Canning industry in Braunschweig

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The canning industry in Braunschweig was of outstanding importance for the economy of the city and the Duchy of Braunschweig between around 1870 and 1945 . It led to a lasting revitalization of the Braunschweig mechanical engineering . Before the First World War , two thirds of German canned vegetables were produced here.

The Braunschweigische Konservenfabrik Gustav Dommes , founded in 1923, expired in 2017, was the last company still in existence in Braunschweig.

history

Invention of the process

After preparatory work by the French physicist and inventor of the pressure cooker Denis Papin (1647–1712), who lived in England , the French François-Nicolas Appert (1749–1841) developed a method of preserving food by heating it in the absence of air in glass containers , today by boiling or preserving known. In his canning factory founded in 1804, from 1812 onwards he used tinplate cans that he had met in England. British engineer and inventor Bryan Donkin continued to improve Appert's process. In Germany, Daniel Heinrich Carstens companies in Lübeck and the Bethmann brothers in Frankfurt am Main followed in 1845 .

Beginnings in Braunschweig

Postcard from 1904. It shows important products of the Braunschweig food industry: A Braunschweiger , asparagus , sugar beet , the cichoria is also mentioned .

There were already two manufacturing plants in the city before 1847, but they soon had to close again. In the Duchy of Braunschweig, the chemist and Liebig student Franz Varrentrapp (1815–1877) suggested the preservation of asparagus in metal cans. The first attempts in Braunschweig were carried out by the master plumber HJ Pillmann († 1873) in 1850 and shortly afterwards by Daubert. One of the oldest companies is PW Daubert, founded in 1852. It was followed in 1863 by the Grahe brothers and in 1864 by AW Querner. Initially, these were small craft businesses in which cans were manufactured, filled and sterilized by boiling. Many companies that processed agricultural products for preservation initially produced the cans themselves.

The introduction of the autoclave for sterilization under pressure enabled the Grahe brothers to build the first larger canning factory in 1873. The canning industry experienced a further upswing due to the progress made by Braunschweig mechanical engineering companies. In 1875, R. Karges developed auxiliary machines such as the pea punching machine for peeling peas as well as folding cans and sealing machines. The can sealing machines developed in 1890 led to a price reduction of canned food by up to 50% in the period from 1872 to 1897. The annual production of the Braunschweig factories at the end of the 19th century was around 15 million kilo cans, which were sold throughout Germany. Braunschweig thus became the center of German tin can production.

Market leadership until World War II

Between 1875 and 1900, 34 canning factories were founded in Braunschweig. In 1882 there were 29 factories in the Duchy of Braunschweig, in 1899 there were already 42. In 1921 there were 35 factories in the city of Braunschweig alone. Mass production began during the First World War due to the rapidly increasing demand for long-life food. The canning industry, supported by the Braunschweig government, received large orders from the army, so night shifts were necessary. In 1928 there were 81 canning factories in the country, 43 of them in the city itself. In 1929/30, Braunschweig was the largest asparagus growing area in Prussia with 2,125 hectares (total area 7,598 hectares).

Decline after 1945

As early as the 1920s and 30s, the Braunschweig region was no longer able to meet the demand for canned vegetables for domestic production. The extensive destruction of the factories in the city during World War II led to a further decline in production. The import of vegetables to be processed from outside increased steadily, so that the imported share was already more than 80% at the beginning of the 1960s. The associated transport costs and the establishment of the European Economic Community in 1957 resulted in heavy market losses for the Braunschweig canning industry, which ultimately could not hold its own against competition from France and the Mediterranean countries. The location on the edge of the zone continued to have an unfavorable effect , as the important East German market no longer existed. Many canning factories closed in the 1960s and 70s. In 1992 there were still two canning factories in Braunschweig: Gustav Dommes and Veltenhof.

working conditions

Asparagus peelers in a Brunswick canning factory, around 1900

Around 90% of the unskilled women were employed in the Braunschweig canning industry, mainly low-paid seasonal work and home work . Around 1900, during the “ campaigns ”, the harvest months from May to September, almost 6,000 people worked in the factories and around 8,000 workers, mostly guest workers, worked in the vegetable fields. The earnings of women fluctuated considerably depending on the working conditions ( piecework , home or factory work). The average hourly wage was 13 pfennigs . The daily working time in the factories was up to 11 hours, in exceptional cases 13 and in extreme cases even 17½ hours, although in the 1890s health and safety laws had been introduced that prohibited Sunday and night work for women. Even the introduction of the 8-hour day in 1918 did not lead to any noticeable relief, since the regulations were mostly circumvented by "special agreements". The wages of the women were z. B. 1905 on average half that of men, homeworkers were paid even less.

