Port Arthur / Transvaal

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Port Arthur / Transvaal
City of Emden
Coordinates: 53 ° 21 ′ 36 "  N , 7 ° 11 ′ 13"  E
Height : 1 m above sea level NHN
Area : 11.64 km²
Residents : 4951  (June 30, 2015)
Population density : 425 inhabitants / km²
Postal code : 26723
Area code : 04921
map
Location of Port Arthur / Transvaal in the city of Emden

Port Arthur / Transvaal is a district of the seaport city of Emden in East Frisia . It is located in the south of the city near the harbor and emerged as a working-class district around 1900, when Emden was undergoing noticeable industrialization ; the name is reminiscent of the sea ​​battle at Port Arthur and the Boer War in South Africa at that time.

At the end of June 2015, Port Arthur / Transvaal had 4,951 inhabitants. These lived on an area of ​​around 11.64 km².

geography

Aerial view of part of the Transvaal,
in the foreground the Cassens shipyard
Aerial view of part of the Transvaal,
in the foreground on the left the North Sea Works

The exact demarcation of the district is mapped by the Emden city administration. According to this definition, which is much broader than the actual settlement core, the Emden Volkswagen plant also belongs to the Port Arthur / Transvaal district. However, due to its location in the Larrelter Polder immediately southeast of the Larrelt district under the Emdern, it is also assigned to the latter district. The signs for the city, which indicate the boundaries of the district on the approach roads, do not follow this statistical structure: they only identify the narrower, almost exclusively residential part as Port Arthur / Transvaal and even leave directly adjacent mixed areas (residential / commercial ) excluded.

The statistical boundaries of the district are roughly a section of the Leer – Emden railway line, the railway line to the VW plant, Frisiastraße (extension of the A 31 ), Larrelter and Wolfsburger Straße, the sea dike and an imaginary line through the new inland port as well as the Emden fairway . The area of ​​the Port Arthur / Transvaal district thus also includes a substantial part of the Emden port , including the outer port with the ferry terminal to Borkum and the Autoport , the third largest car loading port in Europe. The Cassens shipyard and other companies in the commercial and industrial areas are also part of the district. In the west Port Arthur / Transvaal borders on Logumer Vorwerk (border in the Larrelter Polder), in the north-west on Larrelt , in the north on Constantia , in the north-east on the administrative district and in the east on the colony of Friesland and Borssum .

While the residents of other parts of the city of Emden usually only speak abbreviated Transvaal and refer to both parts of the district, the residents of the district themselves differentiate quite precisely between Port Arthur and Transvaal . The border between the two parts is the Saxumer Straße. Port Arthur is closer to the city center, the Transvaal further outside. The first houses in the district were built in the Transvaal, at the time a long way from the city center of Emden. In the vernacular it is often said that you live in the Transvaal, not in the Transvaal, as is common in many other East Frisian places.

history

Early history

Large parts of the area in what is now Port Arthur / Transvaal were still tidal flats until the 19th century, and most of them still flowed along the Ems in earlier centuries. The southernmost part, the former village of Nesserland, on the other hand, belonged to the second Cosmas and Damian floods on 25/26. September 1509 to the opposite bank of the Ems, the Rheiderland .

Tree felling experiment with the reconstruction of a (ribbon ceramic) dechos in an experimental archeological field test

Finds have been made along the Ems from the Mesolithic period that indicate the presence of humans. The same applies to the neighboring, but much better explored, northeastern Netherlands. Two adzes from the Danube were recovered from the port of Emden during dredging work , as well as a flint ax and a clay vessel from the funnel beaker culture . “It is possible that the Emsuferwall could be settled when the sea level rise on the deposits of the Calais II transgression stopped . About a thousand years later this was apparently possible again on the deposits of the Calais III transgression. "

