Magnolias
Magnolias | ||||||||||||
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![]() Evergreen magnolia ( Magnolia grandiflora ), flowering |
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Systematics | ||||||||||||
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Scientific name | ||||||||||||
Magnolia | ||||||||||||
L. |
The magnolia ( Magnolia ) is a plant genus in the family of Magnoliaceae (Magnoliaceae). It contains over 200 species , all of which come from East Asia or America . The genus was named after the French botanist Pierre Magnol (1638-1715). Some magnolia species and their varieties are popular ornamental trees .
description
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Sternmagnolie.jpg/220px-Sternmagnolie.jpg)
Vegetative characteristics
Magnolias are shrubs or trees that are either deciduous or evergreen. The leaves are arranged alternately , sometimes heaped at the ends of the branches. The leaf blade is always simple and the leaf margin is smooth. Stipules are present and fall off soon after the associated leaf has unfolded. The shape of the stipules is an important characteristic of magnolias.
Generative characteristics
The flowers are terminally on the twigs, more rarely on short shoots in the leaf axils. In some species, the flowers are already laid out in the preceding vegetation period and bloom in spring before the first leaves appear, which makes the plants particularly attractive as ornamental trees. The flowers are structured acyclically, that is, they are not divided into petal circles, and the petals do not stand together in whorls, but all parts of the flower are arranged in a spiral on a flower axis. There are many bracts , many stamens and many carpels (in an indefinite number) per flower .
In the case of successful pollination , many bellow-shaped fruits emerge on the elongated flower axis, arranged in a spiral. Their red seeds hang down from the ripe "fruit" on long, tough threads.
All of these are very original features.
Toxins, effects and symptoms: Magnolias are only slightly poisonous, the alkaloid magnoflorin is mainly found in the bark and wood. Symptoms of poisoning can be skin and mucous membrane blisters as well as cramps.
pollination
Magnolia species are pollinated by beetles. The genus goes back to the Cretaceous period (over 100 million years).
Danger
The Bournemouth University announced on 4 April 2007, the Red List of Magnoliaceae lead 132 of a total of 245 species as endangered. The destruction of the natural habitats of magnolias for agriculture and their excessive exploitation are considered to be the main causes of the threat.
use
Magnolias are particularly valued as ornamental trees because of their large, showy flowers. Some species such as Magnolia officinalis are used medicinally in traditional Chinese medicine or are used as food, such as the species Magnolia cylindrica and Magnolia hedyosperma .
Species and hybrids cultivated in Central Europe
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Magnolia_grandiflora2.jpg/220px-Magnolia_grandiflora2.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Magnolia_grandiflora_BW_1.jpg/220px-Magnolia_grandiflora_BW_1.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Sweetbay_Magnolia_Magnolia_virginiana_Berries_1800px.jpg/220px-Sweetbay_Magnolia_Magnolia_virginiana_Berries_1800px.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Magnolia_delavayi_flower.jpg/220px-Magnolia_delavayi_flower.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Magnolia_tripetala_JPG1b.jpg/220px-Magnolia_tripetala_JPG1b.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Magnolia_fraseri1a.UME.jpg/220px-Magnolia_fraseri1a.UME.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Magnolia_macrophylla_flower.jpg/220px-Magnolia_macrophylla_flower.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Magnolia_acuminata_fruit.jpg/220px-Magnolia_acuminata_fruit.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Magnolia_kobus_borealis1.jpg/220px-Magnolia_kobus_borealis1.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Magnolia_liliiflora3.jpg/220px-Magnolia_liliiflora3.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Magnolia_liliiflora_Bluete_Detailansicht.jpg/220px-Magnolia_liliiflora_Bluete_Detailansicht.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Magnolia_stellata_fleurs.jpg/220px-Magnolia_stellata_fleurs.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Michelia_Champaca_Malaysia.jpg/220px-Michelia_Champaca_Malaysia.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Magnolien_Samen.jpg/220px-Magnolien_Samen.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Bl%C3%BCte_der_Tulpemmagniolie.jpg/220px-Bl%C3%BCte_der_Tulpemmagniolie.jpg)
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Cucumber magnolia ( Magnolia acuminata
(L.) L. ), with the yellow-flowered variety:
- Magnolia acuminata var. Subcordata (Spach) Dandy
- Yulan's magnolia ( Magnolia denudata Desr. )
- Mountain Magnolia ( Magnolia fraseri Walter )
- Evergreen magnolia ( Magnolia grandiflora L. )
- Magnolia hypoleuca Siebold & Zucc.
