13th Division (German Empire)

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The 13th Division , also known as the 13th Infantry Division for the duration of the mobile relationship , was a large unit of the Prussian Army .

13th division

active 1815 to 1919
Country German EmpireThe German Imperium German Empire
Armed forces Prussian Army
Type Infantry Division
structure see: Outline
Insinuation VII Army Corps

structure

The command was in Munster and the division was part of the VII Army Corps .

Franco-German War

Peace structure 1914

Organization of war during mobilization in 1914

  • 25th Infantry Brigade
    • Infantry Regiment "Herwarth von Bittenfeld" (1st Westphalian) No. 13
    • 7th Lorraine Infantry Regiment No. 158
  • 26th Infantry Brigade
    • Infantry Regiment "Prince Friedrich of the Netherlands" (2nd Westphalian) No. 15
    • Infantry Regiment "Graf Bülow von Dennewitz" (6th Westphalian) No. 55
    • Westphalian Jäger Battalion No. 7
  • Staff and 3rd Squadron / Uhlan Regiment "Hennigs von Treffenfeld" (Altmärkisches) No. 16
  • 13th Field Artillery Brigade
    • 2nd Westphalian Field Artillery Regiment No. 22
    • Minden Field Artillery Regiment No. 58
  • Engineer Battalion No. 7

Division of War of March 8, 1918

  • 26th Infantry Brigade
    • Infantry Regiment "Herwarth von Bittenfeld" (1st Westphalian) No. 13
    • Infantry Regiment "Prince Friedrich of the Netherlands" (2nd Westphalian) No. 15
    • Infantry Regiment "Graf Bülow von Dennewitz" (6th Westphalian) No. 55
    • Machine gun sniper division No. 22
    • 3rd Squadron / Uhlan Regiment "Hennigs von Treffenfeld" (Altmärkisches) No. 16
  • Artillery Commander No. 13
    • Minden Field Artillery Regiment No. 58
    • Foot Artillery Battalion No. 157
  • Engineer Battalion No. 7
  • Division News Commander No. 13

history

The large association was originally formed in 1815 as a troop brigade in Münster and was reorganized by AKO on November 5, 1816. The 1st Westphalian, up to then 13th Infantry Regiment , formed the infantry brigade together with the 2nd Westphalian, up to then 15th Infantry Regiment . Together with the cavalry brigade, consisting of the 2nd Dragoon Regiment (Westphalian) and the 11th Hussar Regiment (2nd Westphalian) , it formed the troop brigade commanded by Major General Hans von Luck . She was subordinate to the general command in Westphalia . This was located in Münster and was commanded by Lieutenant General Johann Adolf von Thielmann . On September 5, 1818, the troop brigade was formed into the 13th Division.

After the German War, on October 2, 1866, the 5th Westphalian Infantry Regiment No. 53 in the 25th Infantry Brigade was replaced by the newly formed Infantry Regiment No. 73 (Fusilier Regiment) with garrison in Münster and Coesfeld, later in Paderborn.

In the course of the army increase, the peace strength was increased on April 1, 1881. In the VII Army Corps, Infantry Regiment No. 131 with garrisons was set up in Paderborn, Lippstadt and Höxter and assigned to the 26th Infantry Brigade. In 1887 the same thing came to Metz.

In 1892 the Senne military training area near Paderborn was acquired by the VII Army Corps for combat-like target practice and drills in larger units. The first unit to practice there was the 26th Infantry Brigade.

German war

In the German War of 1866, the division was under the command of Lieutenant General von Goeben, who had commanded the 26th Infantry Brigade in the previous war, and moved into the Kingdom of Hanover . After the Goeben division had united with the division of General von Manteuffel formed in the Elbe duchies in undefended Hanover , the pursuit of the enemy continued. King George V of Hanover had already assembled his armed forces on June 15 in Göttingen . In order to unite with the Bavarians coming from the south, Göttingen was also left on the 21st and the division reached on the 22nd. After the Hanoverians surrendered on June 29th, the Goeben division became part of the Main Army .