During the heyday of this Braunschweig branch of industry between the world wars, the “Association of Canning Manufacturers” employed almost 20,000 people. The work was monotonous and exhausting. In the factories, asparagus was peeled and vegetables cut without the help of machines. Cuts or skin diseases such as " asparagus scabies " were common. The Braunschweig medical council and dermatologist Alfred Sternthal (1862–1942) reported on this dermatitis in the Dermatologische Wochenschrift .

During the Second World War , foreign slave labor was employed in the Braunschweig canning industry.

Major companies

Daubert 1850-1975

After initial attempts by the master plumber Philipp Wilhelm Daubert (1799–1875) to preserve vegetables in hand-made tinplate cans, a company was established at Bohlweg 9 in 1852 for the factory production of canned food. The company has been expanded by his son Carl Heinrich Daubert since 1859 under the name "CH Daubert Successor" to become a nationally known company. Under the brand name “Daubertus” mostly canned asparagus as well as canned vegetables and fruit were produced. The company moved to Marstall 3 in 1864 and to Wiesenstrasse 1 in 1922. The factory there was rebuilt in 1947 after being destroyed in the war in 1944. In 1959, the offer comprised 250 items. The company went out in 1974/75. The former factory was converted into a senior citizens' residence for the public health association.

Two other companies emerged from the Daubert family. These were the “Braunschweigische Konservenfabrik Niedersachsen Carl Daubert” , which was relocated to Bremen in 1972 , and the canning factory “Albert Daubert, vorm. PW Daubert senior ”. The latter was sold to Albert Hoffmeister in 1894 and moved to Helmstedter Strasse in 1920 . This company went out in 1972.

Grahe brothers 1863–1968

Gustav Grahe (1827–1900) recognized the potential of the new line of business after he had bought 1,000 tinned asparagus from the Daubert company and resold it in a short time. From 1861 Gustav Grahe experimented with the conservation of asparagus. He leased land to grow these vegetables and in 1863, together with his brother Karl Grahe († 1883), founded a company for the manufacture of tin cans and canned asparagus. As the first canning factory in Braunschweig, Grahe bought an autoclave for pressure sterilization in Paris in 1873, which resulted in significant production advantages. The location was moved to Bültenweg / Rebenring in 1874. The factory building, which was expanded in 1875, was equipped with further modern machines. Grahe bought land to grow asparagus, peas, beans and other vegetables. With a cultivation area of ​​600 acres , Grahe was Braunschweig's largest vegetable growing company around 1900. The number of workers had increased from 116 in 1874 to about 700 in 1900. On January 15, 1927, the company was converted into a corporation registered on February 5. In 1943, the Landesgenossenschaftsbank eGmbH, Hanover was a major shareholder with 56% of the shares. The company celebrated its 100th anniversary on April 1, 1963, but already died in 1968.

Querner 1864-1951

The businessman Anton Wilhelm Querner († 1841) owned a brewery at Wendenstrasse 54. His son Hermann († 1881) began growing asparagus in 1862, which he marketed as canned food since 1864. The production of canned asparagus and vegetables was supplemented by canned fruit in 1900. The company was transformed into a family limited partnership in 1924. The factory was badly damaged during World War II in 1944. Ice cream has been produced since 1949 and canned food production was discontinued in 1951. The senior partner Hermann Querner died in 1950 at the age of 84. In 1969 the merger with four North German Warncke ice cream factories took place to form " Warncke Eiskrem KG" with an administration and production center in Brundorf near Bremen .

