Axpo Power
| Axpo Power AG
|
|
|---|---|
 |
|
| legal form | Corporation |
| founding | 1908 (as Löntsch-Beznau-Werke) |
| Seat | Baden , Switzerland |
| management | Andy Heiz |
| Branch | power supply |
| Website | axpo.com |
The Axpo Power AG based in Baden , canton Aargau , is 100 percent a subsidiary of Axpo Holding . It produces, distributes and sells electricity and other forms of energy and offers energy-related services.
Axpo Power emerged from Nordostschweizerische Kraftwerke AG ( NOK ), later Axpo AG. The NOK, in turn, has its origins in the Beznau Löntsch AG power plants founded in 1907.
history
→ For the main article, Axpo history, see Axpo Holding AG
The Motor AG of Applied electricity in 1902 introduced the Aarekraftwerk at Beznau and 1908 the power station at Löntsch finished. She founded a joint company, Kraftwerke Beznau Löntsch AG. The power plant on the Löntsch uses the Klöntalersee , a natural lake created by landslides, to generate electricity . The two power plants were brought together by high-voltage lines to form Switzerland's second electricity network .
In 1914 the cantons of Aargau , Glarus , Zurich , Thurgau , Schaffhausen and Zug took over the Beznau-Löntsch power plants and renamed the company NOK. The canton of Schwyz originally wanted to take part in the project, but the canton council did not agree to participate. Beznau is still one of the most important substations in the 380 kV transmission network. In 1929 the St. Gallisch-Appenzellische Kraftwerke AG (SAK) , also founded in 1914, joins the NOK, and it was not until 1951 that the canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden also joined .
In the 1960s, the Swiss authorities, NOK and the other large electricity producers came to the conclusion that hydropower as an electricity supplier was largely exhausted. The focus of interest was now on oil-thermal power plants and nuclear energy . From 1962 the following quote from the NOK executive suite regarding the plans at that time to develop its own Swiss nuclear power plant: "Nuclear power plants are only competitive in terms of price if part of the research and plant costs can be passed on to other shoulders, e.g. on production of nuclear weapons . "
Due to the accident in the Lucens experimental nuclear power plant , any of our own reactor plans could not be implemented anyway; With the Beznau NPP, the NOK relied on American light water reactor technology .
In 1969 the first Swiss nuclear power plant, the Beznau 1 NPP , went into operation. In 1971 the Beznau 2 nuclear power station followed. The breakthrough in nuclear power was politically broadly supported, including the support of environmentalists who wanted to curb the construction of rivers and streams and relieve the increasingly polluted air of CO 2 .
In 1997 the EU started the gradual liberalization of the electricity market . In order to turn the NOK into a Europe-compatible electricity company, the NOK and the NOK cantons and their cantonal utilities founded Axpo Holding AG in 2001. In 2009 the NOK became Axpo AG and in 2012 it became today's Axpo Power AG.
In the course of liberalization, ownership and operation of the transmission network will be separated from the distribution network, electricity production and trading business, and the transmission network will be transferred to the national grid company Swissgrid , founded in 2006, at the beginning of 2013 . Axpo Power AG has a 22.7% stake in Swissgrid.
Shareholders
Axpo Power AG is 100% a subsidiary of Axpo Holding AG and this is 100% publicly owned.
Power plants and networks
Axpo Power AG operates more than 100 power plants. Your Swiss power plant park has an installed capacity of around 5830 megawatts (MW) as of the end of September 2019 and a production capacity of around 25 billion kilowatt hours (kWh).
Axpo Power AG's domestic electricity mix of hydropower, nuclear power and new energies such as biomass is practically CO2 in operation.
Axpo's supraregional distribution network (110 kV / 50 KV / 16 kV) extends over 2200 kilometers and includes 8000 pylons. It consists of 82 percent overhead lines and 18 percent cable lines. With its networks, Axpo supplies the entire north-east of Switzerland, the Principality of Liechtenstein and parts of the cantons of Schwyz, Zug, Graubünden and Valais with electricity.
The average duration of supply interruptions per end consumer is short. In the 2018/19 financial year, it was 0.25 [min / a] at Axpo Netze and 21.6 [min / a] at CKW.
Nuclear power plants
Axpo Power AG is 100% owner of the Beznau nuclear power plant . It has a 22.8% stake in the Leibstadt nuclear power plant and is responsible for the management. It owns 25% of the share capital of the Gösgen nuclear power plant .