- Kobushi magnolia ( Magnolia kobus DC. )
- Purple magnolia ( Magnolia liliiflora Desr. )
- Magnolia × loebneri Kache = Manolia kobus × Magnolia stellata
- Large-leaved magnolia ( Magnolia macrophylla Michx. )
- Willow-leaved magnolia ( Magnolia salicifolia (Siebold & Zucc.) Maxim. )
- Summer magnolia or Siebold's magnolia ( Magnolia Sieboldii K. Koch )
- Tulip magnolia or garden magnolia ( Magnolia × soulangeana Soul.-Bod. ), (Is only confused with the name of the tulip tree )
- Star magnolia ( Magnolia stellata (Siebold & Zucc.) Maxim. )
- Umbrella magnolia ( Magnolia tripetala (L.) L. )
- Marsh magnolia or Virginian magnolia ( Magnolia virginiana L. )
- Magnolia × watsonii Hook. f.
- Pendant-flowered magnolia or Wilson's magnolia ( Magnolia wilsonii (Finet & Gagnep.) Rehd. )
There are numerous magnolia hybrids that have arisen from horticultural culture. They were selected according to desirable characteristics such as habit, flower size and flower color. The result is pink, burgundy and yellow flower colors that differ in size and shape from Magnolia × soulangeana .
Systematics
The following presentation of the systematics of the genus follows Figlar & Nooteboom: Notes on Magnoliaceae IV. Blumea 49: 87-100, 2004. The earlier genera Magnolia Plum. ex L. , Manglietia Blume , Michelia L. , Talauma A. Juss. , Aromadendron flower , Kmeria Dandy , Pachylarnax Dandy , Alcimandra Dandy combined into one genus; these are all genera of the earlier extent of the family of the Magnoliaceae, which corresponds to the current subfamily of the Magnolioideae; So only the genus Liriodendron comprising two species , the subfamily Liriodendroideae, remains outside. The Magnolia are now the only genus of the subfamily Magnolioideae. The genre is divided into three sub-genres, twelve sections and some subsections:
- Magnolia subgenus :
- Section Magnolia : Neotropis :
- Evergreen Magnolia ( Magnolia grandiflora L. ): southeastern USA to Texas
- Magnolia guatemalensis Donn.Sm. : It occurs in two subspecies in Guatemala , El Salvador and Honduras .
- Magnolia iltisiana Vazquez : western Mexico
- Magnolia pacifica Vazquez : western Mexico
- Magnolia panamensis Vazquez & Polecat : Panama and Costa Rica
- Magnolia poasana (Pittier) Dandy : Costa Rica , Panama
- Magnolia divorce ana Schltdl. : eastern Mexico
- Magnolia sharpii Meranda : Chiapas in Mexico
- Magnolia sororum Seibert : It occurs in two subspecies from Mexico to Panama.
- Magnolia tamaulipana Vazquez : northeastern Mexico
- Marsh magnolia ( Magnolia virginiana L. ): It occurs in two subspecies and one variety from the eastern United States to Texas and in Cuba.
- Magnolia yoroconte Dandy : It occurs from Mexico to Guatemala, Honduras and Belize.
- Section Gwillimia :
- Subsection Gwillimia : Asia and Borneo :
- Magnolia albosericea Chun & CHTsoong : It occurs in China and Vietnam.
- Magnolia championii Benth. : southern & southeastern China and Vietnam
- Magnolia coco (Lour.) DC. : southern China to northern Vietnam and Taiwan
- Magnolia delavayi Franchet : Yunnan and Sichuan
- Magnolia fistulosa (Finet & Gagnep.) Dandy , (Syn .: Magnolia phanerophlebia B.L.Chen ): It occurs from southeastern Yunnan to northern Vietnam.
- Magnolia henryi Dunn : It occurs from southwestern Yunnan to Thailand, Laos and Myanmar.
- Magnolia nana Dandy : Northern Vietnam
- Magnolia odoratissima Law & Zhou : Southeast Yunnan to northern Vietnam
- Magnolia persuaveolens Dandy : It occurs in two subspecies and one variety in Borneo .
