Senne
The Senne is a landscape in the Ostwestfalen-Lippe region of the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia . It is located on the western slope of the Teutoburg Forest between the regional center of Bielefeld in the north, the city of Paderborn in the south and Gütersloh and Detmold in the west and east. The Ems rises in the Senne.
The most important contiguous heathland in North Rhine-Westphalia is located in this area with the sandy soil . Parts of this cultural landscape are large areas with poor grassland, as well as near-natural bodies of water and moors . The landscape has a rich flora and fauna. Of the approximately 5,000 animal and plant species that occur, 901 are on the red list , such as the moon diamond , the reversible neck and the mourning cloak .
116 km², and thus almost half of the total area of the Senne given as 250 km², are part of the Senne military training area , which is mainly used by the British armed forces . Due to the imminent withdrawal of British troops, discussions are ongoing about the future of this landscape. Here and in the adjacent areas of the Teutoburg Forest and the Egge Mountains , a landscape has been preserved that is equally important for nature conservation, local recreation and water management.
geography
location
The Senne is located in the south of Ostwestfalen-Lippe between the two cities of Bielefeld in the northwest and Paderborn in the southeast. It is mostly located in the Lippe district and to a lesser extent in the Gütersloh and Paderborn districts and the independent city of Bielefeld. The municipalities with territorial shares on the Senne are clockwise: Bielefeld (with the districts Brackwede , Buschkamp , Windflöte , Windelsbleiche , Heideblümchen , Eckardtsheim , Dalbke and Sennestadt ), Oerlinghausen (with Lipper row ), Holte-Stukenbrock Castle , Augustdorf , Schlangen (with Oesterholz -Haustenbeck and Kohlstädt ), Bad Lippspringe , Paderborn with ( Neuhaus / Sande and Sennelager Castle ) and Hövelhof .
The Senne landscape forms a contiguous area of around 250 km², around 40 km long and a maximum of 15 km wide. The Senne is widest in the southeast, narrowing to the northwest until it only accompanies the Teutoburg Forest with a tongue-shaped strip. Large areas are neither populated nor intersected by busy roads. Around 116 km² are occupied by the Senne military training area.
In terms of nature , the Senne belongs to the East Munsterland within the Westphalian lowland bay . In the north are the Bielefelder Osning and the Lippe Forest as parts of the Teutoburg Forest , in the east the Egge Mountains . The Paderborn plateau connects to the south and the Delbrücker Ridge to the west .
topography
The wide sand plain of the Senne rises gradually to the Teutoburg Forest bordering in the northeast and is divided into four sub-areas. The Obere Senne is a strip at an average height of 200 m (above sea level ) at the foot of the Teutoburg Forest and a maximum of 5 km wide. This is the zone of the dry valleys, there are no sand dunes there. Below an altitude of 150–160 m (above sea level) is the Mittlere Senne with deeply cut and gorge-like valleys. The terrain, which slopes gently towards the southwest, is partly occupied by dunes , in whose blow-out hollows there are heather bogs and still waters. The Senne brooks, including the Ems, have their source in this zone . The Untere Senne is located further south near Hövelhof at around 120 m above sea level (NHN) . The brooks carry abundant sandy sediments with them, which in the Untere Senne were deposited in up to two meters high brook beds in the lower Senne, so that the Furlbach, for example, runs higher than the surrounding area in places. The fourth sub-area comprises the Drumlin- Senne between Bielefeld and Oerlinghausen , the landscape of which is characterized by moraines .
The areas of the Senne are divided into further sub-areas. These include, for example, Kammersenne, Haustenbecker Senne, Hövelsenne , Stapelager Senne and Wistinghauser Senne.
geology
The Senne is located on the western rise of the Teutoburg Forest. About 200,000 years ago, the creation of today's Senne landscape began with the melting of a glacier that stretched through the Porta Westfalica and other transverse valleys of the Wiehengebirge from the northeast to the Teutoburg Forest. Its meltwater flowed from the slopes of the mountains to the southwest and carried large amounts of sand with it, which were deposited in the lower plains. Different glacial sediments from this Saale Ice Age are stored there . The sediments consist of the Pleistocene sands , which are mixed with remnants of boulder clay . They form shapes like sanders and chimney terraces . Strong winds blew the loose sand into dunes and formed hollows in other places in which small bogs could develop. Heavy precipitation resulted in dry valleys in the Upper Senne , which no longer carried water after the runoff.
