 2020. Finally, the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington acquired the collection, which is considered a “quantum leap in the visual tradition of Aktion Reinhard”.
Among the people from the community who are still alive, there are above all three artists who - like many people from East Frisia, which is located on the periphery of Germany - have made a name for themselves elsewhere. Carl Carlton (* 1955 in Ihrhove, actually Karl Walter Ahlerich Buskohl) left his mark on rock music . The guitarist worked for Robert Palmer , among others . In addition, he not only played in the backing bands of Peter Maffay and Udo Lindenberg , but also composed and produced for the two German rock stars. He was also active for other well-known bands. Since 1999 he has been the leader of the band Carl Carlton & the Songdogs. Helmut Krumminga (* 1961) was born in the Papenburg hospital, but grew up in Völlenerfehn. He has been lead guitarist at BAP since 1999, succeeding Klaus “Major” Heuser . The journalist and writer Jan Brandt (* 1974 in Leer) grew up in Ihrhove. He was a journalist for the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung and the Süddeutsche Zeitung . Brandt, who lives in Berlin, works as a book author and published his debut novel Gegen die Welt in 2011 , which was nominated for the German Book Prize. In it he describes the rebellious youth in his home village.
In addition, Hedwig Pruin (* 1939 in Flachsmeer) should be mentioned, who was a member of the Lower Saxony state parliament of the CDU from 1994 to 2003. At that time she moved into the state parliament in Hanover via the state list of her party. In addition, she was a member of the district council of her party and is the local mayor of Ihrhove.
There are only three clergymen among the foreign-born personalities who have worked in the present area. Johann Ludwig Hinrichs (* 1818 in Jever , † 1901 in Elbing ) belonged to the founding generation of German Baptists alongside Johann Gerhard Oncken , Julius Köbner and Gottfried Wilhelm Lehmann . Hinrichs was a co-founder of the Baptist community in yours. Hinrichs' successor was Peter Johannes de Neui (* 1828 in Ditzumerverlaat ; † 1907 in George ( Lyon County , Iowa )). He used yours as a starting point for extensive preaching trips to many East Frisian places and the neighboring Netherlands. Otto Galama Houtrouw (* 1838 in Gandersum ; † 1933 in Oldersum ) was the Reformed pastor in Ihrhove from 1867 to 1869. In addition to his spiritual work, he has made a particular contribution to East Frisian homeland research .
One of the people still alive is Helmut Collmann (* 1939 in Freiburg an der Elbe ), who moved to Overledingerland when he was a child. From 1990 to 2003 Collmann was a member of the Lower Saxony state parliament for the SPD. Before that, the Flachsmeerer was a (honorary) district administrator of the district of Leer. Since September 6, 2002, before leaving the state parliament, Collmann has been President of the East Frisian Region . In November 2008 he was elected for a further six years. The Lower Saxony SPD also sent Collmann to the 13th and 14th Federal Assemblies in 2009 and 2010 (elections for Horst Köhler and Christian Wulff ).
literature
- Hans Joachim Albers, Heinrich Schaa u. a .: Ihrhove in the Middle Ages. Archaeological, historical and scientific search for traces . 1Druck, Leer 2011, ISBN 978-3-941578-19-7 .
- Hans Joachim Albers: In the stream of times: East Frisian history; Völlen, Völlenerfehn, Völlenerkönigsfehn, municipality of Westoverledingen, district of Leer, East Frisia . Artline, Bunde-Wymer 2006, ISBN 3-927920-01-0 .
- Theo Douwes, Enno Schnuis: Westoverledingen. Between moor, marsh and geest . Sutton Verlag, Erfurt 2006, ISBN 978-3-86680-068-7 .
- Theo Douwes: Westoverledingen. Leaps in time . Sutton Verlag, Erfurt 2009, ISBN 978-3-86680-361-9 .
- Karl-Heinz Sindowski et al .: Geology, Soils and Settlement of East Frisia . Self-published, Pewsum 1969 (East Frisia in the protection of the dyke, vol. 1, without ISBN).
- Menno Smid: East Frisian Church History . Self-published, Pewsum 1974 (Ostfriesland im Schutz des Deiches, Vol. 6, without ISBN).
- Heinrich Schmidt: Political history of East Frisia . Rautenberg, Leer 1975 (East Frisia in the protection of the dike, vol. 5, without ISBN).
Web links
- Official website of the municipality of Westoverledingen
- Literature by and about Westoverledingen in the catalog of the German National Library
- Link catalog on the subject of Westoverledingen at curlie.org (formerly DMOZ )
References and comments
- ↑ State Office for Statistics Lower Saxony, LSN-Online regional database, Table 12411: Update of the population, as of December 31, 2019 ( help ).