- Magnolia pterocarpa Roxb. : It occurs from Nepal to Bangladesh.
- Subsection Blumiana (Flower) Figlar & Noot. : Tropical Asia and Malesia
- Magnolia liliifera (L.) Baillon (Syn .: Magnolia candollii (Blume) H. Keng ): It occurs from Sikkim to New Guinea.
- Magnolia gigantifolia (Miq.) Noot. : Borneo, Sumatra and Bangka
- Magnolia hodgsonii (Hook. F. & Thom.) H.Keng : It occurs from Nepal to southeastern Yunnan.
- Magnolia lasia Noot. : Borneo
- Magnolia mariusjacobsia Noot. : Borneo
- Magnolia sarawakensis (Agostini) Noot. : Borneo
- Magnolia villosa (Miq.) H.Keng : Sumatra , Malay Peninsula , Borneo , Sulawesi
- Subsection Gwillimia : Asia and Borneo :
- Section Talauma Baill.
- Subsection Talauma : Neotropics :
- Magnolia allenii Standl. : Panama
- Magnolia amazonica Ducke : Brazil
- Magnolia arcabucoana (Lozano) Govaerts : Colombia
- Magnolia boliviana (M.Nee) Govaerts : Bolivia
- Magnolia caricifragrans (Lozano) Govaerts : Central and northeastern Colombia
- Magnolia cespedesii (Triana & Planch.) Govaerts : Colombia
- Magnolia chocoensis (Lozano) : Colombia
- Magnolia dixonii (Little) Govaerts : Ecuador
- Magnolia dodecapetala (Lam.) Govaerts : Lesser Antilles to Trinidad
- Magnolia espinalii (Lozano) Govaerts : Colombia
- Magnolia georgii (Lozano) Govaerts : Colombia
- Magnolia gilbertoi (Lozano) Govaerts : Colombia
- Magnolia gloriensis (Pittier) Govaerts : Nicaragua to Panama
- Magnolia hernandezii (Lozano) Govaerts : Western Colombia
- Magnolia irwiniana (Lozano) Govaerts : Brazil
- Magnolia katiorum (Lozano) Govaerts : Colombia
- Magnolia mexicana DC. : It occurs in Mexico, Guatemala and Honduras
- Magnolia minor (Urb.) Govaerts : Eastern Cuba
- Magnolia morii (Lozano) Govaerts : Panama
- Magnolia narinensis (Lozano) Govaerts : Colombia
- Magnolia neillii (Lozano) Govaerts : Colombia and Ecuador
- Magnolia ovata (A.St.-Hil.) Spreng. : Brazil
- Magnolia polyhypsophylla (Lozano) Govaerts : Colombia
- Magnolia rimachii (Lozano) Govaerts : Peru , Ecuador and southeastern Colombia
- Magnolia sambuensis (Pittier) Govaerts : It occurs in Panama and in northwestern Colombia.
- Magnolia santanderiana (Lozano) Govaerts : Colombia
- Magnolia sellowiana (A.St.-Hil.) Govaerts : Brazil
- Magnolia silvioi (Lozano) Govaerts : It occurs in Colombia.
- Magnolia virolinensis (Lozano) Govaerts : Colombia
- Magnolia wolfii (Lozano) Govaerts : Colombia
- Subsection Dugandiodendron (Lozano) Figlar & Noot. : Northern South America:
- Magnolia argyrothricha (Lozano) Govaerts : Colombia
- Magnolia calimaensis (Lozano) Govaerts : Colombia
- Magnolia calophylla (Lozano) Govaerts : Colombia
- Magnolia cararensis (Lozano) Govaerts : Colombia
- Magnolia chimantensis Steyermark & Maguire : It occurs in Colombia and Venezuela.
- Magnolia colombiana (Little) Govaerts : Colombia
- Magnolia guatapensis (Lozano) Govaerts : Colombia
- Magnolia lenticellata (Lozano) Govaerts : Colombia
- Magnolia mahechae (Lozano) Govaerts : Colombia
- Magnolia neomagnifolia I.M.Turner (Syn .: Magnolia magnifolia (Lozano) Govaerts in DGFrodin & RHAGovaerts non Knowlt. ): It occurs in western Colombia.
- Magnolia ptaritepuiana Steyermark : Venezuela
- Magnolia striatifolia Little : It occurs from southwestern Colombia to northwestern Ecuador.
