Osnabrück Garrison

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Caprivi barracks used as Scarborough Barracks, today part of the Osnabrück University of Applied Sciences

The Osnabrück Garrison (German: "Garrison Osnabrück") was a garrison of the British Forces Germany , which was stationed in Osnabrück and Münster . Until its dissolution, it was the largest unit of the Army outside the British Isles with up to 14,000 men . It was formed after the end of the Second World War in former Wehrmacht barracks. On April 1, 2009 the locations were abandoned and the units were ordered back to the United Kingdom . Despite the withdrawal of the British, a strong British minority has established itself, especially in Osnabrück and the surrounding communities.

history

On March 10, 1980 on the Corporal Steven Sims Heeger wood an assassination perpetrated. The IRA was the author of the attack . The assassin shot 5 times at the ledge with a 9 mm pistol. Steven Sims was injured, but managed to escape the assassins and survived.

Freedom of the city

On May 30, 1980, the Garrison Osnabrück was awarded the Freedom of the City award by the city of Osnabrück. It was received by Major General MB Farndale, who described it as a great day of "German-British friendship". Until the dissolution of the garrison , a parade was held annually as a thank you, with the exception of 2007, when the majority of the soldiers were in Afghanistan and Iraq. There is no other award of its kind in Germany.

1. Attack on the Quebec Barracks

The Quebec Barracks were bombed on June 19, 1989 at 1:28 am by the Provisional Irish Republican Army . Human victims could only be avoided through the attention of 63-year-old Hilteran Günter Kittelmann, who was guarding groundwater pumps on a construction site in the barracks. During the security duty, he noticed a person in a combat swimmer suit and shone his flashlight into the face of one of the assassins, who then tried to fire a shot at the security guard. However, this missed him and so they hit him with the butt of an Ak-47 rifle .

The assassins were so disturbed in the further execution of their deed that they could only arm one explosive device and had to leave four others out of focus. When the armed bomb was ignited a short time later, the security guard's building and barracks in the barracks were severely damaged, and numerous window panes were destroyed within a radius of several hundred meters. During this series of attacks, known as the “autumn offensive”, further attacks were carried out, including in Hanover.

The security guard Günter Kittelmann was awarded the Lower Saxony Rescue Medal by the Prime Minister of Lower Saxony at the time, Ernst Albrecht . In 1991 the British honored him with the award of the Medal of Bravery, whereby he suffered a heart attack on the way to the reception at the British Embassy in Bonn.

Four of the perpetrators could later be identified and were sentenced in 1995 to prison terms of between nine and ten years on the basis of evidence. However, due to the length of their detention, they had to be released immediately after the verdict. The fifth perpetrator was arrested on August 17, 2005 in Torremolinos on the Costa del Sol during a routine check. A German arrest warrant had been in place for the Irish man, who was 44 at the time of detention, since 1989.

2. Attack on the Quebec Barracks

IRA barrack buster mortar

A second attack on the Quebec Barracks was carried out on June 28, 1996 at 6:50 pm, also by the Provisional Irish Republican Army. In the same year there were already attacks in London ( Canary Wharf , February 9, 1996) and on June 15, 1996 in Manchester . There were three self-made mortars hidden in a van parked by the barracks fence, which could be used to fire 80 kg grenades. While a grenade exploded and caused considerable property damage, two duds were later defused.

Condemnation of the perpetrator

A first perpetrator was sentenced in 2003 before the district court in Celle to a prison term of 6 years for "attempted murder" and "causing an explosive explosion".

In December 2016, a now 47-year-old British man was extradited to the Federal Republic. The trial is currently taking place at the Osnabrück Regional Court .

Deduction

First rumors about the departure of the British were on Handgiftentag on 2 January 2006 by Mayor Hans-Jürgen Fip confirmed he expected a change in the structure until 2015 which is also a task of the site includes Osnabrück. The rumors about the garrison became a certainty on July 24, 2006, when Defense Secretary Des Browne announced the gradual withdrawal of British troops. All 2,450 British soldiers and 200 civilian employees as well as their families who also lived in the vicinity of the barracks would be ordered back to their home country and the site would be closed in 2009 at the latest. The 530 German civilian employees faced an unclear future.

