Mobile payment

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Payment process using a smartphone and a payment app.

Mobile payment (also called m-payment ) is an electronic form of payment using mobile devices . Mobile electronic techniques are used to initiate, authorize or realize the payment, for example by means of cell phones , tablet computers or smartwatches .

Using mobile phones ( cell phones ) are used, it is specifically designed as mobile payment ( Scheinanglizismus for mobile-based payment ), respectively. Most payment processes are in the field of micropayments , i. This means that amounts between EUR 0.01 and EUR 5.00 are billed. Paying for mobile-related services such as B. ringtones , pictures or the like. The system is not only used for these purposes, but can also be used as a central payment platform for any type of service , e.g. B. Cell phone parking or the transfer of funds to other bank accounts ( e-money , also among private individuals as person-to-person , P2P).

history

Mobile payment in Uganda .

Serious efforts have been made to use the mobile phone for any payment process since around the mid-1990s. The starting point was initially the fact that the mobile phone is particularly suitable for processing payment transactions due to its specific properties, the high prevalence in the population and the user behavior in handling it.

The basics of paying by mobile phone in Germany are anchored in the contracts of the German mobile phone providers. According to these contracts, so-called premium SMS may only be used for mobile-related services. These include B. ringtones and logos for mobile phones or z. B. for SMS voting for TV programs . However, the use of premium SMS to pay for non-cellular services, including the Internet, is explicitly excluded. Some providers still use premium SMS to pay for various services on the Internet in German-speaking countries. If they are not approved by the mobile network provider, they can be warned immediately and switched off promptly if they become aware of them. In Switzerland, however, SMS payments are also offered at vending machines ( Selecta ).

In 2003/2004, the first public transport companies (Bonn, Cologne, Osnabrück) introduced mobile payment to a wider audience with mobile ticketing . In 2004, the first mobile ticketing system in Germany, Teltix, was integrated into T-Mobile's "Mobile Wallet".

2008 was Handyporto for franking of standard briefen and Postcards introduced in Germany, Switzerland 2013, moved to the SMS stamp after.

Since the end of 2009, newspaper and magazine publishers have been increasingly using Handypayment for e-paper offers, such as paid electronic newspaper articles , electronic magazine articles or other paid content .

Only with the introduction of smartphones was mobile payment able to reach a broader group of users. If the initial payment options, premium SMS and value-added services , were paid for using a telephone bill, the spread of the mobile Internet opened up new possibilities. Invoicing using a telephone bill turned out to be a hindrance to the success of mobile payment. This is how value-added services move z. B. only in a certain price corridor - a billing with the consumer can only be done by third parties.

In 2015, 51% of mobile payment payments were processed via SMS.

Various market players founded the mobile payment initiative in October 2018.

Since April 2019, it has been possible to pay directly from the car at over 300 HEM petrol stations in Germany with the mobile payment provider ryd pay.

standardization

As part of the SEMOPS initiative, a uniform European standard is being sought. France is pursuing similar approaches with its ERGOSUM program. On November 16, 2015, adopted Council of the European Union , the revised Payment Services Directive ( PSD2 ) Directive (EU) 2015/2366. The banks are obliged to set up interfaces that enable payment service providers to access the accounts of bank customers. As of September 14, 2019, these must either offer all third-party providers their own dedicated interface or let them use the same interface that they provide to their own customers. In 2019, the seven mobile payment providers Bluecode (Austria), Momo Pocket (Spain), Pagaqui (Portugal), Vipps (Norway), ePassi, Pivo (both Finland) and Alipay (China) joined forces for the mobile wallet collaboration . This association wants to offer a mutually compatible QR code in the future . As a result, the European Mobile Payment Systems Association (EMPSA) was founded with headquarters in Zurich . Founding members include Bluecode (Austria, Germany), Twint (Switzerland), Swish (Sweden), Vipps (Norway), MobilePay (Finland, Denmark), Bancontact Payconiq (Belgium) and Sibs / MB Way (Portugal). As part of Horizon 2020 , Bluecode was awarded almost two million euros in funding. Bluecode was supported by the Enterprise Europe Network .

software

Pure software solutions introduced on the market are, for example:

International

is a payment system from the US company Apple for in-house mobile devices. It was on October 20, 2014 launch . Apple Pay has been available in Switzerland since July 7, 2016 and in Germany since December 11, 2018.