In the battles of Dermbach delivered on July 4, the "Goeben" division advancing east of the Fulda valley fought with the "Kummer" brigade (Infantry Regiment No. 13 and 53) near Zella against the Bavarian "Zoller" division . The fighting between Wiesenthal Roßdorf Bavarian Division "Hartmann" was doing Wiesenthal by the foregoing Brigade "Wrangel" snatched (15th Infantry Regiment. And 55). The commanding General Vogel von Falckenstein turned against the VII Bundeskorps of Bavaria and sent the “Goeben” division to Kissingen in order to proceed from there to Schweinfurt . During a skirmish at Waldfenster , prisoners revealed that the Bavarian corps was still in Kissingen, so the “Manteuffel” division was immediately sent after the Goeben's as reinforcements. In the Battle of Kissingen , the Bavarians were defeated on July 10th and the "Goeben" division was able to occupy Kissingen.

When General von Falckenstein received the news from headquarters on July 11th that the occupation of the countries north of the Main would be important for the probable armistice negotiations, he ordered the Main Army to march immediately to the right in the direction of Frankfurt . Since his two other divisions had continued their advance on Schweinfurt in the morning, the “Goeben” division now formed the avant-garde . When the "Wrangel" brigade arrived in Laufach , their general had a bivouac there . However, when the outposts of the brigade reported the arrival of "considerable" enemy troops, the battle at Frohnhofen began on July 13th with the Grand Ducal Hessian Division under the command of General Frey. His superior General Perglas had ordered him to attack and had advised a second brigade to be forwarded to support him.

At the start of the surprise attack, the fusiliers of Infantry Regiment No. 15 who remained in Wendelstein (Laufach) replaced those of Infantry Regiment No. 55 on the western edge of Frohnhofen and the attack by the "Frey" brigade was repulsed. Half an hour later the 2nd Hessian Brigade under General von Stockhausen advanced against the village. The "Wrangel" brigade had meanwhile pushed the two other battalions of Infantry Regiment No. 15 from their camp behind the wings of the outpost position and was able to repel all further attacks. Infantry Regiment No. 55, set up as a reserve near Wendelstein, went over to the counterattack and drove the enemy out of the city. As darkness fell, General Wrangel refrained from pursuing the enemy retreating to Aschaffenburg due to his tired troops . The division took up the chase on July 14th in two columns, left and right of the Main. In the battle for Aschaffenburg , the division occupied Aschaffenburg.

The Main Army had been reinforced in Frankfurt. For example, it was reinforced by the " Oldenburg-Hanseatic Brigade " under Major General Weltzien , which was attached to the 13th Division. At the beginning of the day of the fighting at Tauberbischofsheim on July 24th, Goeben decided to take possession of the crossings over the Tauber , on the other bank was the 8th Bundeskorps. The battles that took place in the afternoon were to be of great importance for the outcome of the campaign.

The "Wrangel" brigade took action against Bischofsheim and the "Weltzien" brigade, with Goeben, against the downstream towns of Hochhausen to Werbach . The bulk of the "Kummer" brigade and the "Tresckow" reserve brigade followed behind the "Weltzien" brigade. On the morning of July 25th, the Main Army continued the advance to Würzburg in three columns. The "Goeben" division set out from Bischofsheim in the direction of Würzburg. While the "Kummer" brigade marched on the main road, the "Wrangel" brigade secured from the right flank. When violent gunfire was heard near Paimar , Goeben ordered the "Kummer" brigade to Gerchsheim . The 8th Federal Corps had withdrawn here. When faced with resistance, the brigade turned to Schönfeld to attack the enemy on the flank that evening. During the battle near Gerchsheim , the Bundeskorps was forced to repel the flank attack on its left wing and the "Kummer" brigade was given the opportunity to occupy Gerchsheim.

When the artillery bombardment of the Marienberg fortress above Würzburg, the Main Army was fully assembled again at the foot of the mountain. After the end of the bombardment, outposts were posted at the end of the day. A truce was then concluded that lasted until August 2. The peace treaty with Bavaria followed on August 22, 1866 .

Franco-German War

At the beginning of the war against France , the Kall train station served as a rallying point for the division troops and their commander, Lieutenant General Glümer, had all the officers introduced to them. When the division was assembled, they marched to the assembly point of the 1st Army in the direction of Trier . However, after it became known that the French IV. Corps under Paul de Ladmirault had marched south and the enemy was gathering at Saarbrücken , the direction of march was changed accordingly. On the evening of August 6, 1870, an adjutant of the General Command reached the division. The 14th Division was in action at Spichern and needed help. On their way there, however, since the battle was apparently over, the march was broken off. Only the avant-garde of the division had been able to intervene in the battle.