Already in autumn 2007 the 4th Tank Brigade (part of the 1st Armored Division ) was relocated to Iraq, but after the end of the service there not again to Osnabrück, but to Great Britain where it was completely reorganized. In the summer of 2008, the wave of withdrawal began with the handover of the Quebec Barracks on September 25th by Colonel Mark Cuthbert-Brown to the Federal Agency for Real Estate Tasks (BImA). During the winter of 2008/2009, the other barracks were also gradually evacuated as well as the NAAFI stores.

At the last Freedom of the city in 2008, the commander of the fourth brigade gave the city a sword as a token of friendship. The final dissolution took place on April 1, 2009.

conversion

In 2007 a project group took on the task of guiding and accompanying the conversion. Just one year later, in 2008 the Scharnhorst Barracks (Belfast Barracks), the Winkelhausenkaserne (Roberts Barracks) and the Quebec Barracks on Landwehrstrasse were returned to the BImA. In the same year, the "Conversion Perspective Plan" was drawn up with the participation of the public.

Next, in 2009, the Von Stein barracks and the barracks on Limberg were handed over to the BImA. The Von Stein barracks were given to the state of Lower Saxony. At the same time, the locations in the port and Westerberg were incorporated into the federal-state program for urban redevelopment west . 720 officers' apartments outside the barracks were also sold.

Locations

Osnabrück station

At the Osnabrück site , six barracks areas were still in service when the closure was announced in 2006:

  • Belfast Barracks
  • Imphal Barracks & Mercer Barracks
  • Prestatyn Barracks
  • Quebec Barracks
  • Roberts Barracks
  • Woolwich Barracks

The Scarborough Barracks were given up in 1987.

Belfast Barracks

The barracks in the Westerberg district was named after the city of Belfast in Northern Ireland. The barracks area was delimited to the west by the Paracelsus Clinic , to the north by Sudetenstrasse, east by Artilleriestrasse and south by Sedanstrasse. On the opposite side of Sedan Street were the smaller Prestatyn Barracks .

It was built in 1937 by the Wehrmacht as Scharnhorst barracks and covers an area of ​​14.2 hectares. Initially the infantry regiment No. 37 was supposed to occupy the barracks, but due to the neighboring artillery regiments in the other Westerberg barracks, the III. Department of Artillery Regiment 6 moved from Detmold and Minden to Osnabrück. Parts of the barracks were badly damaged by the air raids on the city ; a plan drawn up by the State Building Department in 1950 showed the barracks to be demolished.

The barracks had been taken over by the British as an infantry barracks since 1951, as they had hardly any central heating for the time being. The British were soon preparing the barracks, the undestroyed horse stables were converted into warehouses or workshops, and vehicle sheds were built on the destroyed stables. The former shed for the cannons was demolished and a tank shed was built. The repeatedly adapted storage halls were last extensively rebuilt and modernized in the 1990s for the change from the FV 432 to the Warrior .

The last unit was the 1st Battalion the Duke of Lancaster's Regiment from 2006 to 2008 .

On October 8, 2008, the properties were returned by the British Armed Forces to the Federal Real Estate Agency .

Two partial sales were made from the area: 1st partial sale of 8.8 hectares in July 2010 to a municipal company for the construction of a science and innovation center. The second partial sale took place in July 2012 with 4.5 ha to a "Wohnpark Scharnhorst GmbH" from Hamburg, which has developed a residential area here. In 2011 the existing buildings were demolished and the site leveled.

Imphal Barracks and Mercer Barracks

NAAFI market on the grounds of the Imphal and Mercer Barracks

The Imphal and the Mercer Barracks were two barracks on a contiguous site on the Limberg in the Dodesheide . With a total size of 70 hectares, this double barracks was the largest in terms of area in the Garrison.

Before the Teutowerke were built on the site in 1935, there were extensive forest areas here. From 1935 on, the "Teuto-Metallwerke GmbH" for the production of ammunition was established and expanded in the following years until 1944. At times up to 1,750 forced laborers were employed here to manufacture ammunition.

After the end of the war, the British occupied the site and from 1946 dismantled the ammunition production facilities and tore down the buildings. Existing air defense systems were also torn down and filled in.

From 1950 the Teutowerke site was redesigned into a barracks for the Osnabrück Garrison. The newly built Imphal Barracks were named after the Battle of the Imphal . The Mercer Barracks after the artillery general Alexander Cavalié Mercer. Large workshop halls were built in the north and south of the complex. A kindergarten, canteen, church and Naafi supermarket were also located on the premises.