- Magnolia urraoense (Lozano) Govaerts : Colombia
- Magnolia yarumalensis (Lozano) Govaerts : Colombia
- Subsection Cubenses Imkhan. : Greater Antilles :
- Magnolia cubensis Urb. (incl. Magnolia cacuminicola Bisse ): It occurs in four subspecies in central and eastern Cuba.
- Magnolia cristalensis Bisse : This endemic only occurs in eastern Cuba.
- Magnolia domingensis Urb. : It occurs on Hispaniola .
- Magnolia ekmannii Urb. : This endemic occurs only in southwest Haiti.
- Magnolia emarginata Urb. & Echman : It occurs in northern Haiti.
- Magnolia hamorii Howard : Dominican Republic
- Magnolia pallescens Urban & Ekman : This endemic occurs only in the western Dominican Republic.
- Magnolia portoricensis Bello : Puerto Rico
- Magnolia splendens Urban : This endemic occurs only in eastern Puerto Rico.
- Subsection Talauma : Neotropics :
- Section Manglietia : Asia:
- Magnolia aromatica flower : It occurs from southern China to northern Vietnam.
- Magnolia blaoensis (Gagnep.) Dandy : Vietnam
- Magnolia calophylloides Figlar & Noot. (Syn .: Manglietia calophylla Dandy ): western Sumatra
- Magnolia caveana (Hook. F. & Thoms.) DCRaju & MPNayer : It occurs from Assam to Yunnan.
- Magnolia chevalieri Dandy : Vietnam, Laos
- Magnolia conifera Dandy : It occurs from southern China to northern Vietnam.
- Magnolia dandyi (Gapnep.) Dandy (Syn: Magnolia megaphylla Hu & WCCheng ): Southern China, Vietnam, Laos
- Magnolia decidua Q.Y.Zheng : It occurs in the Chinese province of Jiangxi .
- Magnolia duclouxii Finet & Gagnep. : Vietnam, southwest China
- Magnolia fordiana (Oliv.) Hu (Syn .: Manglietia yuyuanensis Y.W.Law ): It occurs in four varieties from southern China to Vietnam.
- Magnolia garrettii Craib : It occurs from southern Yunnan to Vietnam and northern Thailand.
- Magnolia grandis Hu & WCCheng : It occurs in southeastern Yunnan and southwestern Guangxi .
- Magnolia hookeri Cubitt & WWSm. : It occurs from Assam to China, Myanmar and northern Thailand.
- Magnolia insignis (Wall.) Flower : It occurs from Nepal to southern China.
- Magnolia kwangtungensis Merr. (Syn .: Magnolia moto Dandy ): It occurs in China.
- Magnolia lanuginosoides Figlar & Noot. ( Manglietia lanuginosa (Dandy) Noot. ): Sumatra
- Magnolia liliifera (L.) Baill. (Syn .: Magnolia pachyphylla Chang ): It occurs from Sikkim to New Guinea.
- Magnolia lucida B.L.Chen & SCYang : It occurs in southeastern Yunnan.
- Magnolia obovalifolia C.Y.Yu & Law : It occurs in the Chinese provinces of Yunnan and Guizhou .
- Magnolia ovoidea (HTChang & BLChen) VSKumar : It occurs in southeastern Yunnan.
- Magnolia phuthoensis Dandy ex Gapnep. : Vietnam
- Magnolia rufibarbata Dandy : It occurs from Yunnan to Vietnam.
- Magnolia sabahensis (Dandy ex Noot.) Figlar & Noot. : Borneo
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Magnolia sumatrana (Miq.) Figlar & Noot. : Sumatra , Java , Lesser Sunda Islands , Sulawesi . With the varieties:
- Magnolia sumatrana var. Sumatrana : West Sumatra
- Magnolia sumatrana var. Glauca (flower) Figlar & Noot. ( Magnolia blumei Prantl ): Sumatra, Java, Lesser Sunda Islands, Sulawesi
- Magnolia szechuanica Hu : Southwest China. Also called Magnolia ernestii subsp. szechuanica (Dandy) Sima & Figlar added to Magnolia ernestii .
- Magnolia utilis (Dandy) VSKumar (Syn: Magnolia dolichogyna Dandy ex. Noot. ): It occurs from Myanmar to the Malay Peninsula and Thailand and in Borneo and Sulawesi.