  • boon. by Wirecard
Wirecard has been offering the fully digitized, mobile payment app boon since 2015 . which is based on a virtual prepaid mastercard and runs on smartphones with the Android and iOS operating systems. The boon.-Mastercard can e.g. B. can also be used via Swatch Pay , since 2017 in China and since 2019 in Switzerland. The boon. -App discontinued. The company has announced that it will in future fully rely on the virtual boon.-Mastercard , which can be used for Apple and Google Pay.
is a payment system from the US company Google for Android devices and was launched in autumn 2015. Since June 26, 2018, Google Pay has also been available in Germany and also allows PayPal as a payment method. Google Pay has been available in Switzerland since April 30, 2019.
  • Huawei Pay
was launched by Huawei and China UnionPay and is to be rolled out globally on all Huawei NFC-enabled devices . The service will be activated in Russia as the first country outside of China .
is a system developed by the Kenyan mobile phone company Safaricom in cooperation with the communications company Vodafone and introduced in Kenya at the beginning of 2007.
lets customers pay in stores with its app, but so far only in a few stores in Berlin. However, PayPal can be used at all POS terminals that accept Mastercard via Google Pay.
is a mobile payment service from Samsung Electronics and was launched in August 2015. Samsung Pay has also been available in Switzerland since May 23, 2017.

China

So far, almost every bank in China had its own app for mobile payments and online banking. However, these apps couldn't keep up with the frequently used payment functions of WeChat and Alipay. This could now change: China UnionPay , the only bank card organization in China, has now released a new app called “UnionPay Mobile QuickPass”. It is a cross-bank solution that offers almost all functions of mobile payments.

According to the market research company iResearch China, sales in the 2nd quarter of 2017 with mobile payment systems amounted to 3.47 trillion euros. WeChat Pay has a market share of almost 40 percent, Alipay has almost 55 percent.

has more than 600 million users worldwide.
has more than 806 million users worldwide.

Germany

In Germany , no mobile payment method has prevailed so far; there are standardization efforts within the framework of the National Roundtable M-Payment.

  • Deutsche Bank Mobile
The German bank has mPayment early April 2017 its regular banking app for Android integrated. In combination with a Mastercard, customers can pay at NFC terminals in all shops that accept this credit card. The bank recommends Apple Pay for iPhone users.

  • GO4Q
is a mobile payment system presented in December 2012 by IT-Werke based on QR codes , which means that no special hardware is required on the retail side. The authorization of transactions requires the entry of a PIN. The use of GO4Q is free of charge for end customers. After registration, at least one payment instrument must be deposited, whereby direct debit, credit card or PayPal are available. The payment system was first used by Edeka Südwest in April 2013 .

  • Mobile payment
The savings banks in Germany launched the mobile payment app in August 2018 . The app runs on NFC-enabled smartphones with an Android operating system from version 5.0 and requires a minimum age of 18 years. In addition, you have to be in possession of a debit or master card from the Sparkasse and use the bank's e-banking services.
Many Volks- und Raiffeisenbanken have been offering Girocard, Mastercard and Visa cards in digital form via the Android app digital cards since September 2018. The app runs on NFC-enabled smartphones with an Android operating system from version 4.4 and requires a minimum age of 18 years. With digital credit cards, you have to be in possession of a Visa or Mastercard from the bank and use the bank's VR banking app. The girocard, on the other hand, can be ordered in the app without having a physical card.

After registering the personal data, credit cards, debit cards such as B. the EC or Maestro card, or loyalty cards can be stored on the application. Payment transactions are triggered either by scanning a QR code with the smartphone or wirelessly using NFC and Bluetooth technology. The UMT AG is responsible as technical infrastructure operators and service providers.
Since September 2017, Postbank customers have been able to make contactless payments in stores using the bank's Android app . A Postbank Visa card and a smartphone with an NFC chip and at least Android 4.4 are required.

No longer active

  • iPayst
UMT AG introduced its mobile wallet iPayst in spring 2012, which was primarily used in the catering and hotel industries in southern Germany. After registering the personal data, credit cards, debit cards such as B. girocard or Maestro card or loyalty cards can be stored on the application. Payment transactions were triggered either by scanning a QR code with the smartphone or by NFC and Bluetooth technology. A fingerprint or four-digit personal PIN code had to be entered to identify and authorize the transaction. After the payment was made, the invoice amount, the card used and the participating retailer were automatically displayed within the application. The technological development is now being used within the Payback Pay app, for which UMT AG is responsible as a technical infrastructure operator and service provider.