The resident units were in the Imphal Barracks :

  • 1952–1959 3rd Carabiniers (Prince of Wales's Dragoon Guards)
  • 1959-1963 16th / 5th Lancers
  • 1963-1969 9th / 12th Royal Lancers
  • 1969–1973 1st Royal Tank Regiment
  • 1973–1976 Royal Scots Dragoon Guards
  • 1976–1984 5th Royal Inniskilling Dragoon Guards
  • 1984–1993 4th Royal Tank Regiment
  • 1993-2003 Queen's Royal Lancers
  • 2003-2007 1st The Queen's Dragoon Guards

The following units were housed in the Mercer Barracks :

infantry

  • 1st Bn The Black Watch
  • 1959–1961 1st Battalion Somerset & Cornwall Light Infantry
  • 1961–1964 1st Battalion 2nd East Anglian Regiment
  • 1964–1966 1st Battalion Queen's Own Highlanders (Seaforth and Camerons)
  • 1966–1970 1st Battalion The Royal Sots (Royal Regiment)
  • 1970–1974 1st Battalion Queen's Lancashire Regiment
  • 1974–1978 1st Battalion Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders
  • 1978–1983 1st Battalion Duke of Edinburgh's Royal Regiment
  • 1983–1987 1st Battalion Green Howards
  • 1987–1992 1st Battalion Royal Green Jackets

Support units

  • 18 Infantry Workshop
  • 12 Infantry Workshop
  • 1970–1976 12 Field Workshop
  • 1976–1993 12 Armored Workshop
  • 1992-? 2 Armored Field Ambulance
  • 1993-2007 1st Battalion REME

The last combat units left the barracks on November 30, 2007.

On March 26, 2009, the barracks was handed over to the Federal Agency for Real Estate Tasks. Since this barracks facility is in the immediate catchment area of ​​the planned gap closure of the federal motorway 33 , mainly commercial and leisure facilities are to be built here.

Prestatyn Barracks

The Prestatyn Barracks were built under the Wehrmacht in 1938 as Metzer barracks. The name was traditionally chosen for the 1st Lorraine Field Artillery Regiment No. 33 which was stationed in Metz, while the von Stein barracks were named after their former commander, Hermann Freiherr von Stein . Before the Second World War, the headquarters of the 6th Artillery Regiment, which was moved here from Minden, was housed here.

It was named after the seaside resort Prestatyn in Wales. Most recently, the garrison used the barracks area through the Wellington Elementary School as well as a kindergarten and family support. After the garrison withdrew, the headquarters building was rented by the Osnabrück University of Applied Sciences.

In June 2010 the smallest barracks in Osnabrück, measuring 2.1 hectares, was sold to an investor. It is located in the immediate vicinity south of the "Belfast Barracks" between Sedanstrasse and Menkestrasse. After the development (apart from the staff building) was demolished , a residential park with 42 units was created here by Delta property management, a subsidiary of Köster Bau .

Quebec Barracks

The 37 hectare Quebec Barracks were located in the Eversburg district . The 4th Infantry Brigade of the 1st Armored Division was stationed here since 1993 . The location was given up in September 2008. The site was sold on September 1, 2013 by BImA to ESOS GmbH, which is creating a residential area called Landwehrviertel here.

The barracks were originally built in the then still independent municipality of Atter in 1935 as a site for a sub-unit of Infantry Regiment 37 ( 6th Infantry Division ). As early as July 15, 1940, the officers' prison camp Oflg VI c was set up here from the initially mobile reception camp for French prisoners of the western campaign (No. 7, Dorsten). In 1941 it housed up to 6,000 Serbian officers who were brought here as prisoners of war after the attack on Yugoslavia. An air raid on December 6, 1944 killed an estimated 120 prisoners. They were temporarily buried in a mass grave at the Eversburg cemetery. After the war, she was reburied in the crypt of the Serbian Orthodox Church in Eversburg. A special feature of the camp was that the imprisoned officers of the Serbian army, including 400 Jews and 350 communists, were housed relatively undisturbed according to the Geneva Conventions. Services and burials could even be held in the Jewish part of the Johannis cemetery.

After the war, displaced persons were housed until 1951.