In Switzerland, the share of nuclear energy in electricity production is 39 percent on a 10-year average, and up to 45 percent in winter. The annual availability is around 90 percent. Nuclear power plants supply belt power (base load power).
With its nuclear power plants (owned, partner plants and long-term contracts with France), Axpo Power AG has an installed capacity of 1500 MW.
Reportable Incidents
The operators of Swiss nuclear facilities must report incidents to the Swiss Federal Nuclear Safety Inspectorate (ENSI) that meet the criteria in accordance with the Nuclear Energy Ordinance and the ENSI regulations. Notifiable events indicate that an irregularity has occurred in the company that had to be observed and reported. They do not mean that measurable amounts of radioactive substances were accidentally released.
According to ENSI, the Swiss nuclear power plants were operated safely in 2019.
According to ENSI, there were 31 reportable incidents in Axpo Power AG's nuclear power plants (own plants and partner plants) according to the INES international event scale .
INES classifies level 0 as deviation, levels 1 to 3 as malfunctions and incidents, and levels 4 to 7 as accidents.
| Reportable Incidents 2018 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of incidents of the respective INES level | ||||
| KKB 1 | KKB 2 | Both | KKL | KKG |
| 3 of level 0 | 1 of level 0 | No | 10 of level 0
2 of level 1 |
13 of level 0 |
Source: 2018 supervisory report on nuclear safety in Swiss nuclear facilities, ENSI (the supervisory report appears annually and is published in June).
Beznau nuclear power plant
The Beznau nuclear power plant (KKB) is 100% owned by Axpo Power AG. It is located on a river island of the Aare in the lower Aare valley. Beznau 1 has been in operation since 1969, Beznau 2 since 1971. Both reactors are pressurized water reactors and each have an output of 380 MW gross and 365 MW net.
The KKB supplies around 6 billion kWh of electricity a year. In addition, it supplies an area with around 18,000 inhabitants with district heating .
According to the Swiss Nuclear Energy Act, nuclear power plants in Switzerland have an unlimited operating license. This means that nuclear power plants can operate as long as they are safe.
In 2019, the KKB celebrated its 50th anniversary, making it one of the oldest nuclear power plants in the world. Nevertheless, Axpo plans to continue operating the system for around 10 years.
The federal government is also to reckon with an operating life of 60 years for the Swiss nuclear power plants (previously 50 years); this in order to be able to implement the energy transition. Axpo Power AG has invested around CHF 2.5 billion in retrofitting and renovating the system since the KKB was founded.
Since commissioning, 250 terawatt hours of electricity have been produced on the island of Beznau . A coal-fired power plant would have emitted around 300 million tons of CO2 into the environment to produce this output.
Incidents in the reactor pressure vessel (RPV), Beznau I
In 2015, Axpo detected irregularities on the reactor pressure vessel (RPV) of the Beznau 1 nuclear power plant , which were previously unavailable, using new ultrasonic measurement technology . Axpo assumed that the 950 or so anomalies were aluminum oxide inclusions that had already formed when the pressure vessel was forged in France in 1965. As a result, the reactor stood still for around three years. It took that long before Axpo Power AG was able to demonstrate in a comprehensive safety report that the displays were not based on a safety-related defect. Proof of safety as well as downtime and the procurement costs for replacement electricity volumes cost the company CHF 350 million.
The proof of safety includes a specially produced replica of a forged ring that was cast, forged and heat-treated and then tested in the English forge in Sheffield based on the specification for the original ring.
After examining the data presented, ENSI, with the help of an independent, international group of experts, came to the conclusion that the irregularities found are production-related and not operational, and that the RPV is safe. On March 19, 2018, Axpo Power AG received approval from ENSI to restart the KKB. The NZZ writes: “This decision is significant above all because it does not take into account the political environment, (...) economic considerations, nor questions of security of supply, but is based solely on technical analyzes and tests. That makes it transparent and credible. (...) Beznau 1 is thus being extended after three years of downtime as the world's best tested reactor and will probably continue to produce electricity for a few more years. (...) The decision (...) says: It is not the mere age of a system that is decisive, but its condition alone. "
However, an expert report by the German Ökoinstitut Darmstadt criticizes ENSI's decision. ENSI, in turn, contradicts it in a statement and states in summary that most of the safety-related disadvantages claimed in the report are either incorrect or of minor importance.