- ^ Eberhard Rack: Kleine Landeskunde Ostfriesland , Isensee Verlag, Oldenburg 1998, ISBN 3-89598-534-1 , p. 24.
- ↑ The basis of the following paragraphs on soils is the work of Günter Roeschmann: The soils of Ostfrieslands , in: Sindowski et al .: Geology, soils and settlement of Ostfriesland. 1969, pp. 51-106 including cartographic supplement.
- ^ Hermann Adams (local chronicle of the East Frisian landscape): Driever , PDF file, p. 1, accessed on March 10, 2012.
- ↑ Lengths (in km) of the main shipping routes (main routes and certain secondary routes) of the federal inland waterways ( Memento from January 21, 2016 in the Internet Archive ), Federal Waterways and Shipping Administration; Retrieved March 21, 2012.
- ↑ North Sea Handbook - Southeastern part, Lister Tief to Ems , Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (BSH), Hamburg and Rostock, 2011, ISBN 978-3-86987-222-3
- ↑ Description of the amusement park “Am Emsdeich” on the community website Westoverledingen , accessed on March 21, 2012.
- ^ Description on the parish website Westoverledingen , accessed on March 21, 2012.
- ↑ Source: State Office for Statistics and Communication Technology Lower Saxony , accessed on February 7, 2012.
- ^ Eberhard Rack: Small regional studies of Ostfriesland . Isensee Verlag, Oldenburg 1998, ISBN 3-89598-534-1 , p. 115
- ↑ Land use In: destatis.de , accessed on February 14, 2012.
- ↑ a b c d Integrated Rural Development Concept: Region east of the Ems ( Memento from July 14, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 2.92 MB), p. 17, accessed on March 1, 2012.
- ↑ Regional spatial planning program of the district of Leer 2006 , (PDF; 587 kB), p. 13 according to the original pagination, landkreis-leer.de, accessed on March 1, 2012.
- ^ Municipality of Westoverledingen: Main statutes of the municipality of Westoverledingen , viewed on March 1, 2012. (PDF)
- ↑ Updated world climate map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification , accessed on March 1, 2012.
- ↑ a b c Eberhard Rack: Small regional studies of Ostfriesland . Isensee Verlag, Oldenburg 1998, p. 35ff.
- ↑ Climate and weather for Leer , holidaycheck.de, viewed on March 1, 2012.
- ^ Precipitation data according to the formerly free German Weather Service, normal period 1961–1990.
- ↑ Temperature information , hours of sunshine and rainy days according to holidaycheck.de: Climate and Weather for Leer , accessed on March 5, 2012.
- ↑ Controversy over the protected area: farmers in the Moor monastery have to pay. In: General-Anzeiger of October 22, 2010, accessed on March 4, 2012.
- ↑ Moor Monastery: Expert committee speaks out against opinion. In: General-Anzeiger of May 23, 2009, accessed on March 4, 2012.
- ↑ Reinhard Bojer: Emsland local history in National Socialism Volume 2: Local history from Emsland daily newspapers 1933-1945 . Norderstedt 2005. ISBN 3-8334-2453-2 , p. 143 f.
- ↑ a b c Westoverledingen.de: History of the community http://westoverledingen.de/index.php?sid=8snas15m9u0tg4ff17aa5ovg8ljqdkaq&m=1&hid=350&wch=3&wch_pid=298 ( Memento from February 12, 2013 in the web archive archive.today ) , accessed on March 1, 2012.
- ^ Wiemann / Engelmann: Old ways and streets in East Friesland. 1974, p. 96ff.
- ↑ Reinhard Bojer: Emsland local history in National Socialism Volume 2: Local history from Emsland daily newspapers 1933-1945. Norderstedt 2005. ISBN 3-8334-2453-2 , p. 1189 f.
- ↑ Parish Völlen: Interesting facts about the parish , viewed on March 12, 2012.
- ↑ a b c d e Hermann Adams (local chronicle of the East Frisian landscape): Ihrhove (PDF; 777 kB), p. 1, accessed on March 1, 2012.
- ↑ Klaus-Peter Johne: The Romans on the Elbe: The Elbe river basin in the geographical world view and in the political consciousness of Greco-Roman antiquity , Akademie Verlag , Berlin 2006, ISBN 3-05-003445-9 , p. 295.
- ^ Wiemann / Engelmann: Old ways and streets in East Friesland. 1974, p. 121ff.
- ↑ Manfred Jakubowski-Tiessen: Storm surge 1717: Coping with a natural disaster in the early modern period . Oldenbourg science publisher. Munich 1992. ISBN 3-486-55939-7 , p. 268.
- ↑ a b local chronicles of the East Frisian landscape: Völlen, community Westoverledingen, district Leer (PDF; 62 kB), accessed on March 4, 2012.
- ↑ Albers, Schaa u. a .: Ihrhove in the Middle Ages. 2011, p. 180.