On the morning of August 14, investigations indicated that the French army was marching on Metz . The commander of the 26th Infantry Brigade, Major General Goltz - commander of the avant-garde of the VII Army Corps - felt that he was sufficiently oriented in connection with the reports from his outposts to disrupt the backward movement intended by the French. He informed both divisions of the VII Army Corps as well as the I Army Corps in order to be sure of their support in the event of enemy superiority, and left.

After about an hour of fighting, the situation for the 26th Infantry Brigade became critical when a light battery of the 1st Army Corps arrived and took up position southwest of Montoy . Two batteries sent ahead by the 2nd Division drove up shortly afterwards between Montoy and Noisseville . When General Zastrow arrived on the battlefield, he immediately dispatched the 28th Infantry Brigade to attack on the left of the 26th Infantry Brigade. When the 25th Infantry Brigade under General Osten-Sacken intervened on the left wing, the critical situation turned. On the second attempt, they push the enemy back to Borny and Bellecroix, today both communes of Metz. The losses of the 13th Division amounted to 94 officers and 1,815 men.

On the orders of Prince Friedrich Karl , Commander of the 2nd Army, on the evening of August 19, the VII Army Corps moved its headquarters to Ars. General Zastrow assigned the 13th Division to defend the left bank of the Moselle in order to enclose Metz . The left wing of the 26th Infantry Brigade joined the VIII Army Corps at Rozérieulles . When Marshal Bazaine attempted to break out in the Battle of Noisseville on August 31, the 25th Infantry Brigade and corps artillery and a little later also the 26th Infantry Brigade were sent to reinforce the Germans. When the 26th Infantry Brigade started moving on September 2, they received the order to turn back in Coin-lès-Cuvry .

After the victory of Sedan and the capture of the emperor and Mac Mahon 's army, no further attempt to break through to the north was expected in the prince's view. He moved the center of gravity in the west to the south. The 26th Infantry Brigade was relocated near Fort Queuleu .

There is evidence that on September 20 the 26th Infantry Brigade, accompanied by the Westphalian poet Emil Rittershaus, went to a feast in the park of Mercy-le-Haut . With this the poet came up with a poem with several stanzas about the "Goltz" brigade, which was reflected in the stories of the regiments belonging to it.

After the siege was over, the defeated French left Metz on October 29th, the 26th Infantry Brigade remained ready for action on the east side of Grigy (today part of Metz) on the road to Ars-Laquenexy (today: D999 ) in order to stop their march past she occupied the city. For the time being, Lieutenant General Kummer was appointed in command of the fortress and the 26th Infantry Brigade for its crew. Shortly afterwards, Lieutenant General Löwenfeld took their place as governor, Colonel Brandenstein as commandant of Metz, and Count Henckel von Donnersmarck became civil governor.

After the Diedenhofen Fortress was taken by the 14th Division, the brigade followed the siege corps.

After the division, as part of the corps, was placed under the king's headquarters on November 29th and marched in the direction of Châtillon-sur-Seine , the 5th Reserve Uhlan Regiment, newly formed in Silesia , was assigned to it as the second cavalry regiment.

First World War

At the beginning of World War I, the division was part of the VII Army Corps and took part in the siege of Liège . On August 10, they took over the places on Chaussee Berviers-Liège with the assigned 2nd Battalion Pioneer Regiment 24 at the northern enclosure position, the 14th Division and the 43rd Infantry Brigade took up positions south of the Besder Valley. Because the 11th Infantry Brigade was detached and marched back to Liège, the 13th Division took over its section on the Liège-Montfort and Maas-Oberstrom road on August 14th. After the fall of the last forts, the 13th Division resumed its advance, as the right wing of the VII Army Corps, it advanced on the 22nd from Nivelles to Binche . On August 23, 1914, the division received its actual baptism of fire in the Battle of Namur . While the 14th Division at Thuin the passage of the Sambre tried covered the 13th Division in the area north of Binche the right flank and held connection to IX. Army Corps of the 1st Army . The right wing of the division ran through the artillery of Maubeuge fortress on the line Solre-north Montignies-St. Christophe feast. A brigade of the 13th Division was subordinated to the VII Reserve Corps commissioned to siege Maubeuge .