  • kesh
was a mobile payment system presented by biw Bank for investments and securities in May 2013 , which enabled payments in retail and among private individuals. The system was developed by the IT service provider XCOM AG and allowed payments by entering the phone number, which was displayed as a QR code at the point of sale. The service ended on November 30, 2017.

  • Mpass
was a mobile internet payment system founded by O2 and Vodafone ; the German Telekom joined in October of 2010. However, it could also be used by users of other German mobile network operators . Mpass allowed parallel authorization via mobile phone and internet (PIN or TAN query). On October 9, 2012, O2 was the first of the three network operators to launch mpass based on the NFC standard. Mpass ceased its service on September 30, 2016.
  • Vodafone wallet
from Vodafone worked with all Visa credit cards and PayPal. The registration was relatively complicated, but then works wherever there is NFC. Vodafone Wallet was discontinued on June 28, 2018.

  • Yapital
was a subsidiary of the Otto Group founded in 2011 . Mobile payment with Yapital was mainly based on QR codes: The user could scan a QR code with the Yapital app on their smartphone and then confirm the payment. By using QR codes, cashless payment with Yapital was theoretically possible in various channels (stationary, online, on account). Operations ceased on January 31, 2016.

Austria

  • Blue Code - formerly VeroPay
is a payment method from Austria that was started in 2012 by Secure Payment Technologies GmbH . Bluecode has also been available in Germany since 2018. If the process is not provided by your own bank, the process developer provides your own processing service provider (Acquirer) who collects the money from your own bank using the direct debit procedure. If the payment method is not integrated in a merchant-specific app, the app of a participating payment service provider or an independent app of the service provider can also be used. This app is available for Apple (from iOS 8) and Android (from version 4.4). Users must be at least 18 years old. After entering a personal PIN, the Blue Code app shows a barcode that can be read in by a cash register scanner. Payment is made by direct debit via the user's current account linked to the app. Immediately after the payment you get a message on the app to check that the payment was successful and the amount that was debited. The payments are saved in a list in the app. The main focus for the dissemination of the system is seen in the integration of the function in retailer apps. The system is e.g. B. included in the apps from Billa and Merkur and in Germany at Globus and Galeria Kaufhof . In addition, a partnership with Alipay and the German Sparkassen-Finanzgruppe has existed since 2018 .

  • Paybox
is an SMS payment method from paybox Bank AG in Austria, which was also available in Germany at the end of the 1990s. In 2003 took over Mobilkom Austria the paybox austria AG to 100 percent. Paybox had stopped its end customer business in Germany after Deutsche Bank withdrew as the main investor due to the poor prospects of success. From September 2019 paybox only for the purchase of parking tickets (will Handyparken ) be available in Austria.
is an app from the Austrian banks and is used on the smartphone for "cell phone to cell phone transfers" via telephone contacts. Account numbers or IBAN are not required for this.

Switzerland

Slightly more than 0.2% of payments in Switzerland were made via a smartphone app in 2017 . The Institute for Financial Services Zug IFZ estimated this market share in its FZ Retail Banking study. Should mobile payment develop in a similar way to the contactless function using chip cards , around 2.5 to 3 million transactions per month could be made via smartphone by 2020. This would correspond to a market share of 1.5 to 2%. In 2018, around 0.5% of all payments were made using mobile phones. As part of the creation of the uniform SEPA euro payments area , the ESR procedure is to be replaced by a compatible procedure, a procedure based on the ISO 20022 standard . The future payment slip is to use the data code EPC QR code and replace the payment slip with reference number on June 30, 2020.

Well-known payment apps in Switzerland are Twint , Apple Pay, Google Pay and Samsung Pay. Twint was created from the merger of the UBS, ZKB and Six app Paymit and the Postfinance app Twint. Together, the banks want to oppose Apple Pay, which is why they have moved into the focus of the competition commission . As the first regional bank in Switzerland, Bank Linth , in cooperation with Cornèr Bank , started payment using Apple Pay in October 2016. Credit Suisse credit cards were activated for Samsung Pay on April 30, 2019. In 2019, SIX Payment Services , a subsidiary of Worldline , started with a uniform QR code for Twint, Alipay and WeChat Pay.

  • Mobile Pay
With the Mobile Pay function in the VisecaOne app from the Aduno Group , an Android NFC smartphone and a Mastercard from one of the participating cantonal banks ( Freiburger Kantonalbank , BCJ , BCN and Walliser Kantonalbank ), payments can be made at all contactless terminals worldwide. The module comes from SwissWallet.