- ↑ Muhde Monastery In: westoverledingen.de, accessed on March 5, 2012.
- ^ A b Gottfried Kiesow: Architectural Guide East Friesland . Verlag Deutsche Stiftung Denkmalschutz , Bonn 2010, ISBN 978-3-86795-021-3 , p. 180 .
- ↑ Albers, Schaa u. a .: Ihrhove in the Middle Ages. 2011, p. 54.
- ^ Schmidt: Political history of East Frisia . 1975, p. 77.
- ↑ Albers, Schaa: Ihrhove in the Middle Ages. 2011, p. 55f.
- ^ Schmidt: Political history of East Frisia . 1975, p. 63
- ↑ "Up Latter" and the southern end of Völlen. Chief Koppe Hatten was a "heated" man. In: Fehntjer Kurier, February 15, 1990, accessed March 5, 2012.
- ^ Arend Remmers : From Aaltukerei to Zwischenmooren. The settlement names between Dollart and Jade. Verlag Schuster, Leer 2004, ISBN 3-7963-0359-5 , p. 257, points out the difference between Fehn as the terminus technicus for a Fehnkanal moor settlement and the older, Low German name Fehn as a moor area in which peat is dug, down. The literature sometimes also speaks of "real fen settlements" with or "fake" without fen canal.
- ^ Walter Deeters: East Frisia in the Thirty Years War . In: Emder Yearbook for Historical Regional Studies Ostfriesland , Vol. 78, 1998, pp. 32–44, here: p. 39.
- ↑ The East Frisian historian Tileman Dothias Wiarda had already pointed this out in Volume 5 of his East Frisian History (Aurich 1795): “Since these contributions were almost completely consumed again in the province due to the many years of billeting, and the money always remained in circulation, so leaves solve the mystery raised to some extent. ”Quoted in: Walter Deeters: Ostfriesland in the Thirty Years War . In: Emder Yearbook for Historical Regional Studies in Ostfriesland , Vol. 78, 1998, pp. 32–44, here: p. 43.
- ^ Walter Deeters: East Frisia in the Thirty Years War . In: Emder Yearbook for Historical Regional Studies Ostfriesland , Vol. 78, 1998, pp. 32–44, here: p. 38.
- ^ Karl Heinrich Kaufhold; Uwe Wallbaum (Ed.): Historical statistics of the Prussian province of East Friesland (sources on the history of East Friesland, Volume 16), Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1998, ISBN 3-932206-08-8 , p. 385.
- ↑ Helmut Sanders: Wiesmoor - His cultivation and settlement from the peripheral communities . Verlag Mettcker & Söhne, Jever 1990, ISBN 3-87542-006-3 , p. 22 ff.
- ^ Ortschronisten der Ostfriesische Landschaft: Flachsmeer (PDF; 824 kB), p. 1, accessed on May 5, 2012.
- ↑ This is also indicated by street names such as Im Flachsmeer in the Aurich district of Wallinghausen or Flachsmeerstraße in the Moormerland village of Veenhusen .
- ↑ Wolfgang Henninger: The Leeraner Linen Shipowner Coenraad Zijtsema , in: Hajo van Lengen (Ed.): Collectanea Frisica. Contributions to the historical regional studies of East Frisia. Walter Deeters on his 65th birthday. (Treatises and lectures on the history of Ostfriesland, Volume 74), Ostfriesische Landschaftliche Verlags- und Vertriebsgesellschaft, Aurich 1995, ISBN 3-925365-86-9 , pp. 311–340, here: pp. 317–323.
- ^ Friedrich Arends: Earth description of the principality of East Friesland and the Harlingerland . Emden 1824. p. 222
- ^ Ernst Siebert: History of the city of Emden from 1750 to 1890. In: Ernst Siebert, Walter Deeters, Bernhard Schröer: History of the city of Emden from 1750 to the present. Verlag Rautenberg, Leer 1980 (Ostfriesland in the protection of the dike, vol. 7), p. 56.
- ^ Karl Radtke: 100 Years of the Baptist Church Leer , Leer 2000, p. 17.
- ↑ Rhaude.de / Michael Heinze: Baptists , accessed on 3 March 2012 found.
- ^ Gregor Helms: The Free Churches - only an insignificant minority? In: Ostfriesland. Calendar for Everyone , Norden 1990, p. 132.
- ^ Old Reformed Community Ihrhove: Historisches In: altreformiert-ihrhove.de , accessed on March 3, 2012.
- ↑ Michael Till Heinze: Schifferverein protested sharply against projects . In: Fehntjer Kurier of November 8, 1990, accessed on March 11, 2012.
- ^ Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. District of Leer. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
- ↑ Michael Till Heinze: 65 Russian prisoners limed the bog soil . In: Fehntjer Kurier of September 27, 1990, accessed on March 12, 2012.