In March 2020, the Swiss Energy Foundation SES submitted a petition with around 11,600 signatures to the Federal Chancellery calling for the Beznau 1 nuclear power station to be temporarily decommissioned.
Hydropower
Axpo Power AG owns 85% of the Linth-Limmern (KLL) power plants in Linthal and 50% of the AG Kraftwerk Wägital in Vorderthal .
Axpo Power AG owns numerous other hydropower plants and participations in power plants outside of north-eastern Switzerland. It is also involved in the Ryburg-Schwörstadt (KRS) hydropower plant , which is located on both sides of the border between Germany and Switzerland.
Since the formation of various electricity companies to form Axpo Holding, the former electricity company Laufenburg EGL and today's Axpo Solutions AG, but Axpo Power AG, is the managing member of Albula-Landwasser Kraftwerke AG in Filisur .
Linth-Limmern power plants
The Linth-Limmern AG (KLL) hydropower plant in the Glarus Alps has been producing electricity since 1964 and has been in full operation since 1968. The facility includes an arch dam , completed in 1963 , which dams the Limmerensee, which holds 92 million cubic meters of water .
As part of the 2.1 billion Swiss franc project “Linthal 2015”, the system was expanded with an underground pumped storage power plant . Pumped storage power plants serve as “batteries” that store electricity in the form of water and for grid stability. The expansion increases the installed capacity of the Linth-Limmern power plants by a thousand to 1,540 MW. The heart of the facility is housed in a cavern, larger than the Zurich station concourse . The 1000-meter-long gravity dam , which is the new dam of the upper Muttsee basin , is the longest in Switzerland and the highest in Europe.
The new Limmern pumped storage facility is the largest electricity battery in Switzerland. If necessary and when the Muttsee is completely full, the plant can run at full load for 33 hours.
“A work of the century”, writes the Aargauer Zeitung, but it is not profitable. For the profitable operation of a pumped storage power plant, capital costs and the price difference between purchased pumped and sold peak electricity as well as the utilization count. This in turn depends on the demand for peak electricity, which is currently low. Axpo Power AG does not assume that the plant will be profitable in the coming years. The company has made billions in provisions. However, the operating time of the power plant is normal at 80 years and designed to be extremely long-term.
Photovoltaics
Alpine solar plant
Up to now, Axpo Power AG has hardly had a presence in photovoltaics in Switzerland, although studies such as the Federal Office of Energy confirm that the market also has great potential in Switzerland. Plants in high regions also primarily provide the required winter electricity.
In 2019, Axpo Power AG announced that the company was planning the first large-scale solar system in the Alps on the Muttsee dam (see above). 6000 photovoltaic modules with an area of 10,000 square meters and an output of 2 MW are to be installed directly on the dam. They should generate 2.7 gigawatt hours of electricity per year and thus supply around 600 four-person households.
Compared to a comparable system in the lowlands, it will deliver 50 percent more yield. The reason for this is that it lies far above the fog zone on the southern slope and the snow reflects the sunlight. In addition, the lower temperatures compared to those in deeper areas increase the efficiency of the modules.
The investment costs for the solar system amount to 5.5 million francs with a depreciation horizon of 30 years. Axpo expects a one-off remuneration from the federal government of 600,000 francs from the regular funding. The main purpose of the system is to help reduce electricity shortages in winter. Construction will start in summer 2021.
Biomass and wood heating
Axpo Power AG has 15 biomass plants and 5 composting stations in Switzerland. The company recycles bio-waste from more than 2500 customers (cities, municipalities, industry and commerce). According to its own statements, this makes Axpo a leader in the biomass sector in Switzerland.
The contribution of biomass to a secure power supply in Switzerland is small, as the raw material is limited here. However, biomass contributes to the stability of the grid, since electricity production from biomass is easy to plan and control.
In Domat / Ems , Graubünden, Axpo Power AG operates the largest wood-fired thermal power station in Switzerland.
Transmission lines (extract)
380 kV line, advance line Tavanasa width
The transmission lines of the Swiss electricity companies were transferred to Swissgrid in January 2013 . Swissgrid is the national grid company and, as the owner of the transmission system, is now responsible for the safe, reliable and economical operation of the Swiss extra-high voltage grid.