The river march of the Ems began in the older pre-Roman Iron Age , around the 7th century BC. BC, settled according to plan, especially the south bank - in the city of Emden the Nesserland area. The people settled on a narrow strip on the Emsuferwall, which both offered protection from the water of the river and was high enough to bypass the swamps of the Sietland . This had formed west of the Emsuferwall when the Ems water was increasingly dammed up due to a rise in sea level and the natural runoff of rainwater from the hinterland came to a standstill. Viewed from the river inland, the settlers found a reed zone influenced by the tide , softwood meadows with willow bushes and forests, and hardwood meadows with elms , alders , oaks and ash trees . Corresponding areas in the municipality of Jemgum have meanwhile been well researched. The march settlements allowed both cattle breeding and agriculture. Cattle and sheep were predominant among the farm animals . The cattle used their meat, milk, bones and fur, and they were also used as draft animals and pack animals. To what extent this also applied to the horse has not yet been determined. Sheep also provided wool. Nothing is known about other domestic animals, such as poultry , either. Despite the proximity to the river, fishing was of minor importance.

middle Ages

On the East Friesland map by Ubbo Emmius (1595) the island of Nesserland (green) on the opposite bank of Emden can be clearly seen (lower left quadrant).

In 1509 the Second Cosmas and Damian Flood (September 25/26) broke out over the area. She created the Dollard and broke through the peninsula on which Nesserland was located. Since then, the Ems has flowed past Emden in a straight line into the North Sea - interrupted only by a brief phase around the year 1600, when a tail unit was built that forced the Ems back into the northern curve of the Emden city center. However, it only lasted a few decades.

The former peninsula of Nesserland had become a small island in 1509, surrounded by the Ems and in the north by the constantly flushed fairway to the Emden harbor and mud flats . The village of Nesserland is still reminiscent of the district's main road , Nesserlander Straße , the former primary school Nesserland and a small, now largely overgrown, former cemetery area, on which, however, no gravestones can be recognized.

Imperial times

Embankment of polders on the Dollart

In the middle of the 19th century, but especially after the German Wars of Unification, considerations began to dike the area in the south of the Emden town center and thus gain space for a port expansion and for industrial settlements. In the years 1873/1875 was finally by damming the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Polder reclaimed from the sea. The core of the Port Arthur / Transvaal district is located in this area. The VW plant, on the other hand, which is located to the west of the city center, is located in the Larrelter polder, which was only diked between 1912 and 1923. The former village area of ​​Nesserland is now located in the very south of Port Arthur / Transvaal, almost directly on the Ems.

View of Torumer Strasse, the historic core of the working-class district

The district emerged from 1901 as a workers' settlement for dock workers . It is located in the immediate vicinity of the west side of the Emden harbor. For example, the Cassens shipyard, which had previously been located on the Falderndelft in the center of Emden, moved to the newly built part of the port. The North Sea Works were founded in 1903. The handling of coal from the Ruhr area and of ore for the Ruhr area increased rapidly. At that time Emden began to become the seaport of the “coal pot”. The population of the city of Emden increased, and there was a need for living space, especially for the employees in the growing industrial and port companies - ideally close to their workplaces. For the reasons mentioned, the Kaiser Wilhelm Polder, which had only been diked a few decades earlier, offered itself as a location for a new workers' quarter to be built.

A large number of the buildings built at that time are still standing today, including the streets Torumer Strasse and Wilgumer Strasse, where the oldest buildings in the district are located. Port Arthur / Transvaal was named after two events from the first decade of the 20th century: the sea battle at Port Arthur in the course of the Russo-Japanese War and the Transvaal province in South Africa, the scene of the Boer War at that time .

Weimar Republic

During the years of the Weimar Republic , Port Arthur / Transvaal was one of the strongholds of the KPD in the port city, along with the Borssum district, which was incorporated in 1928, and the shipyard workers' colony of Friesland . In these three districts, the KPD was ahead of the SPD in the local elections in 1928, which, however, also had support in other districts and was thus just ahead of the KPD across the city: the Social Democrats received eight seats on the Citizens' Board (city council), the Communists seven. Liberal parties remained unsuccessful in Port Arthur / Transvaal, where the high proportion of employees in the three shipyards, in port handling operations, in shipping and in the herring fishery made itself felt. After a meeting of the right-wing Stahlhelm , members of this group marched through the district with provocative intent, whereupon, according to a report by the communist Bremer Arbeiter-Zeitung, they were “properly received” with some “refreshments” from the third and fourth floors. In the years that followed, up to 1933, the struggle between the two workers' parties, the SPD and KPD, intensified in Emden, to which the influence of the KPD district leadership in Bremen contributed. In the following years, the Social Democrats usually mobilized more members than the KPD, for example with separate parades on May Day . The 1929 local elections brought losses to the communists in the working-class neighborhoods, they lost one seat in the council of mayors (from seven to six).