Max Koch 1881

Max Koch (1852–1923), who came from Legefeld in Saxony-Weimar, founded a canning factory in Bertramstrasse in 1881, which also made tin cans. Production grew from 70,000 cans in the first year to 2 million in 1890 and 7 million in 1905. At that time, Koch was the largest canning factory in Braunschweig with 290 workers, 250 of whom were women. The company grew asparagus and vegetables itself and also processed game, poultry, sausages, soups and meat extract (brand name "Kochil"). After war destruction, the number of workers fell to 115 in 1945. The company boss Thilo Koch died in 1951. The company moved to Karl-Schmidt-Straße in the 1950s. In 1964 the company headquarters were relocated to Wolfsburg .

W. Maseberg 1893-1938

Advertisement from 1893

In 1871 the retired sutler , Schenk - and Einquartierungswirt Wilhelm Maseberg to Braunschweig and bought from the innkeeper Jacob Merkel the house with the insurance industry -No. 2976 II in Kasernenstrasse (from 1880 onwards belonged to the newly created Wiesenstrasse 2), which stood opposite the infantry barracks at Fallersleber Tor , which was built between 1838 and 1841 and expanded in 1879 . He sold this house in 1890 to the canteen manager Ludwig Wrede, who had already rented it from 1881, when Maseberg moved to the nearby house with the insurance company no. 4728, which he had rebuilt for living and working purposes. From 1885 to 1887, Maseberg was listed in the Braunschweig address book as the owner of the asparagus plantation, and from 1888 to 1892 again as a sutler, innkeeper and lodging owner, but presumably he operated both in parallel. From 1893, Maseberg was listed in the Braunschweig address book as the owner of the house with the insurance company no. 6415 at Wiesenstrasse 1, at the corner of Kasernenstrasse, although it is unclear whether he had rebuilt the house or converted an “old hussar barracks”, which was stated there up to this year, into a workshop. In this building he founded the canning factory and wine shop Gast & Maseberg with the merchant Theodor Gast, who up to this point had worked as an authorized signatory in the canning factory C. Th. Lampe .

Advertisement from 1894

Guest, who lived in the factory in the founding year, was registered with Maseberg in the house at Kasernenstrasse 28 from 1894 to 1896, and in 1897 at Hagenstrasse, today's Steinbrecherstrasse 6. In 1898 he left the company, moved to Bruchtorpromenade 15, and founded his own canning factory Th. Gast in Steinstraße 2. Wilhelm Maseberg continued to run the factory under the new name of W. Maseberg and also acquired the one next to the factory Residential house with insurance no. 6413 on the property at Wiesenstrasse 1a, whose apartments he rented out. Maseberg's wife Minna, née Theodor Gast, became the new authorized signatory for the retired Theodor Gast. Schorkopp, supplemented by the two merchants Heinrich Dürre and Willy Schorkopp, who were granted power of attorney in 1899 . Schorkopp, probably a relative of Maseberg's wife Minna, also lived in the private house at Kasernenstrasse 28 from 1898 to 1901, and since 1899 the worker Franz Maseberg, probably the son of the Masebergs, who, after the purveyor to the court Wilhelm Maseberg died in 1902, was a privateer has been. Master baker Reinhold Krauspe was the owner of the building at Wiesenstrasse 1a from 1904. Although Maseberg's heirs remained in possession of the building at Wiesenstrasse 1 in 1903, they sold the canning factory located there to the merchant Wilhelm Weichard.

A few years later, the Jewish entrepreneur Leopold Scheyer (1852–1909) was the owner of the Maseberg canning factory , which was the largest company of its kind in Braunschweig before the First World War. His daughter was Emilie Esther Scheyer , who left Braunschweig in 1905 and after whom the Emmy-Scheyer-Strasse in Stöckheim was named. After his death in 1909, his sons Erich and Paul Scheyer took over the management of what was then the largest of the 35 canning factories in Braunschweig and moved them from Wiesenstrasse 1 to Goslarsche Strasse 61. However, the global economic crisis led to the company's economic decline. In addition, there was the repression of the National Socialists against Jewish entrepreneurs, which is why the Scheyer brothers were forced to sell their company to the Meinecke canning factory on June 30, 1938 and to flee or emigrate with their families.