Since 2016, PostFinance customers have been able to make contactless payments with the bank's app. An account with Postfinance and an NFC-enabled Android smartphone are required.
is the solution of many Swiss banks and of SIX . It runs on iPhones and Android smartphones and was launched in autumn 2015. The area of ​​application of Twint is limited to Switzerland.

  • Visa Bonus Card
The mobile app Visa Bonus Card for Android from BonusCard.ch AG can be used worldwide. The card can also be used for Apple and Samsung Pay.

hardware

On the hardware side, near field communication (NFC) is most likely to be able to establish a standard. In most cases, an EMV chip card (credit, debit card, etc.) with host card emulation technology is transferred to the NFC chip of a device (smartphone, smartwatch, etc.), a technology for virtualizing chip cards in NFC-based technology mobile payment method. Apple has not opened the NFC interface for third-party providers on iOS devices , unlike Google on Android devices , which is why many banking institutions only bring apps for Android onto the market.

Visa and Mastercard announced in 2014 that from 2020 it will be possible to pay with NFC at every POS terminal across Europe . According to a survey carried out by the EHI Retail Institute in 2014, 28% of those questioned offered contactless payment via card and 24% via mobile payment. In contrast, SMS-based services can be used by all mobile phones.

There are also add-on solutions that enable mobile credit card processing. The audio jack of the cell phone, Bluetooth or NFC is usually used for this purpose for transmission; Lexware pay, iZettle and Payleven allow the use of both interfaces. Also SUMUP and VR-pay are Mobile Point of Sale (mPOS) payment service.

differentiation

When considering mobile payment methods, a distinction must be made between two basic tasks: While within mobile commerce a payment for a mobile offer that is ideally perceived by the user as inherent in the system is made, mobile payment outside of mobile commerce is itself a mobile commerce application that can be used in various scenarios Provides payment functionality. Outside of mobile commerce, this basically includes paying on the (stationary) Internet, paying at all kinds of machines, paying to a person who acts as a dealer or service provider (e.g. in a department store, at the pizza delivery person or in a taxi) as well as transmitting a Sum of money between end customers into consideration.

Mobile apps for cashless payments can be equipped with very different functions / applications, e.g. B. consisting of:

index

The Solactive Mobile Payment NTR index of Solactive holds seventeen shares with the highest market capitalization together of companies that are active in the fields of electronic and mobile payment processing. The index certificate WKN DS8PAY is issued by Deutsche Bank . As of September 2019, the following companies are represented in the index:

AdyenAlliance Data SystemsEdenredEuronet WorldwideFidelity National Information ServicesFleetcor TechnologiesGlobal PaymentsGMO Payment GatewayGreen DotMastercardPagseguro DigitalPayPalStonecoVISAWEXWirecardWorldline

See also

literature

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  • Stamatis Karnouskos: Mobile Payment: A journey through existing procedures and standardization initiatives . In IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials , Vol. 6, No. 4, 4th Quarter 2004, pp. 44-66. ( PDF file; 240 kB )
  • Mwangi S. Kimenyi, Njuguna S. Ndung'u: Expanding the Financial Services Frontier: Lessons From Mobile Phone Banking in Kenya (PDF, 7 pages ), Brookings Institution , October 16, 2009
  • Sarah Leschik: Mobile Payment: Techniques - Implementation - Acceptance , Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, Baden-Baden 2012, ISBN 978-3-8329-6606-5
  • Key Pousttchi : Mobile Payment in Germany - Cross-Scenario Reference Model for Mobile Payment Processes , Gabler / DUV, Wiesbaden 2005, ISBN 3-8244-8272-X
  • Paul Gerhardt Schierz: acceptance of mobile payment systems. An empirical analysis based on the technology acceptance model , Verlag Dr. Kovac. Hamburg 2008, ISBN 978-3-8300-3241-0
  • Ernst Stahl, Thomas Krabichler, Markus Breitschaft, Georg Wittmann: Payment processing on the Internet - meaning, status quo and future challenges . Regensburg 2006. ISBN 3-937195-12-2 , 229 pages, over 80 illustrations, details on the study and management summary as PDF
  • Cornelia Stengel / Thomas Weber: Digital and mobile payment systems - technology, contracts and regulation of credit cards, wallets and e-money , Schulthess Verlag, Zurich, Basel, Geneva 2016, ISBN 978-3-7255-7558-9 .
  • Hierl, Ludwig (Ed.) (2017): Mobile Payment with Basic Strategies - Practice, Edition Bankmagazin, Springer Gabler Verlag Wiesbaden. ISBN 978-3-658-14117-2 .

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