In 1925 another small dockworkers' settlement was built in the port in the immediate vicinity of the Great Sea Lock on Narvikstrasse , named after one of the main export ports for iron ore imported to Emden.

National Socialism

After the " seizure of power " Port Arthur / Transvaal remained a stronghold of communist resistance in Emden for several years . The resistance was broken in 1937 in a great blow by the National Socialists against the communist resistance movement. An unspecified number of KPD members was arrested, and several died in custody. Among them are the carpenter Karl Staub, who was murdered on September 14, 1937 in the Aurich Gestapo prison, making him the first communist victim of the Nazi regime in Emden. After his arrest and imprisonment, the seaman Emil Winkels was presumably forced into the SS special unit Dirlewanger and has been missing in Slovakia since the beginning of 1945 . Dock worker Conrad Frese was shot on the run on April 18, 1944 in a military prison camp in Franopole ( Latvia ). The baker Jonny Janssen and the shipyard worker Harm Giesen were taken to the Neuengamme concentration camp after serving their prison sentence and died in early May 1945 when the Cap Arcona sank in the Neustädter Bucht .

The reformed pastor Hermann Immer was one of the persecuted from the church. Shortly after the communists' first arrests in 1933, he had already managed to maintain contact with some of the inmates, thereby earning a great deal of respect from the Emden workers. In a closing prayer of a sermon given shortly after the start of the war on September 3, 1939, he said: “Lord, you have every reason to hide your face from us and our people and to cast off us in anger because we have turned away from you (...). ”Thereupon he was taken into“ protective custody ” by the Gestapo , but released again after threats by dock workers. Until 1941, however, he was banned from working.

As in the rest of the city of Emden, a number of air raid shelters were built in the district after 1940 . A total of four larger and a large number of smaller bunkers offered protection in the event of air raids.

post war period

The so-called VW estate was built in the second half of the 1960s, with allotment gardens behind it

After Emden was badly destroyed on September 6, 1944, the city administration also used open spaces in the Port Arthur / Transvaal district to build barracks . This was all the more necessary as the city had also taken in refugees from the eastern regions of the empire despite the destruction.

Topographic map of Emden from 1954: In Port Arthur / Transvaal (bottom left) the area between the railway tracks, Althusiusstraße, Cirksenastraße and Torumer Straße is built on, as is the settlement between Oderstraße and Rheinstraße.

Several multi-storey residential buildings were built in 1950 on Cirksenastrasse, Fletumer Strasse, Wilgumer Strasse, Torumer Strasse and Graf-Johann-Strasse, which at the time helped to alleviate the housing shortage in the heavily destroyed Emden after the war. Port Arthur / Transvaal played a prominent role in residential construction in the 1950s, and new streets such as Loggerweg and Körmeisterweg were laid out and built on. In the 1950s, not only were new residential buildings built to replace the housing losses; Dealers also followed their customers and opened shops in the new residential areas, which in that decade was at the expense of inner-city development. In 1951, the city of Emden designated an industrial park south of Hansastraße, which, however, remained desolate for a long time due to lack of demand from traders. At the beginning of the 1950s, the peanut factory Ültje was more successful, and its products were enjoying increasing popularity. The vacated building of the water police was converted into the Nesserland School in 1953. In 1953 a regular bus route connected Port Arthur / Transvaal and the city center for the first time.

After the construction of the VW plant, company apartments were built in four-story houses on Schwabenstrasse. The district was extensively renovated in the 1980s and 1990s. The starting shot was given in 1978 with a collection of signatures from 87 citizens.

The settlement on Narvikstrasse is set to disappear in the foreseeable future in favor of port areas.

politics

As a grown working-class district, Port Arthur / Transvaal has been a stronghold of the SPD for decades in the city, which is already heavily influenced by social democracy. In the most recent local elections on September 10, 2006, the SPD achieved around 60 percent and in some cases significantly more votes in each of the polling stations. The polling station with the highest percentage of votes for the SPD in Emden at that election was in the Transvaal: There, the Social Democrats received 73.7 percent of the vote. In the mayoral elections that took place at the same time, the SPD candidate (and incumbent) Alwin Brinkmann won more than 70 percent in all district polling stations, in one case even 82 percent.