- Magnolia ventii N.V. Tiep (Syn .: Magnolia hebecarpa C.Y.Wu & Law ): It occurs in southeastern Yunnan.
- Section Kmeria (Pierre) Figlar & Noot. : There are three types in Asia:
- Magnolia duperreana Pierre : It occurs in Thailand, Vietnam and Cambodia .
- Magnolia kwangsiensis Figlar & Noot. (Syn .: Kmeria septentrionalis Dandy ): It occurs in northern and central Guangxi and in southeastern Guizhou.
- Magnolia thailandica Noot. & Chalermglin : Thailand
- Section Rhytidospermum Spach
- Subsection Rhytidospermum : There are three species in Asia and one in the USA:
- Honoki magnolia ( Magnolia obovata Thunb. ): It occurs from the southern Kuril Islands to Japan .
- Magnolia officinalis Rehd. & Wilson : There are two varieties in China.
- Magnolia rostrata W.W.Smith : It occurs in north-eastern Myanmar, in south-eastern Tibet and in western Yunnan.
- Umbrella magnolia ( Magnolia tripetala (L.) L. ): It occurs from the eastern United States to Oklahoma.
- Subsection Oyama (Nakai) Figlar & Noot. : There are three types in Asia:
- Magnolia globosa hook. f. & Thoms. : It occurs from Nepal to Myanmar and in southern and central China.
- Summer magnolia ( Magnolia Sieboldii K.Koch ): It occurs in three subspecies from China and Korea to Japan.
- Magnolia wilsonii (Finet. & Gagnep.) Rehder : southwestern China
- Subsection Rhytidospermum : There are three species in Asia and one in the USA:
- Section Auriculatae Figlar & Noot. : There is only one type:
- Mountain Magnolia ( Magnolia fraseri Walt. ): It occurs in two varieties from West Virginia to Texas.
- Section Macrophyllae Figlar & Noot. : There is only one type:
- Large-leaved magnolia ( Magnolia macrophylla Michx. ): It occurs in three varieties from Ohio to the southeastern United States and Mexico and also from Cuba to Puerto Rico.
- Section Magnolia : Neotropis :
- Subgenus Yulania
- Section Yulania
- Subsection Yulania : in Asia:
- Magnolia amoena W.C.Cheng : southeastern China
- Magnolia biondii Pampan : Central China
- Magnolia campbellii Hook. f. & Thomson : It occurs from eastern Nepal to China.
- Magnolia cylindrica Wilson : eastern China
- Magnolia dawsoniana Rehder & Wilson : Sichuan , Yunnan.
- Yulan magnolia ( Magnolia denudata Desr. ): Central and eastern China
- Kobushi magnolia ( Magnolia kobus DC. ) (Syn .: Magnolia praecocissima Koidz. ): It occurs in Japan and in the Korean province of Jeju-do .
- Purple magnolia ( Magnolia liliiflora Desr. ) (Syn .: Magnolia quinquepeta (Buchoz) Dandy ): Central China
- Magnolia salicifolia (Sieb. & Zucc.) Maxim. : It occurs in central and southern Japan.
- Magnolia sargentiana Rehder & Wilson : It occurs in Sichuan and Yunnan.
- Magnolia sprengeri Pampan : It occurs in central China.
- Star magnolia ( Magnolia stellata (Sieb. & Zucc.) Maxim. ) (Syn .: Magnolia tomentosa Thunb. , Magnolia kobus var. Stellata (Sieb. & Zucc.) Blackburn ): It occurs on Honshu .
- Magnolia zenii Cheng (Syn .: Magnolia elliptilimba (BLChen & Noot.) Figlar ): It occurs in the Chinese provinces of Henan and Jiangsu .
- Subsection Tulipastrum (Spach) Figlar & Noot. : With the only kind:
- Cucumber magnolia ( Magnolia acuminata (L.) L. ): It occurs in two varieties from Ontario to the east-central and eastern United States.
- Subsection Yulania : in Asia:
- Section Michelia
- Subsection Michelia (L.) Figlar & Noot. : In Asia:
- Magnolia × alba (DC.) Figlar & Noot. = Magnolia champaca × Magnolia montana
- Magnolia angustioblonga (Law & Wu) Figlar : It occurs in the Chinese province of Guizhou .