General staff of the division in front of the castle in Marquillies , in the middle Lieutenant General von dem Borne

After taking part in the Battle of the Aisne ( Berry-au-Bac area ), the 13th Division fought in the so-called Race to the Sea in the area north of Arras near Ablain . While the 25th Brigade was already fighting together with the 14th Division in the Battle of La Bassée in mid-October , the bulk of the 13th Division was still in the Souchez area in support of the 5th Bavarian Reserve Division . In early November 1914, the division was moved to Neuve-Chapelle opposite the Indian Corps . After the battle of Łódź , a relief attack took place at Givenchy on the western front on December 18 to relieve the eastern front . After dark on December 24th, all combat activity was suspended. The Christmas Peace, which lasted until January 2nd of the following year, began. A common burial of the dead in a mass grave took place during this time. The ceremony was held by an English clergyman and a seminarist fighting in the ranks of the 15th Infantry Regiment .

On March 3, 1915, the 13th Division had to surrender Infantry Regiment No. 158. The transformation of all divisions into three infantry regiments each means that it was incorporated into another division. In the following battle of Neuve-Chapelle from March 10, she faced the English 7th Division . The 13th Division fought in the Loretto Battle in May 1915 and was caught in heavy barrage by the French. During the autumn battle on September 25, the division first became acquainted with a gas attack . In Annœullin , on November 5, 1915, a parade took place in front of Crown Prince Rupprecht , in which delegations of the troops involved in the last fighting took part. In mid-February 1916 it was noticed during the night that what was new at the time, airmen were flying over the regiment. The AKO announced on the 25th that 550 kg of explosives had been dropped on Amiens , Hazebrouck and other cities that night . Nocturnal flying for the purpose of bombing, which has been described as a further stage in the advancement of aviation, began here.

After two months of training, the 13th Division was transferred to the “Dead Man” on June 3, 1916 during the Battle of Verdun with a view of “Höhe 304” on the western bank of the Maas. The initial occupation there with four divisions decreased over time to two. At the beginning of September the division was relocated near Cléry during the Battle of the Somme . Shortly afterwards, it was moved back to "Höhe 304" this time. On October 20, 1916, the Crown Prince , Commander-in-Chief of the 5th Army , held a parade of troops from the VIIth Army Corps in front of the in Charmois Park near Mouzay . With the parade and the awards that followed, he paid tribute to their achievements in the Battle of the Somme and before Verdun.

As early as December 1916, plans were being considered by the General Command to expand the glimpse behind the French lines from "Höhe 304". Since that enterprise under the direction of the 13th Division had a larger expansion, the enterprise of January 25, 1917, according to the number of regiments, split into three sub-enterprises ("Minden", "Block" and "Groos"). "Minden" and "Block" conquered the foremost line of the French, while "Groos" then occupied the space created between the sub-companies.

The division's artillery used Grünkreuz for the first time on March 18, 1917 . A short time later, with the company " Blücher " , the division had recaptured the positions from which the army was driven back in April 1916. The division left his position on May 16, 1917. After a period of convalescence, the division moved to new positions on the Aisne front on Chemin des Dames . The new position reached right into the valley of the Ailette . On the enemy side of the river, above the steep ridge, was the edge of the so-called Cerny Basin . The ridge that had been lost to the French represented a serious “weakness” on the German front.

In August 1917, the division in the Siegfriedstellung part of the group "Crépy" ( Gen. Kdo. VIII. Res.K. ) in the forest of St. Gobains , before returning to the Chemin des Dames in October . This time it was used on the Laffaux corner .

In the Battle of Malmaison on October 23, 1917, the division suffered such great losses that it left the 7th Army on the same day and was relocated to the 3rd Army . There it was replenished with replacements from the Eastern Front. On November 13, her troops paraded in front of the Crown Prince on the “ d'Alsace-Lorraine ” square in Sedan .

The 13th Division returned to the front on November 16, 1917 in the Malancourt forest . The “Dead Man” and “Höhe 304” were in sight, but had since fallen back into French hands. Another parade in which delegations of the division took part took place on December 21, 1917 at Dun in front of the emperor .

Divisional headquarters in spring 1918. Major General von Borries (center)

In February 1918 the division was trained first in Arlon and then in Valenciennes for the Great Battle of France . In Operation Michael , the division in the Association of XXIII. Reserve corps of the 18th Infantry Division . During the initial advance of the 2nd Army , the division should remain almost only in the second line. On March 23, however, she came briefly to the front line, as a divisional order sent her west of Templeux-la-Fosse - in the former area of ​​the Somme battle. On March 25th, the 199th division replaced the 18th . After about fifty kilometers the offensive stopped at the ancre .