- ↑ See the specified pages of the local chronicles of the East Frisian landscape, which can be accessed on the website of the working group .
- ^ Hermann Adams (Ortschronisten der Ostfriesischen Landschaft): Your , PDF file, accessed on March 12, 2012.
- ↑ Information in this paragraph from: Albert Janssen: Der Landkreis Leer 1930 to 1934 and the role of District Administrator Dr. Conring in the transition from democracy to Nazi dictatorship . In: Herbert Reyer (Ed.): Ostfriesland between republic and dictatorship , Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1998, ISBN 3-932206-10-X , pp. 299–378, here: pp. 354 ff.
- ^ Herbert Reyer: The threatening everyday life under National Socialism. SA and SS terror in East Friesland from 1933–1945 . In: Herbert Reyer (Ed.): Ostfriesland in the Third Reich. The beginnings of the National Socialist tyranny in the Aurich administrative region 1933–1945 . Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1999, ISBN 3-932206-14-2 , pp. 83–96, here: p. 94.
- ↑ Hillard Delbanco: Kirchenkampf in Ostfriesland 1933-1945 (treatises and lectures on the history of East Frisia, volume 68), Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1988, ISBN 3-925365-36-2 , p. 50 f.
- ↑ Großwolder want to honor "Oll Willm" . In: General-Anzeiger of February 7, 2011, accessed on March 9, 2012.
- ↑ Jhrhov Jews also died in concentration camps In: Sunday Report of June 2, 2000, viewed on March 13, 2012.
- ↑ Michael Till Heinze: Jews in Ihrhove , viewed on March 12, 2012.
- ^ Enno Eimers: A short history of the city of Leer. Verlag Schuster, Leer 1993, ISBN 3-7963-0293-9 , p. 109.
- ^ Hermann Adams (local chronicle of the East Frisian landscape): Ihrhove , PDF file, p. 2, accessed on March 9, 2012.
- ^ Hermann Adams (Ortschronisten der Ostfriesische Landschaft): Your , PDF file, p. 2, accessed on March 9, 2012.
- ↑ Hermann Adams (local chronicle of the East Frisian landscape): Driever , PDF file, p. 2, accessed on March 9, 2012.
- ↑ Bernhard Parisius : Many sought their own homeland. Refugees and displaced persons in western Lower Saxony (treatises and lectures on the history of East Frisia, Volume 79), Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 2004, ISBN 3-932206-42-8 , p. 34.
- ^ Hermann Adams (local chronicle of the East Frisian landscape): Ihrhove , PDF file, p. 2, accessed on March 9, 2012.
- ^ Enno Eimers: A short history of the city of Leer. Verlag Schuster, Leer 1993, ISBN 3-7963-0293-9 , p. 110.
- ^ Bernhard Parisius: Many sought their own home. Refugees and displaced persons in western Lower Saxony (Treatises and lectures on the history of East Friesland, Volume 79), Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 2004, ISBN 3-932206-42-8 , p. 78/79 .
- ↑ Exhibition commemorates the great storm surge in 1962 . In: General-Anzeiger of February 2, 2012, accessed on March 21, 2012.
- ↑ Villages were dependent on this ferry In: michaeltillheinze.de , accessed on March 9, 2012.
- ^ Eckart Krömer: Small economic history of Ostfriesland , Verlag Soltau-Kurier, Norden 1991, ISBN 3-922365-93-0 , p. 112 ff.
- ^ Enno Eimers: A short history of the city of Leer. Verlag Schuster, Leer 1993, ISBN 3-7963-0293-9 , p. 119.
- ↑ Report of the Federal Network Agency on the power failure (PDF; 359 kB), 31 pages, accessed on March 5, 2012.
- ↑ a b c Federal Statistical Office (ed.): Historical municipality directory for the Federal Republic of Germany. Name, border and key number changes in municipalities, counties and administrative districts from May 27, 1970 to December 31, 1982 . W. Kohlhammer GmbH, Stuttgart / Mainz 1983, ISBN 3-17-003263-1 , p. 263 .
- ↑ The population of 1973 is given on the website of the municipality Westoverledingen under the heading numbers, data, facts . The data from 1975 to 1985 come from: German Association of Cities (Hrsg.): Statistisches Jahrbuch Deutscher Gemeinde , 1890 ff., The data from 1987 onwards are from the Lower Saxony State Office for Statistics .
- ↑ Absolute population development 2009–2030 In: wegweiser-kommune.de , accessed on February 12, 2016.
- ↑ A benevolent look back at 2011 , accessed on March 10, 2012.
- ↑ The data from 1975 to 1985 come from: German Association of Cities (Hrsg.): Statistisches Jahrbuch Deutscher Gemeinde , 1890 ff., The data from 1987 onwards are from the Lower Saxony State Office for Statistics .