Even in state and federal elections, there is always a majority for the SPD. In the 2013 federal election , the residents of the Port Arthur voting district gave the SPD 50.15 percent of the second vote . The left came there to 10.68 percent and was thus clearly above the citywide result, while the CDU with 19.96 percent was clearly below its citywide result. In the labor office electoral district, the SPD won 57.34 percent of the vote, the CDU 22.84 and the Left 3.96 percent. In the Transvaal constituency, the Social Democrats even got 62.01 percent of the vote, while the CDU with 13.22 percent only achieved about half of the Emden average result. The Left achieved an above-average result there with 9.22 percent. The Greens and the FDP remained below the overall result in all three constituencies. With 46.72 (Port Arthur) to 56.34 percent (Transvaal), the voter turnout was not only well below the Emden average, but also significantly below the national average. For comparison: In the entire urban area, the SPD achieved 48.59, the CDU 25.98, the FDP 3.13, the Greens 9.15 and the Left 6.04 percent. Other parties accounted for 7.04 percent across the city. The turnout was 67.2 percent.

religion

Of the 4,940 inhabitants of the district, 3,056, or 61.9 percent, belong to one of the three large Christian churches (as of June 2017). The remaining 1,884 people are divided between non-denominationalists and members of other religious communities. Protestants make up almost 90 percent of the approximately 3,000 Christians: 1538 belong to the Evangelical Lutheran Church , 1186 to the Reformed Church . The Roman Catholic Church has 332 members.

In Port Arthur / Transvaal is the ev.-luth. Johannes parish on Schwabenstrasse, which was built in 1962. The community includes the entire district and the neighboring district of Constantia , which however has its own community hall. In addition, the Jehovah's Witnesses have built their Kingdom Hall, which is responsible for the entire Emden city area, not far from the Lutheran Church, also on Schwabenstrasse. There is also the only parish hall of the Pentecostal movement in Emden on Cirksenastraße . It operates under the name of the Emden Christian Community and is a registered association with around 70 members.

Economy and Infrastructure

Companies

Aerial view of the VW plant, in the background on the left the part of the port where the car handling takes place
Cassens shipyard

The area of ​​the district extends in the south to the Ems and includes various port operations and transshipment facilities, including the Borkum - quay of the AG Ems , where the ferries to the island leave, and the piers and parking spaces where the car export and import is carried out . The two locks that connect the Emden harbor with the Ems are also in the area of ​​Port Arthur / Transvaal.

The former plant of the food manufacturer Ültje and the Schulte & Bruns shipyard , one of the works stations of the Emden VW plant and other companies, including the Cassens shipyard , shipyard suppliers, companies in the logistics sector and construction companies, are also located in that district .

Even today, many residents of the district are still employed in the port and in the shipyards - in addition to the Cassens shipyard, also on the neighboring North Sea works . In addition, many earn their living in the nearby Volkswagen factory, which the city already counts statistically as Port Arthur / Transvaal. Until its final closure on March 3, 1979, the Schulte & Bruns shipyard was also one of the shipyards in the district.

On the site of the Erdölwerke Frisia refinery, which opened in 1960 and finally closed in 1992 , - after the site was decontaminated - several automotive suppliers have now settled, including Brose .

There are a number of smaller, medium-sized companies along Nesserlander Strasse . This includes companies from the field of ship suppliers such as Emder Schiffslösungen GmbH, the ship electronics company ESIE (Emder Schiffs- und Industrie-Elektrik) , which belongs to the Auricher Janssen Group, and others. In the northeastern area near the port, the medium-sized construction company Gebr. Neumann , which specializes in hydraulic engineering , maintains a storage and quay area for their construction ships. The mechanical engineering company Franken & Sohn also manufactures on Nesserlander Strasse. Two concrete plants and a larger building materials dealer as well as smaller trade, craft and in some cases industrial production companies can also be found there.

The Anker Schifffahrtsgesellschaft, a subsidiary of Lexzau, Scharbau , is one of the companies that organizes car handling in the outer harbor. Emden Verkehrsgesellschaft and the VW subsidiary Volkswagen Transport are also active in this area. The Tremosa company takes care of the preparation of vehicles imported to Germany from brands of the VW group. In the outer harbor there are also three silos in which grain is stored.