Schmalbach 1898

YES Schmalbach

The most important supplier for the canning industry quickly became the Schmalbach sheet metal factory founded in 1898 on Hamburger Strasse . The founder Andreas Schmalbauch ( sic !) (1851–1904) and his two sons Willi (1876–1929) and Gustav (1880–1931), who changed the family and company name to Schmalbach in 1913, led the company to market leadership. After an upswing during the First World War, the company employed 500 people. In 1929 the 11 German Schmalbach plants had 3,000 employees, in 1966 there were 11,000 employees in 22 plants.

After the merger with Lubeca-Werke GmbH from Lübeck in 1967, Schmalbach-Lubeca was one of the largest sheet metal packaging companies in Europe. In 1985 the number of employees in Braunschweig was 1370. The Schmalbach company had its own branch in Juliusstraße in Braunschweig for the manufacture of tools for can production, from which today's Neue Maschinenfabrik GmbH emerged .

Schmalbach-Lubeca has been part of the Ball Packaging Europe group of companies since April 1st, 2003 and manufactures lids for beverage cans at the Braunschweig site .

Smaller businesses

C. Th. Lamp 1870

The canning factory C. Th. Lampe, founded by Christian Theodor Lampe in 1870, was located on Celler Strasse . Around 1928 this had its own tin can, margarine and edible fat factory attached to it.

HC Jentsch & Son 1877

The canning factory HC Jentsch & Sohn , which was founded in 1877 and produced canned vegetables and fruit, was located at Kreuzstrasse 17/18 .

Brunsviga 1895-1981

“Brunsviga” canning factory, today a cultural and communication center

The Brunsviga canning factory, founded in 1895, was located at Karlstrasse 35 . After its closure in 1981, the site was acquired by the city of Braunschweig and converted into the Brunsviga culture and communication center.

Th. Gast 1898

Until 1892, the merchant Theodor Gast was an authorized signatory in the C. Th. Lampe canning factory . In 1893 he founded the canning factory and wine shop Gast & Maseberg in Wiesenstrasse 1 with the asparagus plantation owner and manufacturer Wilhelm Maseberg, who had previously been active as a sutler , innkeeper and lodging owner . In the year it was founded, Gast still lived in the factory, from 1894 to 1896 at Maseberg's house at Kasernenstrasse 28 and in 1897 at Hagenstrasse, today's Steinbrecherstrasse 6. After five years together, he left the company in 1898 and moved into Bruchtorpromenade 15 and founded the canning factory Th. Gast , “Import business of Prague ham, delivery to Hôtels u. Private, resale. Discount. Canned food factory, raw asparagus export, special articles d. Food u. Luxury food industry ”, with which he moved to Bruchtorpromenade 5 in May 1899. In 1901 he was based in Bruchthorpromenade 14, from April 1902 in cookshop 8a.

Canning factory of the Asparagus and Vegetable Growing Association, GmbH

Vegetable, mushroom and fruit preserves were produced by the canning factory of the Asparagus and Vegetable Growing Association, GmbH in Taubenstrasse.

Hermann Pinkepank

The manufacturer Hermann Pinkepank at Pfingststraße 11 mainly sold canned asparagus. The owner of the same name died in 1968.

Julius Roever KG

The Julius Roever KG in Gartenkamp 82 employed several hundred workers and made jams and preserves maneuvers ago. The company, later renamed Roever AG, had its own asparagus, vegetable and fruit crops.

Sheet metal factories

F. Ch. Unger & Son 1872–1970

Braunschweig's oldest sheet metal factory, F. Ch. Unger & Sohn , was founded on April 1st, 1872. In their workshop at Kaiserstraße 11, the master plumber Franz Christian Unger and his son Franz were the first to manufacture household and kitchen appliances, table lamps and, in addition to dimensions of black plate, also tinplate cans for the preservation of vegetables. As the successor to the deceased master plumber Adolph Borchers, they took over a workshop at Güldenstrasse 46 from his widow Auguste on October 5, 1872. Due to the increased space requirements, however, they moved the location of their company in 1876 to Güldenstrasse 54, where the tin can manufacture the flourishing business now only took up alone. When these rooms became too small and Franz Christian Unger left the business, his son Franz bought the former Philipp'sche brewery at Güldenstraße 30 in 1886, which he moved into after renovation and refurbishment with 22 workers.