Assigned to General Command 51 , the 13th Division was transferred south of Castel to the Avre on April 19 . At the Battle of Hamel , she was pushed back by the Australians . On the so-called Black Day of the German Army on August 8, 1918, the division was almost destroyed by the attack by the Australian Corps during the Battle of Amiens . In the evening of the day the artillery of the division was destroyed and of the infantry only the resting battalion was available. An artillery ammunition column was formed from the remaining 29 vehicles of the three regiments.

During the Meuse-Argonne offensive , the division was relocated to the section of its winter quarters from 1917, Maasgruppe West. Opposite her stood a new opponent, the Americans . In order to relieve Austrian troops who were returning to their homeland, the 13th Division was ordered to the other side of the Meuse on October 31. When she returned the following day, she was loaded onto trucks and taken away.

After the armistice came into force on November 11th, the division began its march back via Arlon , through the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg . The German border was reached at Echternach on November 21st, the Rhine was crossed at Bingen so that the regiments could be driven home from Rüdesheim on December 5th .

Battle calendar

1914
  • 0August 9th to 16th --- Conquest of Liège
  • August 21 --- Battle of Obaix
  • August 22nd --- Battle at Péronnes-Mont Ste. Adelgonde
  • August 23rd to 24th --- Battle of Namur
  • August 25th to September 7th --- Siege and capture of Maubeuge (parts of the division)
  • August 29th to 30th --- Battle of St. Quentin
  • 0September 4th --- Battle of Montmançon
  • 0September 6th to 9th --- Battle of the Petit Morin
  • September 12th to October 4th --- Fights near Reims
  • 0October 5th to 13th --- Battle of Arras
  • October 13 to December 13 --- Trench warfare in Flanders and Artois
  • December 14th to 24th --- December battle in French Flanders
  • from December 25th --- Trench warfare in Flanders and Artois
1915
1916
  • until March 27th --- Trench warfare in Flanders and Artois
  • March 27 to June 4 --- Reserve of the OHL at Tournai
  • 0June 5th to September 8th --- Battle of Verdun
    • June 15th to 18th --- Fighting on the Dead Man
  • 0September 9-22 --- Battle of the Somme
  • from 23 September --- position battles in front of Verdun
    • December 6th --- Fights at Height 304
    • December 28th --- Fights on the Dead Man
1917
1918
  • until February 5th --- position battles in front of Verdun
  • 0February 5th to March 20th --- Reserve of the OHL
  • March 21st to April 6th --- Great battle in France
  • 0April 7th to August 7th --- Fights on the Ancre , Somme and Avre
  • 0August 8th to 20th --- Defensive battle between Somme and Avre
  • August 22nd to September 2nd --- Battle of Albert - Péronne
  • 09 to 28 September --- Trench warfare in Lorraine and the Vosges
  • September 29th to October 9th --- Defensive battle in the Champagne and the Meuse
  • October 10th to 12th --- Fighting on the Hunding and Brunhild fronts
  • October 13th to 31st --- Defensive battles between Argonne and Maas
  • 0November 1st to 4th --- Fights between Aisne and Maas
  • 0November 5th to 11th --- Defensive battle in the Champagne and on the Meuse
  • from November 12th --- evacuation of the occupied territory and march home