Public facilities

The port headquarters is located on Hafenstrasse, which monitors incoming and outgoing ship traffic and accepts ship registrations and de-registrations. The employees are employees of the state of Lower Saxony as the owner of the Emden port. In the port there are also several offices of other state and federal authorities that control shipping traffic. This includes an area of ​​the federal police , the water police and the customs , who hold the customs cruisers Emden and Lüneburg in the outer harbor . The Emden district is also home to the employment agency . The public facilities also include the East Frisian club from Evangelical Seemannsmission carried Seemannsheim , which is also open to members of other denominations.

traffic

Emden outer harbor station

The residential areas of the district are mainly accessed by three parallel streets: Nesserlander Straße, Cirksenastraße and Althusiusstraße . They run roughly in a northeast-southwest direction. The main traffic artery is Nesserlander Straße, which takes traffic from the city center to the outer harbor. It is part of a ring around the city center, formed from the autobahn half-ring, the federal highway 210 and other urban roads. The other two streets are - like large parts of the district - designated as a 30 km / h zone . In addition to the streets mentioned, Frisiastraße / Niedersachsenstraße is of greater importance as the connection between the port and the beginning of the federal motorway 31 . In the section closer to the autobahn, the street is called Niedersachsenstraße and was expanded to four lanes in the 2000s. All of the roads mentioned are municipal roads , which means that the city of Emden is responsible for road construction .

While on the main streets within the settlement center, such as Cirksenastraße and Althusiusstraße, only moderate traffic loads can be determined (the figures from the city's current traffic development plan from the early 2000s indicate almost 3,600 and almost 3,300 vehicles per day), it is on the Nesserlander Road due to traffic in parts of the port almost twice as many: 6600 in the north and 7100 in the south. There are 10,500 vehicles a day on Niedersachsenstrasse, the extension of the A 31. The direct access to the VW plant is used by 12,600 vehicles every day. As a connection between Larrelter Straße and the district of Friesland, its port parts and the districts further to the east, the street Fletumer Straße / Hansastraße is of greater importance. There were almost 5700 and 6100 vehicles respectively. As early as the late 1980s, Fletumer Strasse was closed to vehicles over 7.5 tonnes due to its "abbreviation" character, especially since the residential buildings there are close to the road.

The public transport connection through the district is the bus line 7 of the Emden Stadtverkehr. It connects the district every 30 minutes Monday-Friday and every hour in the evenings and on weekends with Emden city center and the main train station.

In addition to road traffic, rail traffic also plays a prominent role. The north-western boundary of the district is formed by the Rheine – Norddeich Mole railway line towards Emden Hauptbahnhof . Shortly before the main station, a branch line branches off from the railway line to the loading station of the Volkswagen factory in Emden . The line also forms the border to the neighboring district of Constantia. Completely within Port Arthur / Transvaal, however, there is another branch line, namely the Emden – Emden outer harbor to the local train station . Industrial tracks connect several port companies.

The district includes the entire outer harbor, in which, among other things, a large part of the car handling takes place. Furthermore, the ferry terminal to the island of Borkum and a marina are located in the outer harbor . The other port facilities of the city are located inland dikes , ships enter the port through the large sea lock (completed in 1913) or the smaller Nesserland lock (completed in 1888). Both are in the Port Arthur / Transvaal area.

education

The Cirksenaschule is located in the district on the street of the same name. It emerged from the earlier Dollart School, a secondary and secondary school, and is now a pure secondary school . The building also houses the Nesserland elementary school, which had previously been located in its own building on Nesserlander Strasse, initially only intended as a temporary measure, for more than 50 years. Due to the lower number of primary school students, however, the city of Emden gave up its own school building and integrated the primary school (structurally) into the secondary school. After the establishment of the first integrated comprehensive school in Emden in the neighboring Borssum district, the Cirksenaschule was dissolved as a secondary school in 2013 and converted into a pure elementary school. For this purpose, the Emsschule elementary school located in the city center was dissolved and integrated into the educational institution, which then traded as the Cirksenaschule elementary school. In addition, there is a municipal kindergarten on Schwabenstrasse and a kindergarten of the Arbeiterwohlfahrt on Althusiusstrasse in Port Arthur / Transvaal .