Roberts Barracks

The Roberts Barracks were named after Frederick Roberts . Before it was used by the Garrison Osnabrück from 1947 onwards, Colonel Winkelhausen (died September 4, 1914), commander of the infantry regiment "Duke Friedrich Wilhelm von Braunschweig" gave the barracks its name. Right next to the barracks was the Osnabrück Army Supply Office, which was included in the Robert Barracks.

The 4th Regiment Royal Artillery was last located here for over 20 years .

The area of ​​the Winkelhausenkaserne in Osnabrück's Hafen district was used as a parade ground by the infantry regiment "Duke Friedrich Wilhelm von Braunschweig" until the Netter Heide airfield was set up. The construction of the airfield was completed in 1911 with a first day of flying. In 1914, the hangar that still exists today was built on the northern edge and is now considered the oldest still in existence in Germany. During the First World War, Flieger Ersatzabteilung 5 used the site. Flight operations were suspended from 1918 to 1926. From 1926 until its closure in 1934, the square was used intensively by civil aviation.

The Winkelhausenkaserne was built in 1935 on the site of the Netter Heide airfield. After the barracks had been completed, in 1938 the Heeresverpflegungsamt with storage and operational buildings was built between the barracks and the branch canal. Due to the good connection to the branch canal Osnabrück and the port railway , this point was ideal.

From 1945 until the takeover by the British Army in 1947, a camp for displaced persons was set up here. Then the Heeresverpflegungsamt including its five distinctive granaries was integrated into the Robert Barracks. The British soldiers set up a warehouse for the NAAFI shops in the former bakery. The local services also included a British military court with a prison, which was housed in the current buildings of the police and the tax office. In the 1980s, the British tore down a storage facility because they had no use for it.

After the soldiers withdrew, the existing area of ​​31.5 hectares was sold in two batches to the Osnabrück municipal utilities and the state of Lower Saxony. The first batch with 27.4 hectares was bought in May 2010 by the Osnabrück municipal utility. Since then, a commercial and industrial area has been created here. The former barracks site is partially used to build a freight center for combined transport . In 2016, the city of Osnabrück had storage facilities 51 and 52 demolished to make room for a trimodal container terminal. Initially, it was planned to remove memory 50 as well, but this is currently not necessary.

In December 2010, the state of Lower Saxony bought the remainder of the barracks for its own purposes. In this 4ha large section along today's Winkelhausenstrasse, an administrative center was developed in the following years, in which the police and various facilities, including the Osnabrück-Land tax office, are housed.

The bakery and the southern warehouse 49 are now part of the Hafen creative quarter . Since the conversion began, various companies have settled on the rest of the area. In 2011, the company Kaffee Partner from Wallenhorst built its new company headquarters on Römereschstrasse. The former hangar of the airfield was not part of the barracks and is used by the Clausing company.

  • View from Piesberg to the area of ​​the former Robert Barracks

  • Old hangar of the Netter Heide airfield

  • View of the harbor. On the right is the former warehouse of the Army Food Service

  • Kaffee Partner headquarters on the site of the former Robert Barracks

Scarborough Barracks

former Scarborough Barracks in 2017

The Scarborough Barracks are located on the Westerberg and are now used as the location of the Osnabrück University of Applied Sciences . They were built by the Kingdom of Prussia as the location of the infantry regiment "Duke Friedrich Wilhelm von Braunschweig" during the imperial era . Until it was used by the British garrison, it was named after the German officer and Chancellor Leo von Caprivi . In 1938 the Wehrmacht housed the 2nd Division of the 6th Artillery Regiment here.

Under British usage, the name was used after the town of Scarborough in North Yorkshire . The site was given up in August 1987, as the barracks in the middle of residential areas were difficult to reach with trucks and tracked vehicles. On September 8, 1988, the Lower Saxony state government announced that a border transit camp for Russian-German emigrants would be set up in the former barracks . Bosnian and Yugoslav refugees were also accommodated here later. In 1995 the border transit camp was abandoned and from autumn 1996 the Osnabrück University of Applied Sciences was able to use the premises and the buildings for its own purposes. Today the site is known as the Caprivi Campus of the Osnabrück University of Applied Sciences.