- ^ Arend Remmers: From Aaltukerei to Zwischenmooren. The settlement names between Dollart and Jade . Verlag Schuster, Leer 2004, ISBN 3-7963-0359-5 , p. 239.
- ↑ Numbers, data, facts In: westoverledingen.de, accessed on March 1, 2012.
- ^ Sprengel Ostfriesland , accessed on March 1, 2012.
- ↑ Ev.-ref. Church: Synodalverband Südliches Ostfriesland , accessed on March 1, 2012.
- ^ Diocese of Osnabrück: Deanery Ostfriesland ( Memento from December 13, 2016 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on March 1, 2012.
- ^ Karl Radtke; Baptist Church Your (Ed.): 150 Years of Baptist Church Your. Your 1996.
- ↑ Gerrit Jan Beuker; Synod of the EAK in Lower Saxony (ed.): Reversal and renewal. From the history of the Evangelical Old Reformed Church in Lower Saxony 1838–1988 . 2nd Edition. Hellendoorn, Bad Bentheim 1988, ISBN 3-929013-04-5 , pp. 210-229.
- ↑ Klaus von Beyme : The political system of the Federal Republic of Germany: An introduction , VS Verlag, Wiesbaden 2004, ISBN 3-531-33426-3 , p. 100, limited preview in the Google book search, May 22, 2011.
- ^ Theodor Schmidt: Analysis of the statistics and relevant sources on the federal elections in East Frisia 1949-1972 . Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1978, p. 54, for the following statistical information on the Bundestag elections up to 1972 see the cartographic appendix there.
- ↑ Federal Parliament election 2002 , scroll down to the community result, wahlen-ler.info, accessed on March 8, 2012.
- ↑ Bundestag election 2005 , scroll down to the community result, wahlen-ler.info, accessed on March 8, 2012.
- ↑ Bundestag election 2009 , scroll down to the community result, wahlen-ler.info, accessed on March 8, 2012.
- ↑ a b Westoverledingen community - mayor ( memento from October 26, 2016 in the Internet Archive ), westoverledingen.de, accessed on December 19, 2016.
- ↑ Westoverledinger Council expands citizens' questions , westoverledingen.de, accessed on December 19, 2016.
- ↑ Individual results of the direct elections on May 25, 2014 in Lower Saxony , accessed on November 8, 2014.
- ↑ Lüpkes stops as planned: Westoverledingen is looking for a new mayor , noz.de, January 18, 2016.
- ^ Runoff election in Westoverledingen: Theo Douwes in front , NDR.de, accessed on October 29, 2016.
- ^ Lower Saxony Municipal Constitutional Law (NKomVG) in the version of December 17, 2010; Section 46 - Number of MPs , nds-voris.de, accessed on December 19, 2016.
- ↑ a b Municipality of Westoverledingen - Municipal Council 2016 - final result , accessed on October 29, 2016.
- ↑ The CDU gets the most votes nationwide. In: ndr.de . September 12, 2016, archived from the original on October 21, 2016 ; Retrieved October 29, 2016 .
- ^ District administration Leer: State election 2017 constituency 84 first votes
- ↑ Results of the 2017 Bundestag election in the constituency, broken down by cities and municipalities
- ↑ Hans Begerow, Tobias Schwerdtfeger: Bundestag election: These members represent our region . In: NWZonline . September 26, 2017 ( nwzonline.de [accessed September 29, 2017]).
- ↑ Westoverledingen has already introduced the Doppik , ga-online.de, viewed on March 9, 2012
- ↑ In the negative: The debts in the region , ga-online.de, viewed on March 9, 2012.
- ↑ a b Figures, data, facts , westoverledingen.de, accessed on March 9, 2012.
- ↑ a b Location profile on the website of the Lower Saxony Municipal Location Information System , accessed on March 7, 2012.
- ↑ a b main statute for the municipality of Westoverledingen. (PDF; 146 kB) In: Official Journal. District of Leer, June 9, 2011, p. 163 , accessed on August 28, 2017 .
- ↑ Reading worldwide (portal of the German Institute for International Pedagogical Research (DIPF) as part of the German Education Server ): Lively exchange between Pozega and Westoverledingen , viewed on March 6, 2012.
- ^ Ostfriesisches Schulmuseum Folmhusen , accessed on March 3, 2012.
- ^ Community Westoverledingen: Mill ensemble in Mitling-Mark with the collection “Grandma's Kitchen” , viewed on March 4, 2012.
- ^ Community Westoverledingen: Museum "From Grain to Bread" in Mitling-Mark , viewed on March 4, 2012.
- ^ Community Westoverledingen: Museum farm Neemann at the historic Ulenhoff village square , viewed on March 4, 2012.