Company letterhead on an invoice dated February 6, 1891.

While journeyman plumbers had previously soldered the lids on the cans, the year 1890 brought a significant change, as the soldered lid gave way to the new rebate lid, which subsequently led to major purchases of special machines and eccentric presses . In addition, a gas engine was put into operation and the production of tin cans was carried out on a large factory scale. The space available was again insufficient for the company's subsequent upturn, so Franz Unger decided to buy the factory premises on Roßstrasse, today Ernst-Amme-Strasse , 4 to 6. On May 1st, 1891 the factory was occupied and Werner Ohsenkopp joined the company as a partner. A boiler house was built and the factory was converted to steam operation, which was the basis for the further development of the company. In addition, the first horse was purchased and the construction of a stable began. The following years brought the company great employment and established reputation and importance. In 1894 the soldering shop was built, in 1895 the office space was expanded, in 1896 soldering rooms and 1900–1901 a flanging room and horse stables were created. When Franz Unger left the company in the autumn of 1901, he left his partner Werner Ohsenkopp with a rising company, which continued to grow under his direction.

Advertisement by F. Ch. Unger & Sohn (canning newspaper, born 1907.)

On October 1, 1905, the Braunschweig merchant Otto Poll (1864-1918) became the new owner of the plant, which he fundamentally modernized by means of conversions, relocation of the office to its own building and technical upgrades to machines and equipment, thereby creating the so-called "New Factory" created. A separate electrical power station was built and the operation was made more efficient by installing individual drive motors. The company developed into an important company, in which from 1909 to 1916 Johann Katenkamp, ​​first as an authorized signatory , and finally as a partner, played a major role. When Otto Poll died in Bad Harzburg on October 19, 1918, Bernhard Römmert (1889–1962) and Ernst Roth took over the management, from which Roth left in 1919. Römert led the factory through the post-war years, which were marked by fluctuations in money and prices as well as a lack of raw materials, and became the sole, personally liable partner of the company, which was converted into a limited partnership on March 18, 1922 . Otto Poll's heirs became limited partners. On April 1, 1922, the day of the company's 50th anniversary, Hans Zander and Hermine Könau, who had been with the company for over 16 years, were granted power of attorney.

In 1924 a tin printing shop was set up. In 1925, works director Römmert was able to afford to rent Richmond Castle and took care of the preservation and maintenance of the historic building, which was acquired by the city of Braunschweig in 1935 after Duke Ernst August decided not to use it himself would have. In 1927 Römmert traveled to the USA and bought a modern, fully automatic plant for the production of milk cans, making him the first in Germany. On July 15, 1930 Römmert started with his wife Frieda (* 1896) with the Europa , a ship of the North German Lloyd from Bremen to New York . Rommert undertook the same voyage on November 22, 1932, this time without his wife. Presumably these trips were also business trips. In the 1930s, nearly 100 million milk cans were manufactured annually.

After the war destruction of the Braunschweiger factory and three branches in East Prussia and Austria in 1944, the factory was rebuilt under the name Braunschweiger Metallwerk F. Ch. Unger & Sohn in 1950/51 by the architect Friedrich Wilhelm Kraemer . In 1970 the company finally went bankrupt.

Bremer and Brückmann 1890–1952

Sewing machines have been manufactured in the Blechwarenfabrik Bremer & Brückmann since 1871 . In 1890 the automatic production of cans that no longer had to be soldered shut began. The company was located on Juliusstrasse from 1891 and on Madamenweg since 1910 . The company, which was converted into a stock corporation in 1926, was taken over by the Schmalbach company in 1952.

Woldemar Wunderlich 1918–1977

The Blechwarenfabrik Woldemar Wunderlich at Bäckerklint 10 was already working for the Büssing -Werke before it started producing cans in 1918. After war destruction and reconstruction, the company had more than 400 employees in 1962. The company, which was moved to Kocherstrasse in 1974, filed for bankruptcy in 1977.

Manufacturer of machines for the canning industry

A large number of companies were involved in the manufacture of machines for making cans and for closing cans, e.g. B. the more than 100 year old company Klinghammer , the company Lanico founded in 1919 and the company Clemens & Vogl .