The sands of the Senne are very nutrient-poor and permeable. Powerful podsols have developed on them . Often has by the displacement and cementing of humus and iron in the lower part of the bottom Orterde formed. In some places, ash soils have been created through cultivation . There are gleyes in the narrow banks along the streams . The subsoil of the Senne is formed by the skirmish limestone and marl of the Upper Cretaceous and sandstones of the Lower Cretaceous .
Development towards a cultural landscape
After the end of the last glacial period around 10,000 years ago, the Senne began to be forested, initially with birch , willow and pine trees . Due to a renewed global warming around 6000 BC Elms , oaks , linden trees , ash trees , maples and later beeches also grew there . The extremely nutrient-poor soil allowed only sparse forests with small trees.
The Senne was uninhabited until the 12th century, and was considered desolate and sterile by the population. After that, a hesitant settlement began along the streams from the west. The existing forests of oak, birch and pine were thinned even further by grazing cattle and logging. So an open heathland developed from the former forest landscape and extensive heathland, open sandy areas, dunes, small moors, groups of trees and trees and deeply cut stream valleys were created.
In order to enlarge the valley area and to gain more meadow areas, the existing dry valleys were extended to the typical Senne box valleys . To do this, the sand was cut off at the edges of the valley and the material was put back on the valley floor.
The plague cut was practiced until the 20th century , in which the heather farmers peeled off a thick layer of soil including heather with a special hoe. The so-called plagues served as litter in the cattle sheds and then came onto the fields mixed with the dung. Since the middle of the 19th century, the Senne was afforested according to plan, which further displaced heather areas . Today the heather can only be found in large areas in the area of the military training area and in some adjacent nature reserves, such as in the Moosheide and Augustdorfer Dünenfeld .
At the same time, the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation identifies the vast majority of the Senne as a landscape with a predominantly heather and grassland cultural landscape . The Senne is the most important contiguous heathland in North Rhine-Westphalia.
The domestic Becker Road between August village and Oesterholz on the premises of the training area was the BUND to the Avenue of the year 2013 chosen. "The closed avenue made up of approximately one hundred and fifty-year-old linden trees is an example of the importance of older avenues for biodiversity."
Hydrology
The Obere Senne on the western slope of the Teutoburg Forest is an area rich in precipitation due to the inclined rain. The rainwater seeps into the sandy soil until it hits a layer of marl over which the aquifer stands. The groundwater emerges from the ground on the western slope of the Teutoburg Forest in the Upper Senne and flows away in numerous streams to the southwest. In the area of the military training area there is almost no agriculture , so the waters are largely unpolluted and close to nature and have partially dug themselves into the loose sandy soil. The Furlbach is a reference body of water because of its closeness to nature and represents the type 14 of flowing water - sand-shaped lowland streams . Bog areas are forming along the rivers and streams . In the Lower Senne, which has a lower gradient, the sand is deposited, in some places so much that the streams run one to two meters above the surroundings in dam beds. In addition, ponds and lakes are formed, supported by dam construction. Old gravel and sand pits have been flooded and offer water birds good living conditions, for example on the Sennesee .
The Ems-Rhine watershed runs through the Senne area from east to west , with the border running roughly in the middle through Hövelhof and south along Augustdorf. As a result, not all Senne rivers drain into the same stream. The Krollbach is a specialty in this respect , as it forms a river bifurcation east of the Hövelhof town center and thus drains into two different water systems. While the water of the left Krollbach arm flows over the Haustenbach and the Lippe into the Rhine, the water of the Schwarzwasserbach branching off to the right is fed to the Ems.
The city of Bielefeld uses the Senne aquifer as a water reservoir for its drinking water supply and installed wells there at the beginning of the 20th century. Via a long-distance water line, it leads the water over the Rhine-Weser watershed in the Teutoburg Forest to Bielefeld. To compensate for this, however, pre- treated wastewater must be fed back over the mountain into the Obere Senne using a wastewater pressure pipe , where it is returned to the ground via sewage fields . In the 1970s, deep water wells with a depth of a little more than 400 m were set in order to develop further water resources. The water abstraction in the sensitive area has been documented since 1928 by the Senne hydrology , an observation station commissioned by the Detmold administrative district , with groundwater measuring points, groundwater writing levels, a runoff level and precipitation measuring points.
traffic
The federal motorway 2 touches the Senne in the north and has the junction Bielefeld-Süd in the Bielefeld district of Sennestadt . The A 33 from Osnabrück to Paderborn crosses the A 2 in Bielefeld and then cuts through the Senne in a north-south direction; with the connection points there Schloß Holte-Stukenbrock , Stukenbrock-Senne , Paderborn- Sennelager and Paderborn- Schloß Neuhaus . In this area it is also called the Senne Autobahn . The federal road 68 has lost its function in this section between Bielefeld- Brackwede and Paderborn and has been downgraded to the state road . In terms of railway technology, the Senne is accessed by the Sennebahn , which connects the main centers of Bielefeld and Paderborn and has several stops in the area of the Senne. The so-called Senneblitz was a railway line operated by the Westfälische Landes-Eisenbahn , which branched off from Paderborn-Sennelager to Rietberg in the south-west , but was shut down in 1990.