The following is an excerpt from the transmission lines created by Axpo and maintained until 2013:
380 kV line
Until it was transferred to the grid company Swissgrid , Axpo Power AG was the owner of the preliminary line , the highest high-voltage line in Europe over the Vorab glacier . It was built in the 1950s and 1960s from the Tavanasa switchgear to the Grynau substation near Uznach and from there to the width near Nürensdorf . The originally planned route over the Panixerpass had to be dropped because of a shooting range. Bold lines were chosen. Partly 2 lines run in parallel, each with a level arrangement and guy masts for 3 circuits each.
At the foot of the Kerenzerberg the line crosses Tavanasa - width , the 380 kV line Sils-Fällanden . Since this was in 1980 designed for its current voltage level and increased, had tons mast of NOK to a Danube mast to be rebuilt.
The line received another structural change in 1986 in Grynau near Uznach . At that time the 380 kV line from Grynau to St. Gallen Winkeln was completed. The two lines were given common masts.
Normally, high-voltage lines have to be replaced after 50 years. On mountain routes, the systems are exposed to wind and weather and therefore need to be replaced after just 25 years.
The downpipe is one of the five pipelines that flank the Biberlichopf in parallel and cross the Lint plain.
380 kV and 220 kV lines Tierfehd – Grynau
The new Limmern pumped storage plant will be commissioned at the end of 2015. Due to the increase in output by 1000 MW to 1480 MW, a new 380 kV line was built in two years of construction, which will transport the generated electricity towards the Linth plain in parallel to the 220 kV line. The headquarters and substation of the Linth-Limmern power plants are located in Tierfehd , which belongs to the municipality of Linthal GL . From there, a 220 kV line leads into the Grynau. There it ends in one of the most important substations. During construction between Schwanden GL and Kerenzerberg , the NOK only received transmission rights for their long-distance lines in the high mountains. The 220 kV line runs parallel to the upstream discharge and contains a few 380 kV barrel masts. It is also one of the five long-distance pipelines that jointly flank the Biberlichopf and cross the Lint plain. It is structurally identical to almost all of the 220 kV lines from Axpo Power AG.
380 kV line Bonaduz-Breite
Axpo Power AG also built the 380 kV Bonaduz -Breite line through the Tamina valley . It is built in the same way as the preliminary lead and partly runs parallel to it. Its continuations are the structurally identical lines Breite- Beznau - Laufenburg and Bonaduz- Sils in Domleschg . The Laufenburg electricity company has a right of use on this route .
In Oberterzen , the line contains two inclined long-span masts with a 2-level arrangement. Otherwise it is equipped with barrel masts.
The Bonaduz-Breite line is one of the five long-distance lines that flank the Biberlichopf in parallel and cross the Lint plain. From the industrial zone of Schänis it leads on its own route to Nürensdorf. At Ernetschwil it crosses with the Grynau-St. Gallen angles and therefore shares a mast with her.
380 and 220 kV lines Rhine valley line
The network of Axpo Power AG also included the Rhine Valley pipeline with its two inclined guy masts on Liechtenstein territory. It was created in the 1970s. The 3-pole line, which has now been expanded for 380 kV, begins in Bonaduz and ends in St. Gallen Winkel.
380 and 220 kV lines Beznau – Tiengen
In the 1960s, the company was granted a license to deliver to German territory. In 1965 a 380/220 kV line was built for this purpose. It contains 16 barrel masts between Beznau and Klingnau . Then follows a 2-level arrangement; the line was merged with the fine distribution lines from the Klingnau power plant. This north-south connection was marked with the label Aare -West or Aare-Ost, as it mostly follows the Aare. It crosses the Rhine at Koblenz AG and thus the Swiss-German border. It ends at Tiengen .
220 kV Beznau – Obfelden line
In the 1950s, a 220 kV line with intermediate stations was built between Beznau and Obfelden . The construction could be completed without any major problems, as the villages were not yet as large as they are today. The expansion to 380 kV began in the late 1980s with barrel and Danube masts, but has met with resistance in the municipality of Riniken , among other places , so that a new route is being studied.
In Obfelden , Axpo operates a joint substation with the electricity company of the City of Zurich (EWZ), in Thalwil with the electricity company of the Canton of Zurich (EKZ).