- ↑ Smid: East Frisian Church History . 1974, pp. 42, 44.
- ↑ Wilhelm Korte: Chronicle of the community Esklum: The medieval Esklum , accessed on March 1, 2012.
- ^ Hermann Haiduck: The architecture of the medieval churches in the East Frisian coastal area . Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1986, ISBN 3-925365-07-9 , p. 177 .
- ↑ Albers, Schaa: Ihrhove in the Middle Ages. 2011, pp. 174-176, 180f.
- ^ Ortschronisten der Ostfriesische Landschaft : Mitling-Mark (PDF; 34.5 kB), accessed on March 1, 2012.
- ^ Genealogy forum: Steenfelde ( Memento from September 5, 2010 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on March 1, 2012.
- ↑ Justin Kroesen, Regnerus Steensma: Churches in East Friesland and their medieval furnishings . Michael Imhof, Petersberg 2011, ISBN 978-3-86568-159-1 , p. 55, 139-142 .
- ^ Ingeborg Nöldeke: Hidden treasures in East Frisian village churches - hagioscopes, rood screens and sarcophagus lids - overlooked details from the Middle Ages . Isensee Verlag, Oldenburg 2014, ISBN 978-3-7308-1048-4 , p. 142 ff.
- ^ Website of the parish of Grotegaste ( memento from September 7, 2010 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on March 1, 2012.
- ↑ Gottfried Kiesow: Architectural Guide Ostfriesland . Verlag Deutsche Stiftung Denkmalschutz, Bonn 2010, ISBN 978-3-86795-021-3 , p. 178 f .
- ↑ See the catalog raisonné in: Ev.-ref. Parish Aurich (Hrsg.): Organ town Aurich . Self-published, Aurich 2003, p. 29-33 .
- ^ Organ in Mitling-Mark on NOMINE eV , accessed on March 1, 2012.
- ↑ organ in Driever on NOMINE eV , accessed on 1 March 2012 found.
- ↑ Hermann Adams, local chronicle of the East Frisian landscape: Ihrhove, Gemeinde Westoverledingen, district of Leer (PDF, 48 kB), p. 4, accessed on March 4, 2012.
- ↑ Niedersächsische Mühlenstraße: Windmühle Westoverlendingen , viewed on March 4, 2012.
- ↑ Niedersächsische Mühlenstraße: Fluttermühle Grotegaste , viewed on March 4, 2012.
- ↑ General-Anzeiger of December 29, 2009: Mühle Völlenerfehn is (almost) history , accessed on March 4, 2012.
- ↑ General wall hedge INFO ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , westoverledingen.de, accessed March 14, 2012.
- ↑ a b Friesenbrücke near Weener with Unterems , picture archive of the Federal Institute for Hydraulic Engineering, accessed on March 3, 2012.
- ↑ Regional Pedagogical Center Aurich, Working Group Cultural Landscape: Hydraulic Structures in Ostfriesland ( Memento from January 16, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 297 kB), viewed on March 4, 2012.
- ↑ The whole place and many guests celebrate Bottermarkt In: General-Anzeiger of June 9, 2010, viewed on March 5, 2012.
- ↑ Bottermarkt attracted thousands again In: Ostfriesen-Zeitung of June 29, 2009, viewed on March 5, 2012.
- ↑ 600 old tractors in Flachsmeer In: General-Anzeiger of July 13, 2009, accessed on March 5, 2012.
- ↑ Schlepperfreunde Flachsmeer: Cancellation of the 10th classic car meeting , viewed on February 12, 2016.
- ↑ 16 teams start in the dragon boat race In: Ostfriesen-Zeitung of June 3, 2010, viewed on March 5, 2012.
- ↑ Jazz Festival In: westoverledingen.de, accessed on March 8, 2012.
- ↑ Former opponents give Concordia a helping hand , Nordwest-Zeitung, July 16, 2004, accessed on March 2, 2012.
- ↑ Internet presence of the Sportfischerverein Westoverledingen eV , accessed on June 25, 2012.
- ↑ Source: State Office for Statistics and Communication Technology Lower Saxony , direct link to the page is not possible. Procedure: Click on "Regional database", without logging on "Next", as a guest "Next", select "Sports facility survey" and "Define time and region", click on "Einheits / Samtgemeinde", select Westoverledingen (scroll down to no. 457022), Clicking "Create and View Table," Retrieved March 3, 2012.
- ↑ Marron C. Fort: Low German and Frisian between Lauwerzee and Weser. (PDF; 115 kB) In: Hans-Joachim Wätjen (Ed.): Between writing and reading. Perspectives for libraries, science and culture. Festschrift for the 60th birthday of Hermann Havekost . Oldenburg 1995.