- Magnolia baillonii Pierre (Syn .: Paramichelia baillonii (Pierre) Hu ): It occurs from Assam to southern Yunnan and in Thailand, Myanmar, Cambodia and Vietnam.
- Magnolia balansae A.DC. : southern China, Vietnam.
- Magnolia banghamii (Noot.) Figlar & Noot. : Sumatra
- Magnolia braianensis (Gagnep.) Figlar : Vietnam
- Magnolia cavaleriei (Finet & Gagnep.) Figlar : It occurs in two varieties in southern China.
- Champaka ( Magnolia champaca (L.) Baillon ex Pierre ): It occurs in two varieties from southern India to south-central China and the Lesser Sunda Islands.
- Magnolia chapensis (Dandy) Sima (Syn .: Magnolia jiangxiensis (HTChang & BLChen) Figlar , Magnolia microcarpa (BLChen & SCYang) Sima ): southern China, northern Vietnam.
- Magnolia compressa Maxim. : It occurs from southwestern Japan to Taiwan, in the Korean province of Jeju-do and in eastern and southern Yunnan.
- Magnolia coriacea (HTChang & BLChen) Figlar : southeastern Yunnan
- Magnolia doltsopa (Buch.-Ham. Ex DC.) Figlar : It occurs from Nepal to Yunnan.
- Magnolia ernestii Figlar (Syn .: Michelia wilsonii Finet. & Gagnep. ): It occurs in two subspecies in southern China.
- Magnolia figo (Lour.) DC. : It occurs in three varieties in south-eastern China and earlier in one variety in the Korean province of Jeju-do .
- Magnolia flaviflora (Law & Wu) Figlar : Vietnam, Yunnan.
- Magnolia floribunda (Finet & Gagnep.) Figlar (Syn .: Magnolia microtricha (Hand.-Mazz.) Figlar ): It occurs from southern China to Thailand, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam.
- Magnolia foveolata (Merr. Ex Dandy) Figlar : southern China, Vietnam.
- Magnolia fujianensis (QFZheng) Figlar : It occurs in the Chinese provinces of Fujian and Jiangxi.
- Magnolia fulva (HTChang & BLChen) Figlar (Syn .: Magnolia ingrata (BLChen & SCLang) Figlar ): It occurs in two varieties from Yunnan to Vietnam.
- Magnolia guangxiensis (Law & RZZhou) Sima : Guangxi (China)
- Magnolia hypolampra (Dandy) Figlar : southern China, Vietnam.
- Magnolia kingii (Dandy) Figlar : It occurs from Sikkim to Bangladesh.
- Magnolia kisopa (Bush.-Ham. Ex DC.) Figlar : It occurs from Nepal to Vietnam.
- Magnolia koordersiana (Noot.) Figlar : It occurs from Thailand to western Sumatra.
- Magnolia lacei (WWSmith) Figlar : It occurs in Myanmar, Vietnam and southern Yunnan.
- Magnolia laevifolia (YWLaw & YFWu) Noot. (Syn .: Magnolia dianica Sima & Figlar , Michelia yunnanensis Franch. Ex Finet & Gapnep. ): It occurs in the Chinese provinces of Yunnan, Sichuan and Guizhou.
- Magnolia lanuginosa (Wall.) Figlar & Noot. (Syn .: Michelia velutina DC. ): It occurs from Nepal to Yunnan.
- Magnolia leveilleana (Dandy) Figlar : south-central China
- Magnolia macclurei (Dandy) Figlar : southern China, northern Vietnam.
- Magnolia mannii (King) King : It occurs from Assam to Bangladesh.
- Magnolia martini H.Lev. : It occurs from southern China to Vietnam.
- Magnolia masticata (Dandy) Figlar : Yunnan , Laos and Vietnam.
- Magnolia maudiae (Dunn) Figlar : It occurs from southern China to Hainan.
- Magnolia mediocris (Dandy) Figlar (Syn .: Magnolia subulifera (Dandy) Figlar ): It occurs from southern China to Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia and Thailand.
- Magnolia montana (flower) Figlar & Noot. : It occurs from western Malesia to Bali .
- Magnolia nilagirica (Zenker) Figlar : It occurs in western and southern India and in Sri Lanka .
- Magnolia oblonga (Wall. Ex Hook. F. & Thomson) Figlar : It occurs from Assam to Bangladesh.