Woolwich Barracks

and display information about the image
Site of the former Woolwich Barracks 2017

Template: Panorama / Maintenance / Para4

The 5.2 hectare Von Stein Barracks was renamed Woolwich Barracks for more British use. It was named after the heavily militarily used London district of Woolwich, which is primarily home to artillery units . It was east of Prestatyn Barracks on the south side of Sedan Street.

The barracks, built from 1900 and completed in 1902, were built as an artillery barracks. Before the First World War, the Prussian Army 's 62nd field artillery regiment was based here; after the outbreak of war, the barracks was used as a prisoner-of-war camp. A well-known prisoner of war was the later French President Charles de Gaulle in 1916 .

During the time of the Wehrmacht, the 6th Artillery Regiment was housed here. After the Second World War, the barracks were taken over by the British.

As early as 1957, the southern part with the buildings from the imperial era was handed over by the British to the newly established Bundeswehr. Until the completion of the General Martini barracks on Hauswörmannsweg, telecommunications regiments 71 and 11 of the Bundeswehr were stationed here.

The area used by the Bundeswehr was given to the Osnabrück University of Applied Sciences in the 1990s. A short time later, the British also parted with the officers' mess and riding arenas from the imperial era in favor of the university. The commander's house, which was used as a brigade headquarters and also housed The Intelligence Corps , remained in British use . The remaining area consisted of buildings from the 1950s / 60s which were designed as accommodation barracks, vehicle sheds and storage rooms. The site was also important for the Garisson family in their private lives, as it was home to a NAAFI supermarket, a Royal Mail post office and the English-language The Globe Cinema .

In August 2009, the state of Lower Saxony took over the site to expand the university and the Osnabrück University of Applied Sciences . In April 2013 the Globe Cinema and the NAAFI supermarket were demolished for the construction of the college and university's central library. The state of Lower Saxony invested a total of 70 million euros in the university site on the Woolwich Barracks site. The redesigned area was named Campus Westerberg and is a link between the older locations of the university and college.

Residential areas

Outside the barracks there were large residential areas for members of the army in Dodesheide , Sonnenhügel , Westerberg, and in Lotte and Belm .

Munster station

At the Münster location , only the Oxford and York Barracks and residential areas were recently in use. All other properties were given up in the 1990s.

Buller, Swinton and Waterloo Barracks

These three barracks were in the Münsteraner Loddenheide . They were named after the British generals Redvers Buller and Ernest Dunlop Swinton , and after the Battle of Waterloo . The approximately 88 hectare barracks complex was closed on January 20, 1994, rebuilt and used as the Münster-Loddenheide industrial park since 1998 .

Lincoln Barracks

The 7 hectare Lincoln Barracks on Grevener Strasse was closed on October 24, 1994. It was originally built in 1913 as a thirteen barracks for the 13th Infantry Regiment . It was named after the town of Lincoln in the county of Lincolnshire . It was rebuilt from 1997 to 2002 and has since served as a residential area under the name Lincoln-Quartier .

Nelson Barracks

The neighboring barracks, about 8 hectares in size, named after Major David Nelson , was closed on September 28, 1995. Its eastern part is used today as Prins Claus Kazerne by the 1st German-Dutch Corps , while the western part is inhabited under the name of the Gasselstiege solar settlement .

Oxford Barracks

The 26 hectare Oxford Barracks is named after the English city of Oxford . It was built in 1934-36 as a flak cartillery barracks for the Wehrmacht. After the British Armed Forces no longer needed the Oxford Barracks, it was returned to the Federal Real Estate Agency on November 14, 2013. The areas of the barracks that have become free are available for civil use.

Portsmouth Barracks

The barracks named after the city of Portsmouth was closed on September 28, 1994 and is now used with around 15 hectares as the residential area of ​​Meerwiese . Their approximately 3.6 hectare sports field became the Hoher Heckenweg housing estate .

Simpson Barracks

The barracks, which closed on January 29, 1993, were named mglw. after Major John Simpson .

Winterbourne Barracks

On January 31, 1995, the approximately 17 hectare Winterbourne Barracks barracks was given up. The facility, which was formerly built as the Münster Army Supply Office, is known today as the Speicherstadt Münster .

York Barracks

The 50 hectare barracks, named after the city of York , were returned to the Federal Real Estate Agency on November 13, 2012 . Before the Second World War it belonged to the area of ​​the airfield on the Loddenheide.