Commanders

Rank Surname date
Major general Hans von Luck and Witten September 24, 1815 to November 12, 1834
Major general Friedrich von Wrangel November 13, 1834 to November 18, 1839
Major general Karl von Monsterberg November 29, 1839 to September 9, 1840 (in charge of the tour)
Major General / Lieutenant General Karl von Monsterberg September 10, 1840 to March 18, 1844
Major General / Lieutenant General Wilhelm von Tietzen and Hennig March 30, 1844 to November 3, 1851
Major General / Lieutenant General Georg Brunsig from Brun 0November 4, 1851 to April 1, 1857
Lieutenant General Gustav Adolf von Schlemüller 0April 2, 1857 to May 28, 1858
Lieutenant General Louis of Mutius May 29, 1858 to November 18, 1859
Major general Friedrich von Monts November 19, 1859 to January 19, 1860
Lieutenant General Adolph von Wintzingerode 0July 1, 1860 to May 12, 1865
Lieutenant General August Karl von Goeben May 13, 1865 to July 17, 1870
Lieutenant General Adolf von Glümer July 18, 1870 to July 1, 1871
Lieutenant General Ludwig von Bothmer 0July 2, 1871 to March 29, 1873
Major General / Lieutenant General Albert von Trossel May 23 to November 24, 1873 (in charge of the tour)
Lieutenant General Albert von Trossel November 25, 1873 to September 12, 1875
Lieutenant General Oskar Stein von Kaminski September 24, 1875 to December 21, 1877
Lieutenant General Kuno von der Goltz December 22, 1877 to March 21, 1880
Lieutenant General Barnim von Zeuner March 22, 1880 to April 13, 1883
Lieutenant General Oskar von Nachtigal April 17, 1883 to October 7, 1887
Lieutenant General Hans Alfred von Kretschmann November 15, 1887 to March 14, 1890
Lieutenant General Richard Moritz von Westernhagen March 15, 1890 to January 26, 1893
Major general August von Bomsdorff January 27 to April 17, 1893 (in charge of the tour)
Lieutenant General August von Bomsdorff April 18 to July 10, 1893
Lieutenant General Ludwig von Hammerstein-Loxten July 11, 1893 to August 24, 1896
Lieutenant General Hermann von Lüdemann August 25, 1896 to October 7, 1898
Lieutenant General Maximilian von Mützschefahl 0October 8, 1898 to May 21, 1900
Lieutenant General Friedrich von der Boeck May 22, 1900 to May 29, 1901
Major general Armand Léon of Ardenne May 30th to November 13th 1901 (entrusted with the tour)
Major general Georg von Kalckstein November 14, 1901 to May 22, 1902 (in charge of the tour)
Lieutenant General Arthur von Klinckowström May 23, 1902 to December 21, 1904
Lieutenant General Richard von Winterfeld December 22, 1904 to March 19, 1906
Lieutenant General Ernst von Natzmer March 20, 1906 to September 3, 1906
Lieutenant General Johann von Zwehl 0September 4, 1906 to July 26, 1908
Lieutenant General Friedrich Sixt by Armin July 27, 1908 to March 19, 1911
Lieutenant General Hermann von François March 20, 1911 to September 30, 1913
Lieutenant General Kurt of the Borne 0October 1, 1913 to February 10, 1917
Major general Rudolf von Borries February 10, 1917 to September 25, 1918
Lieutenant General Peter von Kameke September 26, 1918 to January 19, 1919
General of the Infantry Walter von Bergmann January 19, 1919 to October 8, 1919

literature

  • Hall of Fame of our Old Army. Published on the basis of official material from the Reichsarchiv , Militär-Verlag, Berlin 1927, pp. 65, 109.
  • Histories of Two Hundred and Fifty-One Divisions of the German Army Which Participated in the War (1914-1918). United States War Office as War Department Document No. 905, Office of the Adjutant, 1920, pp. 225-228.

Web links

Commons : 13th Division  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Alfred Cramer : History of the Infantry Regiment Prince Friedrich of the Netherlands (2nd Westphalian) No. 15. Verlag R. Eisenschmid, Berlin 1910.
  2. ↑ Designation from November 7, 1867: "Hannoversches Füsilier-Regiment Nr. 73"
  3. ↑ The Hanoverian Army finally met Manteuffel's division on June 27 in the battle of Langensalza .
  4. ↑ The aim of the Federal Army , the union of the VIII Federal Corps with the VII Federal Corps of Bavaria, could not be achieved. The latter then withdrew to Kissingen.
  5. ↑ General von Perglas had the task of keeping the transition to Aschaffenburg open.
  6. ^ The Bavarian Army no longer marched after the defeat in Bischofsheim.
  7. ^ Alfred Cramer: History of the Infantry Regiment Prince Friedrich of the Netherlands (2nd Westphalian) No. 15. Verlag R. Eisenschmid, Berlin 1910.
  8. ↑ The Laffaux corner was the name given to the part of the German position where the German line from La Fère in a north-south direction east of Vauxaillon, crossing the Laon - Soissons road, makes a sharp turn to the east, then essentially to the Chemin des Dames to follow.
  9. ↑ General Swiss military magazine. ASMZ, volume 129 (1963). doi: 10.5169 / seals-40652
  10. ↑ The "Battle of Malmaison" is also known as the "October Battle of the Aisne".
  11. ^ Gustav Riebensahm: Infantry Regiment Prince Friedrich of the Netherlands (2nd Westphalian) No. 15 in World War 1914-18. Minden 1931.
  12. ↑ Dermot Bradley (ed.), Günter Wegner: Occupation of the German Army 1815-1939. Volume 1: The higher command posts 1815–1939. Biblio Verlag, Osnabrück 1990, ISBN 3-7648-1780-1 , p. 108f.