220 and 380 kV line Joint line with Alpiq (formerly Aare Tessin AG for electricity ATEL)
The 220 kV line from Laufenburg to Sierentz in Alsace , France , no longer in existence today, was controversial in the canton of Basel-Landschaft . In the early 1970s, NOK began building a new 380/220 kV line from Laufenburg to Asphard near Kaiseraugst . At the same time, it built a section of the 380 kV line Asphard-Kühmoos / -Sierentz. There are three barrel masts and one Danube mast on the Swiss side. It is looped into the Kühmoos-Sierentz line near Hüsingen. The structure was temporary until the Asphard substation near the autobahn could be built in the late 1980s. Since then, electricity has been transported from Laufenburg to Sierentz via this station. The joint line from Laufenburg to Lachmatt near Pratteln belongs to Axpo Power AG and later to ATEL Netz AG , up to Möhlin . Half of it is covered with 220 kV and contains a substation at Münchwilen AG . A 3-pole 380 kV line feeds the Asphard substation with electrical energy from the Gösgen nuclear power plant .
Fine distribution line Münchwilen – KRS
A 3-pole fine distribution line leads from the Riburg-Schwörstadt power station to Münchwilen AG . It was created in the 1930s. Today she shares most of the masts with the aforementioned community management. All masts on this line are marked "Mü-KRS".
See also
Web links
Individual evidence
- ^ Entry "Axpo Power AG", Commercial Register Canton Aargau , accessed on April 27, 2020
- ^ Entry "Axpo AG", formerly "Nordostschweizerische Kraftwerke, NOK", archive commercial register canton Aargau , accessed on April 27, 2020
- ^ History of the power station on the Löntsch , Stiftung pro Netstal, accessed on April 27, 2020
- ↑ History of Axpo , in: Chronik NOK / Axpo, PDF
- ^ Resolution of the Cantonal Council regarding the participation of the Canton of Zurich in the acquisition of the Beznau-Löntsch power plants by taking over 38% or 13 680 shares of this company . NOK founding agreement, dated July 6, 1914 (PDF; 58 kB). Retrieved March 18, 2020
- ↑ Peter Hug: History of the development of atomic technology in Switzerland , 1985
- ↑ A forgotten success story, in: Die Weltwoche, August 18, 2011, not available online
- ↑ 50 years of the Beznau nuclear power plant , in: Aargauer Zeitung, October 1, 2010, accessed on April 27, 2020
- ↑ The shareholders of Swissgrid, in: swissgrid.ch/corporate governance, accessed on April 27, 2020
- ↑ Annual Report 2018/19 Axpo Holding AG / Corporate Governance, in: axpo.com/reports&termine
- ↑ Axpo website , in: axpo.com / über uns / standorte, accessed on April 27, 2020
- ↑ Sustainability Report 2018/19 , Axpo Holding AG, in: axpo.com/reports&termine
- ↑ Axpo website , in: axpo.com / netze, accessed on April 27, 2020
- ↑ Sustainability Report 2018/19 , Axpo Holding AG, in: axpo.com/reports&termine
- ↑ Annual availability of Swiss nuclear power plants is around 90 percent , in: bfe.admin.ch, Federal Office of Energy, SFOE, Nuclear Energy Overview, accessed on April 27, 2020
- ↑ Sustainability Report 2018/19 , Axpo Holding AG, in: axpo.com/reports&termine
- ↑ Reportable incidents , in: ensi.ch / incidents
- ↑ Nuclear Energy Ordinance , in: admin.ch, accessed on April 27, 2020
- ↑ 2019 balance sheet: Safe operation of Swiss nuclear facilities guaranteed , Federal Nuclear Safety Inspectorate ENSI, January 22, 2020, in: ensi.ch , accessed on April 27, 2020
- ^ INES Scale , International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale (INES), IAEA International Atomic Energy Association, in: iaea.org , accessed on April 27, 2020
- ↑ ENSI Supervisory Report 2018 , Federal Nuclear Safety Inspectorate ENSI, March 19, 2019, in: ensi.ch
- ↑ Portrait of the Beznau nuclear power plant , in: kernenergie.ch, accessed on April 27, 2020
- ↑ Swiss Nuclear Energy Act , The Federal Council - Portal of the Swiss Government, in: admin.ch, accessed on April 27, 2020