Architecture and urban planning

The streets of the quarter are mainly named after people of the East Frisian counts of the Cirksena , after villages in the area of ​​the Dollart that went under during storm surges and after cities in Westphalia and the Ruhr area, with which Emden had intensive economic contacts in earlier decades (see history of the city of Emden ).

Almost all of the residential buildings in the district are clinker brick , the most common building material in East Friesland.

In Port Arthur / Transvaal, as in the rest of the city, there are still a number of bunkers . The one on Fletumer Strasse is used by local music groups for practice purposes, while the one on Nesserlander Strasse serves as a storage room for a company. Other smaller bunkers are scattered across the district.

The Unner de Boomen square (from Low German : under the trees ) serves as a public square . This is located directly north of the historical core of the district. In addition to a playground, there is also a larger, asphalted area that is used for community events. When the temperature is below zero in winter, the area is flooded to provide ice skaters with an ice rink.

Population statistics

Port Arthur / Transvaal currently has 4940 inhabitants (June 30, 2017). This makes the district the fourth largest in Emden after the city center, Barenburg and Borssum . Around one in ten of the 49,913 Emder live in Port Arthur / Transvaal.

In the age group up to and including 19 years of age, the district is just below the urban average. While 20.9 percent of all Emder are younger than 20 years, it is 20.7 percent of all residents of the district. The proportion is also lower among senior citizens. 20.2 percent of all Emder are between 60 and 79 years old, but only 19.6 percent of all residents of the district. For senior citizens over 80 years of age, the urban share is 4.9 percent, that in Port Arthur / Transvaal only 3.5 percent. This is not least due to the lack of retirement homes in Port Arthur / Transvaal. As a result, the proportion of 20 to 59 year olds in the total population of the district is above the urban average compared to the total urban figures. The median value in Port Arthur / Transvaal is in the age cohort of 35 to 39 year olds.

The proportion of foreigners is slightly above average compared to the city's total numbers. While 4.7 percent of all residents in Emden are foreigners, the figure for the district is 5.9 percent. In the 1960s and early 1970s in particular, guest workers moved in, who mainly found work in the shipyards. A larger group of them came from Portugal. Therefore there was also a Portuguese leisure center ( centro portugues ) on Jansumstraße for several years , housed in a former pub. However, this is now closed again.

sport and freetime

The district's sports club is FC Frisia Emden . The association was founded in 1929 by around 60 unemployed residents of the district. It saw itself from the beginning as a workers' sports club . The first games were only played away due to the lack of a sports field before a soccer field was created in-house.

When the National Socialists dissolved the workers' sports associations, FC Frisia joined the National Socialist Reich Association for physical exercises . For this reason, the association - like almost all Emden associations - was not immediately re-admitted by the occupiers after the war. A new establishment took place under the name FC Dollart . This club was dissolved two years later and FC Frisia was re-established. The club members inaugurated a newly prepared sports field in 1964, and another 14 years later, a few hundred meters away.

Today, FC Frisia, which has played almost continuously in the Ostfriesland district class since its re-establishment in 1948, with very few exceptions, has around 750 members, 350 of them under 18 years of age. In addition to football, the club also offers dodgeball, gymnastics, gymnastics, running and skat. As of the 2013/2014 season, the first men's soccer team will play in the East Friesland- wide district league ( Ostfrieslandliga ), the third-lowest (or eighth-highest) division in the league system in Lower Saxony.

In addition, there is a civic association in Port Arthur / Transvaal that organizes cultural events in the pump station . This is also where the Transvaal theater group (Low German: Spöldeel ) founded in 1979 is based .

Personalities

Comedian Otto Waalkes grew up in the Transvaal district . A sculpture depicting Ottifanten was erected in his honor in the central square of the district . After the war, the Emden-born director Wolfgang Petersen spent the first years of his life in one of the barracks at the port . Several communist resistance fighters are remembered with stumbling blocks , including Karl and Aaltje Staub (Godfried-Bueren-Straße) and Conrad Frese (Berumer Straße).