British Military Hospital Munster

The British Military Hospital, which was set up as a on-site hospital, is now used as the clinic for skin diseases of the Münster University Hospital .

Residential locations

In Münster, a total of 794 apartments were occupied by members of the garrison at 18 residential locations on a total area of ​​around 36.5 hectares.

Well-known people of the Osnabrück Garrison

literature

  • Frank Henrichvark, Hermann Pentermann: Every tenth inhabitant of Osnabrück was an Englishman: The British era and the conversion process. Meinders & Elstermann, 2013, ISBN 978-3-88926-882-2 .

See also

Web links

Commons : Osnabrück Garrison  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Brutal gait. In: spiegel.de. Der Spiegel , March 17, 1980, accessed on July 16, 2020 .
  2. ↑ Archived copy ( Memento of the original dated December 8, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Award of the "Freedom of the City" @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / osnabruecker-wissen.de
  3. ↑ Robert von Lucius: Farewell to the British. In: FAZ.net . July 20, 2008, accessed October 13, 2018 .
  4. ↑ https://www.noz.de/lokales/osnabrueck/artikel/907178/explosion-und-uß-der-ira-terror-erreichte-osnabrueck-1989 NOZ on June 12, 2017: "Explosion and shot: The IRA -Terror reached Osnabrück in 1989 "
  5. ↑ https://www.noz.de/lokales/osnabrueck/artikel/316383/ein-kolbenhieb-fur-den-retter-der-soldaten NOZ on August 18, 2015: "A blow with the piston for the rescuer of the soldiers"
  6. ↑ https://www.noz.de/lokales/osnabrueck/artikel/822057/20-jahre-nach-ira-anschlag-in-osnabrueck-verdaechtiger-festhaben NOZ on December 15, 2016: "20 years after the IRA attack in Osnabrück: suspect arrested "
  7. ↑ Every tenth inhabitant of Osnabrück was an Englishman: The British Era and the Conversion Process p. 91 End of the Osnabrück garrison location
  8. ↑ http://www.werkstatt-stadt.de/de/projekte/230/ Timeline for conversion (the text at that time is offline)
  9. ↑ https://www.noz.de/archiv/vermischtes/artikel/122181/ende-eines-langen-lösungen NOZ on March 31, 2009: "End of a long farewell"
  10. ↑ https://www.noz.de/lokales/osnabrueck/artikel/45814/die-uhr-estand-auf-funf-nach-neun#gallery&0&0&45814 NOZ on February 25, 2011: "The clock is at five past nine; Scharnhorstkaserne: A chapter of military history comes to an end - horse stables and a symbol of the demon "
  11. ↑ 'Every tenth inhabitant of Osnabrück was an Englishman: The British era and the conversion process; "History of barracks and history of barracks" p. 45.
  12. ↑ http://baor-locations.org/Belfastbks.aspx.html Internet site about the Belfast Barracks
  13. ↑ https://www.osnabrueck.de/konversion/die-britische-aera/abzug-der-britischen-streitkraefte.html return of the areas
  14. ↑ www.o-sp.de/download/osnabrueck/141433 Contaminated site investigation in the former barracks
  15. ↑ http://baor-locations.org/MercerTemp.aspx.html Units stationed in the Imphal Barracks
  16. ↑ Every tenth inhabitant of Osnabrück was an Englishman: The British Era and the Conversion Process p. 43 "History of barracks and history of barracks"
  17. ↑ https://www.noz.de/lokales/osnabrueck/artikel/254700/neue-gebaude-an-der-heinrich-boll-strasse-in-osnabruck-fur-zahlungskraftige-mieter NOZ on December 7, 2012: " New buildings on Heinrich-Böll-Strasse in Osnabrück for wealthy tenants "
  18. ↑ https://konversion-osnabrueck.bundesimmobilien.de/541219/militar--und-sonstige-flachen conversion of the individual areas
  19. ↑ a b c report in the Neue Osnabrücker Zeitung on September 20, 2008, page 25