- Magnolia odora (Chun) Figlar & Noot. : southeast China, northern Vietnam.
- Magnolia opipara (HTChang & BLChen) Sima : It occurs in southeastern Yunnan.
- Magnolia philippinensis P.Parm. : Philippines and northern Thailand.
- Magnolia punduana (Hook. F. & Thoms.) Figlar : Assam
- Magnolia rajaniana (Craib.) Figlar : Northern Thailand
- Magnolia scortechinii (King) Figlar & Noot .: Malay Peninsula , western Sumatra.
- Magnolia shiluensis (Chun & YFWu) Figlar : Hainan Island
- Magnolia sirindhorniae Noot. & Chalermglin : Northeastern and Central Thailand
- Magnolia sphaerantha (CYWu ex ZSYue) Sima : Yunnan
- Magnolia sumatrae (Dandy) Figlar & Noot. (Syn .: Michelia salicifolia A. Agostini ): It occurs in western Sumatra.
- Magnolia xanthantha (CYWu ex Law & YFWu) Figlar : Yunnan
- Subsection Elmerrillia (Dandy) Figlar & Noot. : Malesia
- Magnolia platyphylla (Merr.) Figlar & Noot. : It occurs on the Philippines islands of Leyte , Mindanao and Zamboanga .
- Magnolia pubescens (Merr.) Figlar & Noot. : It occurs in Mindanao .
- Magnolia sulawesiana Brambach, Noot. & Culmsee : It occurs on Sulawesi .
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Magnolia tsiampacca (L.) Figlar & Noot. : It occurs in Sumatra , Borneo , Sulawesi , Moluccas , New Guinea , Bismarck Archipelago . With two subspecies and two varieties:
- Magnolia tsiampacca ssp. mollis (Dandy) Figlar & Noot. : Sumatra , Borneo .
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Magnolia tsiampacca ssp. tsiampacca : It occurs from Sumatra to the Bismarck Archipelago .
- Magnolia tsiampacca ssp. tsiampacca var. glaberrima (Dandy) Figlar & Noot. : New Guinea
- Magnolia tsiampacca ssp. tsiampacca var. tsiampacca : Sulawesi , Moluccas ( Ambon ?, Buru ), New Guinea , Bismarck Archipelago
- Magnolia vrieseana (Miq.) Baill. ex Pierre (Syn .: Elmerrillia ovalis (Miq.) Dandy ): It occurs from Sulawesi to the Moluccas .
- Subsection Maingola (Dandy) Figlar & Noot.
- Magnolia annamensis Dandy : Southern Vietnam
- Magnolia carsonii Dandy ex Noot. : It occurs in two varieties from Thailand to Sulawesi .
- Magnolia cathcartii (Hook. F. & Thoms.) Noot. (Syn .: Alcimandra cathcartii (Hook.f. & Thomson) Dandy ): It occurs from Sikkim to Thailand, Myanmar and Vietnam.
- Magnolia griffithii King : It occurs from Assam to northern Myanmar.
- Magnolia gustavi King : It occurs from Assam to northern Thailand.
- Magnolia macklottii (Korth.) Dandy (Incl. Magnolia maingayi (Korth.) Dandy ): It occurs in two varieties in western Malesia.
- Magnolia pealiana King : Assam
- Sub- section Aromadendron (Flower) Figlar & Noot.
- Magnolia ashtonii Dandy ex. Noot. : Sumatra, Borneo.
- Magnolia bintuluensis (Agostini) Noot. : Sumatra, Borneo, Malaysia.
- Magnolia borneensis Noot. : Borneo, Philippines.
- Magnolia elegans (flower) Keng : It occurs from Thailand to western Java.
- Magnolia pahangensis Noot. : It occurs in Malaysia.
- Subsection Michelia (L.) Figlar & Noot. : In Asia:
- Section Yulania
- Subgenus Gynopodium (Dandy) Figlar & Noot.
- Section Gynopodium Dandy : With five types in China and Taiwan:
- Magnolia kachirachirai (Kanehira & Yamamoto) Dandy : Southeast Taiwan
- Magnolia lotungensis Chun & Tsoon : It occurs from southern China to Hainan.
- Magnolia nitida W.W.Smith : It occurs in north-east Myanmar, in south-east Tibet and in north-west Yunnan.