- ↑ 50 years of the Beznau nuclear power plant , in: Aargauer Zeitung, October 1, 2010, accessed on April 27, 2020
- ↑ Energy transition: The federal government is planning longer terms for nuclear power plants , in: NZZ am Sonntag, June 1, 2019, accessed on April 27, 2020
- ↑ 2.5 billion francs invested in the security of the KKB , in: axpo.com/kernkraft beznau, accessed on June 27, 2020
- Jump up ↑ Jubilee , in: Aargauer Zeitung, December 5, 2019, accessed on April 27, 2020
- ↑ How safe is Beznau I? , in: Tages-Anzeiger, July 18, 2015, accessed on April 27, 2020
- ↑ Beznau I will remain out of operation until the end of the year , in: Der Bund, 4th Mail 2016, accessed on April 27, 2020
- ↑ Beznau I can go back online - Axpo loses 350 million euros due to a three-year failure , in: Aargauer Zeitung, March 6, 2018, accessed on April 27, 2020
- ↑ "The reactor pressure vessel is safe", video interview with ENSI Director, Hans Wanner , Federal Nuclear Safety Inspectorate ENSI, March 6, 2018, in: accessed on April 27, 2020
- ↑ For ENSI, only facts and safety count , interview with Georg Schwarz, Deputy ENSI Director and Head of the Nuclear Power Plants Supervision Department, March 6, 2018, in: ensi.ch, accessed on April 27, 2020
- ↑ Ensi approves the restarting of Unit 1 of the Bznau nuclear power plant , Federal Nuclear Safety Inspectorate ENSI, March 19, 2019, in: einsi.ch, accessed on April 27, 2020
- ↑ A 150-ton didactic piece, in: NZZ, March 7, 2018, not available online.
- ↑ Material defects in the highly embrittled reactor pressure vessel of the Beznau nuclear power plant, Block 1 , in: oeko.de/, Darmstadt, June 28, 2019
- ↑ ENSI's statement on the report of the Ecological Institute, Federal Nuclear Safety Inspectorate ENSI, 15. May 2018, in: einsi.ch
- ↑ ENSI contradicts the Beznau criticism , Federal Nuclear Safety Inspectorate ENSI, May 23, 2018, in: einsi.ch, accessed on April 27, 2020
- ↑ Swiss Energy Foundation SES , in: energiestiftung.ch, accessed on April 27, 2020
- ↑ Beznau petition: 11,579 concerned citizens demand more security , in: energiestiftung.ch, March 10, accessed on April 27, 2020
- ↑ Axpo website , in: axpo.com / energiewissen / wasserkraft, accessed on April 27, 2020
- ↑ Annual report Kraftwerke Linth-Limmern AG 2016/17 , in: axpo.com/reports and dates
- ↑ Battery in the mountains - Limmern pumped storage plant , in: axpo.com / pumpspeicherwerk limmern, accessed on April 27, 2020
- ↑ Europe's highest dam in Glarus , in: NZZ, October 31, 2014, accessed on April 27, 2020
- ↑ A work of the century in Glarner Kalk , in: Aargauer Zeitung, September 17, 2019, accessed on April 27, 2020
- ↑ Interview with Axpo BoD President Thomas Sieber , in: Aargauer Zeitung, September 17, 2019, accessed on April 27, 2020
- ↑ 40 times higher solar power production than possible today , Federal Office of Energy, April 15, 2019, in: bfe.admin.ch, accessed on April 27, 2020
- ↑ «Study Winter Power Switzerland» What can domestic photovoltaics contribute ? Final report, August 14, 2019, EnergieSchweiz, Federal Office of Energy SFOE, in: bfe.admin.ch / publications, accessed on April 27, 2020
- ↑ Axpo is planning Switzerland's first large-scale alpine solar system , in: axpo.om / medienmitteilungen, November 28, 2019
- ↑ Solar power from the mountains can better cover the fluctuating demand , in NZZ, January 7, 2019, accessed on April 27, 2020
- ↑ Axpo is building the first large-scale solar system in the high mountains , in NZZ: November 18, 2011, accessed on April 27, 2020
- ↑ Axpo receives building permit for Muttsee solar system , in: axpo.com / media releases, April 1, 2020
- ↑ Axpo website , in: axpo.com / biomasse, accessed on April 27, 2020
- ↑ Production and electricity mix Switzerland , in: strom.ch, accessed on April 27, 2020
- ↑ The high-voltage line ensures tension . In: Brugg-Online . Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved May 6, 2011.