The ridge of the Teutoburg Forest to the northeast forms a barrier that traffic overcomes on passes to get to the Lipperland and Ravensberger Hügelland . In the north lies the Bielefelder Pass , which takes up the Hamm – Minden railway line . Further south is the Oerlinghauser Pass and the Dörenschlucht . In the Middle Ages the Frankfurter Weg to Bremen ran via Paderborn through the Senne to Dörenschlucht . Further to the south is the Gauseköte Pass, which was used to access the Lippe hunting lodge in the east via Fürstenallee . The regional center of Paderborn is located south of the Senne on Hellweg , the course of which follows Bundesstraße 1 . This large east-west road runs south past the Senne and then overcomes the Teutoburg Forest in the east.
The Senne can be ridden with bicycles on the European cycle path R1 , the Senne cycle path and the Roman route .
Around 25,000 glider pilots take off from Oerlinghausen airfield every year. The airfield Bielefeld in Senne- Windelsbleiche is used by local businesses, individuals and local aero clubs. The Bad Lippspringe airfield , located to the south of the military training area, is also used by the Rhine Army Parachute Association for private parachute jumping .
climate
The Senne belongs to the moderate climate zone of Central Europe and lies in the area of the subatlantic maritime climate . The prevailing wind direction from the southwest brings regular rainfall from the Atlantic . In particular, the windward sides of the Teutoburg Forest and the Egge Mountains are in the area of pronounced incline rain . Here the amount of precipitation is 1000 mm, sometimes over 1200 mm. In Bad Lippspringe on the eastern edge of the Senne, a long-term average of 914 mm of precipitation fell annually from 1961 to 1990.
The winters are mostly mild under the influence of the Atlantic and the summers are moderately warm. The annual mean temperature at the Bad Lippspringe measuring station is approx. 8.9 ° C.
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Climate Bad Lippspringe (157 m above sea level )
Source: German Weather Service
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history
Word meaning
The name Senne was first mentioned as Sinethi in 804 , other forms of the name are Sinithi , Synatha , Sinedi , Seneto , Sinede and Sende . The name means pasture place in Old High German . The suffix ithi is common in the old Germanic settlement areas.
Beginning of settlement
According to archaeological finds in the dairy area, hunters and gatherers moved through this region as early as the Middle Stone Age around 5,500 to 10,000 years ago . The numerous barrows from the Bronze and Iron Ages , which are located along the edge of the mountain and in front of the passes over the Teutoburg Forest , also bear witness to human presence .
In the Middle Ages , people spoke of the desert , as the harvest yields were low. Until the 12th century, the Senne was considered a settlement-free area in the already generally populated East Westphalia-Lippe. Only then did the first farms emerge on the edge of the Senne. The settlement took place from the southwest along the streams in the form of row villages (Riegen).
After the Thirty Years' War , villages were planned in the interior of the Senne. Haustenbeck was built on Lippe land around 1659 and the Augustdorf dairy settlement was founded in 1775 . The settlers came from neighboring forest villages or more distant areas. At that time, the surrounding villages also used the Senne as grazing land for sheep, cattle and horses. On the Paderborn side, the “New Village” (Niendorp) was created around 1659, from which the Hövelhof community later developed. Settlers here were peasant sons from the Delbrücker Land.
Heather farmers
The people who settled in the Senne since the Middle Ages were called heather farmers . Logging and forest pasture led to further clearing of the forests and an open heathland developed . With the form of pest fertilization of the poor soils, which is widespread in the Senne and in the whole of northern Germany , the heather farmers removed a layer of soil several centimeters thick with heather and used it as litter in the cattle shed . Later mixed with the manure of the animals were sods applied to the fields as fertilizer.
The plague stinging left sand areas without any vegetation, which were only colonized years later by so-called pioneer plants and preferably heather. The heather farmers used common areas in the plague economy, which they called meanness . The rights of use extended in addition to the blows of pests also to the sting of peat mosquitoes and the Waldhude . The need for heathland was considerable, because the regeneration time for the vegetation took 10 to 20 years before the next blow could take place. In addition, sheep grazed on the areas and thus prevented the development of forests in the long term.