literature

  • Marianne Claudi, Reinhard Claudi: Golden and other times. Emden, city in East Frisia . Gerhard Verlag, Emden 1982, ISBN 3-88656-003-1 .
  • Reinhard Claudi (Ed.): Stadtgeschichten - Ein Emder Reading Book 1495/1595/1995. Gerhard Verlag, Emden 1995, ISBN 3-9804156-1-9 .
  • Michael Foedrowitz , Dietrich Janßen: Air raid shelter in Emden. Self-published, Berlin / Emden 2008, OCLC 254736187 .
  • Herbert Kolbe : When everything started from scratch. 1945/1946. Gerhard Verlag, Emden 1985, ISBN 3-88656-006-6 .
  • Bernhard Parisius : Many looked for their own home. Refugees and displaced people in western Lower Saxony. (Treatises and lectures on the history of East Frisia, Volume 79). Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 2004, ISBN 3-932206-42-8 .
  • Onno Poppinga , Hans Martin Barth, Hiltraut Roth: Ostfriesland. Biographies from the Resistance. Syndicate authors and publishing company, Frankfurt am Main 1977, ISBN 3-8108-0024-4 .
  • Dietmar von Reeken : East Frisia between Weimar and Bonn. A case study on the problem of historical continuity using the example of the cities of Emden and Aurich. (Sources and studies on the history of Lower Saxony after 1945, Volume 7). Verlag August Lax, Hildesheim 1991, ISBN 3-7848-3057-9 .
  • Ernst Siebert, Walter Deeters , Bernard Schröer: History of the city of Emden from 1750 to the present. (East Frisia in the protection of the dike, vol. 7). Verlag Rautenberg, Leer 1980, DNB 203159012 , therein:
    • Walter Deeters: History of the City of Emden from 1890 to 1945. P. 198–256.
    • Bernard Schröer: History of the city of Emden from 1945 to the present. Pp. 257-488.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ emden.de: District information (PDF) ( Memento from December 8, 2015 in the Internet Archive )
  2. ↑ Emden's districts - Port Arthur / Transvaal In: emderzeitung.de
  3. ↑ Map on the website of the city administration ( Memento from March 13, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
  4. ^ Wolfgang Schwarz: Die Urgeschichte in Ostfriesland , Verlag Schuster, Leer 1995, ISBN 3-7963-0323-4 , p. 35. In the following Schwarz: Urgeschichte.
  5. ↑ Schwarz: Prehistory. P. 153 f.
  6. ↑ Schwarz: Prehistory. P. 161 f.
  7. ↑ Schwarz: Prehistory. P. 184.
  8. ^ Dietmar von Reeken: Ostfriesland between Weimar and Bonn. A case study on the problem of historical continuity using the example of the cities of Emden and Aurich (sources and studies on the history of Lower Saxony after 1945, volume 7), Verlag August Lax, Göttingen 1991, ISBN 3-7848-3057-9 , pp. 35f.
  9. ↑ Quoted in: Dietmar von Reeken: Ostfriesland between Weimar and Bonn. A case study on the problem of historical continuity using the example of the cities of Emden and Aurich (sources and studies on the history of Lower Saxony after 1945, volume 7), Verlag August Lax, Göttingen 1991, ISBN 3-7848-3057-9 , p. 50.
  10. ↑ a b Axel Milkert: Living in the shadow of the lock ends. In: Emder Zeitung , July 15, 2013, accessed on August 8, 2016.
  11. ↑ Hans-Gerd Wendt, Tobias Rosandic: Stadtarchiv / Biographie Karl Staub ( Memento from October 4, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) emden.de (PDF; 236 kB), accessed on October 2, 2013.
  12. ↑ Hans-Gerd Wendt: Stadtarchiv / Biographie Emil Winkels ( memento from October 29, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) emden.de (PDF; 300 kB), accessed on October 2, 2013.
  13. ↑ Helga and Claus Ollermann: Stadtarchiv / Biographie Jonny Janssen ( Memento from October 4, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) emden.de (PDF; 241 kB), accessed on October 2, 2013.
  14. ^ Hermann Bertus: Stadtarchiv / Biographie Harm Giesen ( memento from October 4, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) emden.de (PDF; 333 kB), accessed on October 2, 2013.