- ↑ Helmut Lensing: The elimination of Dutch as the church language in the old reformed church of the County of Bentheim by the Nazi state 1936–1939. In: Emsland history. Vol. 15, 2008, ISSN 0947-8582 , pp. 237-287.
- ^ Ulrich Scheuermann: "Language" in East Frisia . In: Karl-Ernst Behre, Hajo van Lengen : Ostfriesland. History and shape of a cultural landscape , Aurich 1995, ISBN 3-925365-85-0 , p. 350.
- ↑ Council meeting on Platt has theater character In: General-Anzeiger of December 9, 2010, accessed on March 2, 2011.
- ↑ Low German is an affair of the heart , General-Anzeiger, October 27, 2009, accessed on March 3, 2012.
- ^ The people of Völlen also want a village shop , General-Anzeiger, September 4, 2010, accessed on March 7, 2012.
- ↑ Location profile on the website of the Lower Saxony Municipal Location Information System , accessed on March 7, 2012.
- ↑ Location profile on the website of the Lower Saxony Municipal Location Information System , accessed on March 7, 2012.
- ^ Statistics from the Federal Employment Agency, Excel file, line 2221
- ↑ http://www.arbeitsagentur.de/web/wcm/idc/groups/public/documents/webdaten/mdaw/mjkx/~edisp/l6019022dstbai802081.pdf (link not available)
- ↑ Müsing insolvent - More than 750 jobs at risk In: welt.de, viewed on March 31, 2012.
- ^ Setbacks for Westoverledingen In: noz.de, accessed on March 31, 2012.
- ↑ 34 companies have settled in the Gründerpark , General-Anzeiger, August 25, 2009, accessed on March 7, 2012.
- ↑ Natural gas company gives in to the pressure , General-Anzeiger, August 3, 2011, accessed on March 5, 2012.
- ↑ "We are not aggressive investors" , General-Anzeiger, January 12, 2012, accessed on March 5, 2012.
- ↑ 75 years of Plock Elektro GmbH in Völlenerfehn , General-Anzeiger, August 14, 2009, accessed on March 7, 2012.
- ↑ Leer ranks eighth with 384,000 tons (survey year: 2006). For comparison: the three highest values were determined in the district of Cuxhaven (564,000 tons), in the district of Unterallgäu (451,000 tons) and in the district of Schleswig-Flensburg (448,000 tons). Source: Lower Saxony State Office for Statistics, quoted in: Ostfriesischer Kurier , August 14, 2008, p. 12.
- ↑ Falling butter price causes a lot of unrest , Ostfriesen-Zeitung, February 5, 2010, accessed on March 1, 2012.
- ↑ No end in sight with the biogas boom. In: Ostfriesen-Zeitung. November 25, 2010, accessed March 7, 2012.
- ↑ Biogas plants make farmland expensive , Ostfriesen-Zeitung, June 24, 2011, accessed on March 1, 2012.
- ↑ High rents cause problems for farmers , General-Anzeiger, August 11, 2011, accessed on March 1, 2012.
- ↑ List of members of the association "ONNO - East Frisian Network for Ecology - Region - Future" ( Memento from April 29, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 134 kB), accessed on March 1, 2012.
- ↑ The great time of asparagus lovers , General-Anzeiger, May 4, 2011, accessed on March 7, 2012.
- ^ Parishes had fewer spontaneous guests , General-Anzeiger, January 26, 2012, accessed on March 5, 2012.
- ↑ Data mirror 2011 , PDF file, two pages, p. 2, landkreis-leer.de, accessed on March 7, 2012.
- ^ Clear the way for Rösser and Reiter , General-Anzeiger, September 14, 2011, accessed on March 5, 2012.
- ↑ 1200 visitors came to the horse festival , General-Anzeiger, May 4, 2011, accessed on March 7, 2012.
- ↑ Newbies must bow their heads , General-Anzeiger, May 10, 2010, accessed on March 7, 2012.
- ↑ Relay trip opens Ems-Kreuzfahrtweg In: noz.de, accessed on March 7, 2012.
- ↑ Cruise route: Station 2. Station 2. The Mitling-Mark mill and the ocean liners ( Memento from August 12, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 2.6 MB), accessed on March 7, 2012.
- ↑ Straße der Wasserbauwerke In: westoverledingen.de, accessed on March 7, 2012.
- ↑ Route In: nordwestreisemagazin.de, accessed on March 3, 2012.
- ^ Mills in the district of Leer In: niedersächsische-mühlenstrasse.de, accessed on March 26, 2012.
- ↑ Website of the Het Tuinpad Op Foundation / In Neighbor's Garden , participating gardens can be found under Gardens , accessed on March 7, 2012.
- ↑ Hermann Adams (local chronicle of the East Frisian landscape): Ihrhove (PDF; 48 kB), p. 5, accessed on March 3, 2012.