Lanico

The Lanico Maschinenbau factory is located on Broitzemer Straße. The production program today focuses on the manufacture of complete production lines for special cans as well as small can sealing machines for butchers. LANICO has been manufacturing machines for the tin packaging and canning industry since it was founded in 1919 and is now one of the world's leading manufacturers of systems for the production of technical packs. In the area of ​​aerosol and square can production in particular, LANICO is one of the market-leading suppliers of drawing, flanging and sealing machines.

Clemens & Vogl

The Clemens & Vogl plant was located on Arndtstrasse. The company went bankrupt at the end of the last century. Today the machines are manufactured by RHV Verpackungstechnik in Braunschweig under the C&V logo .

literature

Web links

Commons : canning industry in Braunschweig  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g Richard Moderhack (Ed.): Braunschweigische Landesgeschichte at a glance , in sources and research on Braunschweigische Geschichte , Volume 23, Braunschweig 1979, p. 191.
  2. ↑ Gerd Biegel (ed.): Herzöge, Revolution und Nierentisch , Braunschweig 1992, p. 120.
  3. ↑ a b Dietmar Salewsky: industries that developed from agriculture: canning, sugar factories and plant , in: Gerd Biegel (ed.): Braunschweigische industrial history 1840-1990. Exhibition on the occasion of the 125th anniversary of the Braunschweig Chamber of Commerce and Industry , Braunschweig 1989, p. 25.
  4. ^ Fritz Ullmann (Ed.): Encyklopadie der technischen Chemie , 1943, p. 735.
  5. ↑ Wolfgang König: History of the consumer society , Franz Steiner Verlag 2000, p. 140.
  6. ↑ Horst-Rüdiger Jarck, Gerhard Schildt (ed.): The Braunschweigische Landesgeschichte Millennium Review of a Region , Braunschweig 2000, pp. 919f.
  7. ^ NN: Osterburg in the 20th Century: Contributions to City History , 2006, p. 82.
  8. ↑ Horst-Rüdiger Jarck, Gerhard Schildt (ed.): The Braunschweigische Landesgeschichte Millennium Review of a Region , Braunschweig 2000, p. 1058.
  9. ^ A b Heidi Lang and Hans Stallmach: workbench, washing day, allotment garden. The everyday life of the Braunschweig workers in the German Empire and in the Weimar Republic , Braunschweig 1990, p. 28.
  10. ↑ Horst-Rüdiger Jarck, Gerhard Schildt (ed.): The Braunschweigische Landesgeschichte Millennium Review of a Region , Braunschweig 2000, p. 796.
  11. ↑ Dietmar Salewsky: Industries that developed out of agriculture: canning, sugar factories and plant construction , in: Gerd Biegel (Ed.): Braunschweigische Industriegeschichte 1840–1990. Exhibition on the occasion of the 125th anniversary of the Braunschweig Chamber of Commerce and Industry , Braunschweig 1989, p. 26.
  12. ^ Heidi Lang and Hans Stallmach: workbench, washing day, allotment garden. The everyday life of the Braunschweig workers in the German Empire and in the Weimar Republic , Braunschweig 1990, p. 29.
  13. ^ Karl Liedke: Faces of Forced Labor. Poland in Braunschweig 1939–1945 , Braunschweig 2nd edition 1997.
  14. ↑ Luitgard Camerer, Manfred RW Garzmann and Wolf-Dieter Schuegraf with special assistance from Norman-Mathias Pingel (Ed. On behalf of the city of Braunschweig): '' Braunschweiger Stadtlexikon. '' Johann Heinrich Meyer Verlag, Braunschweig, 1992, p. 124.
  15. ↑ a b c Johann Heinrich Meyer Verlag (Ed.): '' Braunschweigisches Adreß-Buch. 1870-1910. ''
  16. ↑ Reinhard Bein : Eternal House - Jewish cemeteries in the city and country of Braunschweig . Döring Druck, Braunschweig 2004, ISBN 3-925268-24-3 , p. 243-244 .