  15. ^ Von Reeken: Ostfriesland between Weimar and Bonn. P. 172.
  16. ^ Gunther Hummerich, Wolfgang Lüdde: Reconstruction - The 50s in Emden . Verlag SKN, Norden 1995, ISBN 3-928327-18-6 , p. 40.
  17. ^ Gunther Hummerich, Wolfgang Lüdde: Reconstruction - The 50s in Emden . Verlag SKN, Norden 1995, ISBN 3-928327-18-6 , p. 160.
  18. ^ Gunther Hummerich, Wolfgang Lüdde: Reconstruction - The 50s in Emden . Verlag SKN, Norden 1995, ISBN 3-928327-18-6 , p. 76.
  19. ^ Gunther Hummerich, Wolfgang Lüdde: Reconstruction - The 50s in Emden . Verlag SKN, Norden 1995, ISBN 3-928327-18-6 , p. 79.
  20. ^ Gunther Hummerich, Wolfgang Lüdde: Reconstruction - The 50s in Emden . Verlag SKN, Norden 1995, ISBN 3-928327-18-6 , p. 49.
  21. ^ Gunther Hummerich, Wolfgang Lüdde: Reconstruction - The 50s in Emden . Verlag SKN, Norden 1995, ISBN 3-928327-18-6 , p. 120.
  22. ^ Gunther Hummerich, Wolfgang Lüdde: Reconstruction - The 50s in Emden . Verlag SKN, Norden 1995, ISBN 3-928327-18-6 , p. 144.
  23. ↑ Uwe Wittstock: Clinker brick can be very cold , in welt.de, July 22, 2008, accessed on March 30, 2012.
  24. ↑ a b Emder Zeitung, September 11, 2006
  25. ↑ precincts Emden In: wahlen.kdo.de, accessed on September 25, 2013.
  26. ↑ Denominations in the districts In: Statistics Info 3/2017 , accessed on December 12, 2018. (PDF; 84 kB) The statistics do not evaluate the group other / without denomination in more detail.
  27. ↑ Detailed location description of Emden In: jehovaszeugen.de. (PDF; 10 kB), accessed on April 15, 2012.
  28. ^ Menno Smid: Churches, religious and ideological communities in Emden. In: Reinhard Claudi (Hrsg.): Stadtgeschichten - Ein Emder reading book 1495/1595/1995 . Gerhard Verlag, Emden 1995, ISBN 3-9804156-1-9 , p. 103.
  29. ^ Organization chart of the Federal Police ( memento of July 24, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) bundespolizei.de, PDF file, 1 p., The Emden office is assigned to the Hanover Directorate, accessed on April 15, 2012.
  30. ↑ Wasserschutzpolizei Emden ( Memento from July 5, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) polizei.niedersachsen.de, accessed on April 15, 2012.
  31. ↑ Traffic development plan ( Memento of October 14, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) emden.de, PDF file, 47 pages, graphic on page 4 (page 16 according to the original pagination).
  32. ↑ This and the following figures on emden.de: Traffic Development Plan for Motorized Individual Transport ( Memento of October 14, 2013 in the Internet Archive ), PDF document, 47 pp., Here p. 16, accessed on October 1, 2013.
  33. ↑ SVE timetable booklet - Line 7 In: stadtwerke-emden.de , accessed on December 12, 2018 (PDF; 528 kB)
  34. Jump up ↑ Gerd Janssen: Emden's nightmare: a port that has been sent away . In: Reinhard Claudi (Hrsg.): Stadtgeschichten - Ein Emder reading book 1495/1595/1995 . Gerhard Verlag, Emden 1995, ISBN 3-9804156-1-9 , p. 131.
  35. ↑ School is out on Nesserland , Emder Zeitung from July 4, 2011, accessed on August 8, 2016.
  36. ↑ Subject: Status of the Emsschulgebäudes In: fdp-emden.de , accessed on December 12, 2018.
  37. ↑ Address list KiTas - Stadt Emden In: emden.de , accessed on December 12, 2018.
  38. ↑ District information In: Statistics Info 03/17 on emden.de , accessed on December 12, 2018 (PDF; 63 kB)
  39. ↑ Chronicle on the homepage of the association ( Memento from September 28, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
  40. ↑ Jörg-Volker Kahle: The bear's fur is almost spread. In: Emder Zeitung , June 1, 2013, p. 27.
  41. ↑ History In: spoeldeel-transvaal.de, accessed on 30 March 2012 found.
  42. ↑ Heiner Schröder: A brave Emden district is honored. In: Ostfriesen-Zeitung , May 31, 2013, accessed on October 1, 2013.