  20. ↑ https://www.stadtwerke-osnabrueck.de/blog/2016/07/19/paul-barron-wissen-die-winkelhausen-kaserne-im-hafen-osnabrueck/ Article by Stadtwerke Osnabrück on the conversion with the former soldier Paul Barron
  21. ↑ https://www.wfo.de/fileadmin/eigene_Dateien/034_Konversion/Doku-WB-Winkelhausenkaserne-2009.pdf Conversion of the Winkelhausenkaserne
  22. ^ Winkelhausenkasere 1 year after the British had left
  23. ↑ https://www.noz.de/lokales/osnabrueck/artikel/672096/speicher-im-osnabrucker-hafen-haben-rangiergleisen#gallery&0&0&672096 NOZ on February 18, 2016: "Storage in the Osnabrück harbor giving way to shunting tracks"
  24. ↑ https://www.noz.de/lokales/osnabrueck/artikel/297132/kaffee-partner-plant-ein-avantgardistisches-gebaude-an-der-romereschstrasse#gallery&0&0&297132 NOZ on July 27, 2010: "Kaffee Partner plans ein avant-garde building on Römereschstraße "
  25. ↑ Frank Henrichvark, Hermann Pentermann: Every tenth Osnabrücker was an Englishman, p. 23
  26. ↑ Archived copy ( Memento of the original dated December 8, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. "Osnabrück Knowledge About Conversion" @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / osnabruecker-wissen.de
  27. ↑ https://www.noz.de/lokales/osnabrueck/artikel/469054/unverbauter-blick-zum-piesberg-im-jahr-1915#gallery&0&0&469054 NOZ on April 22, 2014: "Unobstructed view of the Piesberg in 1915"
  28. ↑ http://www.baor-locations.org/WoolwichBks.aspx.html Data on the Woolwich Barracks
  29. ↑ https://www.noz.de/lokales/osnabrueck/artikel/378387/osnabruck-briten-kino-weicht-einer-bibliothek NOZ on April 6, 2013: Osnabrück: Briten-Kino gives way to a library
  30. ↑ https://www.osnabrueck.de/konversion/kasernen-am-westerberg/hochschulcampus-von-stein-kaserne.html Von-Stein-Kaserne becomes a university campus
  31. ↑ Buller Barracks. BAOR locations. In: http://www.baor-locations.org/ . Retrieved June 23, 2019 .
  32. ↑ Swinton Barracks. BAOR locations. In: http://www.baor-locations.org/ . Retrieved June 23, 2019 .
  33. ^ Waterloo Barracks. BAOR locations. In: http://www.baor-locations.org/ . Retrieved June 23, 2019 .
  34. ↑ a b c d e City of Münster: Urban planning - conversion - previous conversion projects. City of Münster, accessed on June 23, 2019 .
  35. ↑ Lincoln Barracks. BAOR locations. In: http://www.baor-locations.org/ . Retrieved June 23, 2019 .
  36. ↑ Nelson Barracks. BAOR locations. In: http://www.baor-locations.org/ . Retrieved June 23, 2019 .
  37. ^ Oxford Barracks. BAOR locations. In: http://www.baor-locations.org/ . Retrieved June 23, 2019 .
  38. ^ Peter Waanders: Oxford barracks. Conversion Münster. In: https://konversion-muenster.bundesimmobilien.de/ . Federal Agency for Real Estate Tasks, accessed on June 23, 2019 .
  39. ^ Portsmouth Barracks. BAOR locations. In: http://www.baor-locations.org/ . Retrieved June 23, 2019 .
  40. ^ Simpson Barracks. BAOR locations. In: http://www.baor-locations.org/ . Retrieved June 23, 2019 .
  41. ^ Winterbourne Barracks. BAOR locations. In: http://www.baor-locations.org/ . Retrieved June 23, 2019 .
  42. ↑ York Barracks. BAOR locations. In: http://www.baor-locations.org/ . Retrieved June 23, 2019 .
  43. ^ Peter Waanders: York barracks. Conversion Münster. In: https://konversion-muenster.bundesimmobilien.de/ . Federal Agency for Real Estate Tasks, accessed on June 23, 2019 .
  44. ^ BMH Münster. BAOR locations. In: http://www.baor-locations.org/ . Retrieved June 23, 2019 .
  45. ^ City of Münster: Urban planning - conversion - current planning status. City of Münster, accessed on June 23, 2019 .
  46. ↑ Axel Schümers: residential locations. Conversion Münster. In: https://konversion-muenster.bundesimmobilien.de/ . Federal Agency for Real Estate Tasks, accessed on June 23, 2019 .