- ↑ Construction project Bremen - Groningen (Wunderline) , accessed on September 29, 2019
- ↑ Home anrufbus-leer.de, accessed on 3 March 2012 found.
- ^ Schools in Westoverledingen In: westoverledingen.de, accessed on March 3, 2012.
- ↑ kindergartens In: westoverledingen.de, accessed on 9 March 2012 found.
- ↑ Homepage of the website ( Memento from May 26, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) In: der-kinder-bauernhof.de, accessed on March 9, 2012.
- ↑ Publishing history in: oz-online.de, accessed on March 22, 2012.
- ↑ Freizeit GmbH closed with a shortfall , General-Anzeiger, December 14, 2010, accessed on March 7, 2012.
- ↑ Websites of Muhder Sielacht and Overledinger Deichacht , accessed on March 3, 2012.
- ↑ No decision yet on the waterworks wind turbine In: General-Anzeiger of August 20, 2015, accessed on February 12, 2016.
- ↑ Photos from Sobibor. The Niemann Collection on Holocaust and National Socialism. In: Topography of Terror Foundation .
-
↑ United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Acquires Sobibor Perpetrator Collection. In: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum , January 28, 2020 (English), which is considered a “quantum leap in the visual tradition of Aktion Reinhard”.
Among the people from the community who are still alive, there are above all three artists who - like many people from East Frisia, which is located on the periphery of Germany - have made a name for themselves elsewhere. Carl Carlton (* 1955 in Ihrhove, actually Karl Walter Ahlerich Buskohl) left his mark on rock music . The guitarist worked for Robert Palmer , among others . In addition, he not only played in the backing bands of Peter Maffay and Udo Lindenberg , but also composed and produced for the two German rock stars. He was also active for other well-known bands. Since 1999 he has been the leader of the band Carl Carlton & the Songdogs. Helmut Krumminga (* 1961) was born in the Papenburg hospital, but grew up in Völlenerfehn. He has been lead guitarist at BAP since 1999, succeeding Klaus “Major” Heuser . The journalist and writer Jan Brandt (* 1974 in Leer) grew up in Ihrhove. He was a journalist for the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung and the Süddeutsche Zeitung . Brandt, who lives in Berlin, works as a book author and published his debut novel Gegen die Welt in 2011 , which was nominated for the German Book Prize. In it he describes the rebellious youth in his home village. In addition, Hedwig Pruin (* 1939 in Flachsmeer) should be mentioned, who was a member of the Lower Saxony state parliament of the CDU from 1994 to 2003. At that time she moved into the state parliament in Hanover via the state list of her party. In addition, she was a member of the district council of her party and is the local mayor of Ihrhove.
Connected to Westoverledingen
There are only three clergymen among the foreign-born personalities who have worked in the present area. Johann Ludwig Hinrichs (* 1818 in Jever , † 1901 in Elbing ) belonged to the founding generation of German Baptists alongside Johann Gerhard Oncken , Julius Köbner and Gottfried Wilhelm Lehmann . Hinrichs was a co-founder of the Baptist community in yours. Hinrichs' successor was Peter Johannes de Neui (* 1828 in Ditzumerverlaat ; † 1907 in George ( Lyon County , Iowa )). He used yours as a starting point for extensive preaching trips to many East Frisian places and the neighboring Netherlands. Otto Galama Houtrouw (* 1838 in Gandersum ; † 1933 in Oldersum ) was the Reformed pastor in Ihrhove from 1867 to 1869. In addition to his spiritual work, he has made a particular contribution to East Frisian homeland research . One of the people still alive is Helmut Collmann (* 1939 in Freiburg an der Elbe ), who moved to Overledingerland when he was a child. Collmann was a member of the Lower Saxony state parliament for the SPD from 1990 to 2003. <ref> Page of the archive of social democracy on the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung's website , accessed on March 7, 2012.
- ↑ Celebrating murder personnel in the Holocaust. Retrieved February 12, 2020 .
- ^ Page of the archive of social democracy on the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung's website , accessed on March 7, 2012.
- ↑ Internet page of the East Frisian Landscape via the Landscape President , accessed on March 7, 2012.
- ^ Collmann remains president , Ostfriesen-Zeitung, December 1, 2008, accessed on October 8, 2012.
Breinermoor | Driever | Esklum | Flax Sea | Folmhusen | Großwolde | Grotegaste | Your | Ihrhove | Mitling Mark | Steenfelde | Full
Borkum | Brinkum | Bundles | Detern | Filsum | Firrel | Hesel | Holtland | Jemgum | Leer (East Frisia) | Moormerland | Neukamperfehn | Nortmoor | Ostrhauderfehn | Rhauderfehn | Schwerinsdorf | Uplengen | Weener | Westoverledingen
Community-free area in the district of Leer
Lütje Hörn