  17. ↑ Manfred RW Garzmann and Wolf-Dieter Schuegraf with substantial assistance from Norman-Mathias Pingel (ed. On behalf of the city of Braunschweig): Braunschweiger Stadtlexikon. Supplementary volume. Johann Heinrich Meyer Verlag, Braunschweig, 1996, p. 116.
  18. ↑ Internet page "Stumbling blocks for Braunschweig."
  19. ↑ Richard Moderhack (Ed.): Braunschweigische Landesgeschichte at a glance , in sources and research on Braunschweigische Geschichte , Volume 23, Braunschweig 1979, p. 192.
  20. ↑ L. Camerer, MRW Garzmann, W. Schuegraf: Braunschweiger Stadtlexikon , Braunschweig 1992, p. 204.
  21. ^ Council of the City of Braunschweig (ed.): Braunschweig. (= Germany's urban development .) 2nd edition, DARI, Berlin-Halensee 1928, p. 238.
  22. ↑ Jürgen Hodemacher: Braunschweigs Straßen their names and their stories Volume 3 , Braunschweig 2001, p. 160.
  23. ↑ L. Camerer, MRW Garzmann, W. Schuegraf (Ed.): Braunschweiger Stadtlexikon , Braunschweig 1992, p. 48.
  24. ↑ Jürgen Hodemacher: Braunschweigs Straßen their names and their stories Volume 3 , Braunschweig 2001, p. 264.
  25. ↑ Jürgen Hodemacher: Braunschweigs Straßen their names and their stories Volume 3 , Braunschweig 2001, p. 204.
  26. ↑ Jürgen Hodemacher : Braunschweigs Straßen their names and their stories Volume 3 , Braunschweig 2001, p. 88.
  27. ↑ a b c Hans Zander: 1872–1922. 50 years of F. Ch. Unger & Sohn Braunschweig. Aug. Wichert art print, Braunschweig, 1922, unpaginated.
  28. ^ A b c d Müller-Linow working group: Small chronicle of the tin can. Festschrift of the company F. Ch. Unger & Sohn on the occasion of its 80th anniversary. Braunschweig, April 1, 1952, unpaginated.
  29. ^ A b c Council of the City of Braunschweig (ed.), Karl Gebensleben (editor): Braunschweig. From the series: Germany's urban development . Dari-Verlag , Berlin-Halensee, 1928, p. 213.
  30. ↑ Website www.waldesnacht.de
  31. ↑ Reinhold Poll: The RUDOLPH POLL company from 1826 to 1926. Printed by Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn Akt.-Ges., Braunschweig, 1926, p. 17.
  32. ↑ a b c Manfred RW Garzmann and Wolf-Dieter Schuegraf with substantial assistance from Norman-Mathias Pingel (ed. On behalf of the city of Braunschweig): Braunschweiger Stadtlexikon. Supplementary volume. Johann Heinrich Meyer Verlag, Braunschweig, 1996, p. 132.
  33. ^ Building regulations office (City of Braunschweig): Richmond Castle. ( Memento of the original from January 8, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Print: City of Braunschweig, May 2000, p. 5. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / m.braunschweig.de
  34. ^ Bremen State Archives: Bremen Passenger Lists. July 15, 1930. Link 1
  35. ^ Bremen State Archives: Bremen Passenger Lists. July 15, 1930. Link 2
  36. ^ Bremen State Archives: Bremen Passenger Lists. November 22, 1932.
  37. ↑ Manfred RW Garzmann and Wolf-Dieter Schuegraf with substantial assistance from Norman-Mathias Pingel (ed. On behalf of the city of Braunschweig): Braunschweiger Stadtlexikon. Supplementary volume. Johann Heinrich Meyer Verlag, Braunschweig, 1996, p. 30.
  38. ↑ Manfred RW Garzmann and Wolf-Dieter Schuegraf with substantial assistance from Norman-Mathias Pingel (ed. On behalf of the city of Braunschweig): Braunschweiger Stadtlexikon. Supplementary volume. Johann Heinrich Meyer Verlag, Braunschweig, 1996, p. 140.
  39. ^ Homepage of Klinghammer .
  40. ↑ homepage Lanico ( Memento of 13 October 2008 at the Internet Archive ).
  41. ^ Homepage of RHV, found on July 11, 2010 .