- Magnolia omeiensis (Hu & Cheng) Dandy : Sichuan
- Magnolia yunnanensis (Hu) Noot. : It occurs from Guangxi and Yunnan to Vietnam.
- Section Manglietiastrum (YWLaw) Noot. : With only three species in Asia:
- Magnolia pleiocarpa (Dandy) Figlar & Noot. : (Syn .: Pachylarnax pleiocarpa Dandy ): Assam
- Magnolia praecalva (Dandy) Figlar & Noot. (Syn .: Pachylarnax praecalva Dandy ): Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Sumatra.
- Magnolia sinica (Law) Noot. (Syn .: Manglietiastrum sinicum Y.W.Law ): Southeastern Yunnan
- Section Gynopodium Dandy : With five types in China and Taiwan:
Other species not assigned to a section (newly described since 2016):
- Magnolia alejandrae García-Mor. & Iamonico : The species first described in 2017 occurs in the Mexican state of Tamaulipas .
- Magnolia betuliensis Aguilar-Cano & Humberto Mend. : The species first described in 2018 occurs in Colombia.
- Magnolia chiguila F.Arroyo, Á.J.Pérez & A.Vázquez : The species first described in 2018 occurs in Ecuador.
- Magnolia kachinensis S.S. Zhou, Q.Liu & Sima : The species first described in 2018 occurs in Myanmar.
- Magnolia mashpi Á.J.Pérez, F.Arroyo & A.Vázquez : The species first described in 2016 occurs in Ecuador.
- Magnolia mercedesiarum D.A.Neill, A.Vázquez & F.Arroyo : The species first described in 2018 occurs in Ecuador.
- Magnolia mindoensis A.Vázquez, DANeill & A.Dahua : The species first described in 2017 occurs from southwestern Colombia to northwestern Ecuador.
- Magnolia oblongifolia (León) Palmarola ( Basionym : Talauma minor var. Oblongifolia León ): It occurs in eastern Cuba.
- Magnolia orbiculata (Britton & P.Wilson) Palmarola (Basionym: Talauma orbiculata Britton & P.Wilson ): It occurs in southeastern Cuba.
- Magnolia resupinatifolia Aguilar-Cano & Humberto Mend. : The species first described in 2018 occurs in Colombia.
Symbolic meaning
The magnolia is a national symbol of North Korea , usually depicted in the form of the summer magnolia .
The American state of Mississippi is known as the "magnolia state".
swell
- Yuhu Liu, Nianhe Xia, Liu Yuhu, Hans P. Nooteboom: Magnoliaceae : Magnolia , 61 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (eds.): Flora of China , Volume 7 - Menispermaceae through Capparaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 2008, ISBN 978-1-930723-81-8 . (Section description, but not yet systematics; this is from 2008 instead of the one shown here from 2004)
- Frederick Gustav Meyer : Magnoliaceae : Magnolia - the same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico , Volume 3 - Magnoliidae and Hamamelidae , Oxford University Press, New York a. a. 1997, ISBN 0-19-511246-6 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ Magnoliaceae. In: The Plant List. 2013, accessed April 15, 2019 .
- ↑ Magnolia family . In: Lexicon of Biology . Spectrum Academic Publishing House, Heidelberg 1999 ( Spektrum.de ).
- ↑ The end of the line after 100 million years? In: NZZ . April 29, 2007 ( nzz.ch ).
- ↑ a b D. Cicuzza, A. Newton, S. Oldfield (2007): The Red List of Magnoliaceae. Fauna & Flora International, 56 pp., ISBN 978-1-903703-23-6 Online, accessed on September 8, 2007 (PDF; 2.2 MB)
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd fe ff fg fh fi fj fk fl fm fn fo fp fq fr fs ft fu fv fw fx fy fz ga gb gc gd ge gf gg gh gi gj gk gl gm gn go gp gq gr gs gt gu gv gw gx gy gz ha hb hc hd he hf hg hh hi hj hk hl hm Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Magnolia. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved February 23, 2020.
- ↑ HP Nooteboom: Notes on Magnoliaceae with a revision of Pachylarnax and Elmerrillia and the Malesian species of Manglietia and Michelia . In: Blumea . 31, No. 1, 1985, pp. 65-121.
- ↑ National Flower korea-dpr.com
Web links
- International Magnolia Society. (engl.)
- Magnolia on the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.