A typical house of the heather farmers consisted of roughly hewn beams that were laid flat directly on the leveled sandy soil. The framework and the roof structure rose above it. The spaces between the framework were filled with angular peat mosquitoes that were stung on damp lawns. The roof was made of heather and the ridge was made of mosquitos. The only interior space was living room, bedroom and cattle shed all at the same time. When the house was finished, the surrounding heather was worked on.
Military training area
The military training area within the Senne is around 116 km² and takes up almost half of the entire area of the Senne. It is under British administration. Military use of the area began at the end of the 19th century. Paderborn and Neuhaus , south of the Senne, had been cavalry garrison towns since 1820 . From 1881, parts of the Senne were acquired for these units and designated as a cavalry training area in 1888. The VII Army Corps with headquarters in Münster expanded the training area around 1891 into a general military training area . When training began in 1892, mainly unpopulated areas were declared a restricted area. At what is now the Sennelager , at that time still known as the Südlager , the practicing soldiers camped in tented villages. From 1901 the new camp near Augustdorf was built, which was built in stone.
During the First World War, two camps for prisoners of war were set up in the Senne. The forest camp at Sennelager and the Staumühle camp temporarily had a total of 30,000 to 40,000 inmates. After the end of the war in 1918, it was not until February 1921 before the last Russians had left the camps, which were closed on March 31, 1921. The Staumühle camp then partially served as a children's village . From 1935 the military facilities around the Senne were massively expanded. In the north of the Senne, the north camp was built near Augustdorf , where the Rommel barracks are located today. The practice area was expanded again in the 1930s; numerous residents were resettled, including between 1937 and 1939 from the Haustenbeck settlement . In the Staumühle camp and in the main camp VI K (326) near Stukenbrock, mainly Soviet prisoners of war were accommodated from 1941 onwards. There is a Russian military cemetery there . On it is a memorial for the 65,000 Russian prisoners of war who died in the Senne.
After the end of the Second World War, the training area fell to the US Army , which handed the area over to British sovereignty in May 1945. The British Rhine Army set up the Staumühle internment camp in the Staumühle camp and the Eselheide internment camp in the former Stalag for former leading National Socialists from the British occupation zone . Former prisoners of war were housed in the north camp until they were repatriated .
After the founding of the Bundeswehr , German soldiers, along with British, Dutch and Belgian troops, took part in the exercise in the Senne. In autumn 1989, 1360 refugees from the German Democratic Republic were admitted to the Staumühle camp with the support of the Bundeswehr from Augustdorf . Around 4,000 German soldiers are currently stationed in Augustdorf. In the fall of 2010, the British announced their final withdrawal by 2020.
Haustenbeck
Count Hermann Adolf founded the village of Haustenbeck on Haustenbach in 1659 in order to collect customs duties on the Lippe border . In the previous year, the boundary between the Lippe and Paderborn part of the Senne was determined in the Lippspring original comparison . Around 1840, around 1000 people lived in the village, most of whom were Hoppenplöcker and Kleinkötter . In 1937 the site had to give way to an expansion of the military training area and the approximately 1,300 residents were relocated. Many of them found a new home in the Moorlage settlement , in Isenbüttel and Wanzleben and in a few other places.
The entire Haustenbeck area is now uninhabited and lies entirely within the military training area. In the former center of the village, the listed ruins of the church can be seen. There is a memorial in the former cemetery and remnants of the wall have remained here and there in the wider area. The old fruit trees give an idea of where the residents' houses and courtyards used to be. About 500 m from the town center rises the 41.5 m high, widely visible Haustenbeck Tower, which was built in 1941 as an observation tower for the exercising military.
Every odd year, the Haustenbeck meeting for old Haustenbeckers and friends takes place on the former village grounds , organized by the Oesterholz-Haustenbeck local and tourist association .
Senner horses
Senner horses are one of the oldest known horse breeds in Germany and were first mentioned in a document in 1160. The stud was owned by the Counts of Lippe and had under Count Simon VI. (1554–1613) had around 200 mares. Troops passing through stole many horses in the Thirty Years War. Since the 16th century the stud was located in the area of the later Lopshorn hunting lodge. For centuries, large areas of the Senne and the adjacent Teutoburg Forest have been part of the habitat of the mares and their foals, who could move freely there all year round. The stallions were caught and used in the royal stables as riding and hunting horses. From 1803 the horses were looked after in the stables of the stud in Lopshorn in winter. After the First World War , the Princely House of Lippe gave up horse breeding; However, it was initially continued by the Association of Lippischer Horse Breeders and from 1935 onwards by some private individuals. After the end of the Second World War , the palace and stud buildings were destroyed in a fire in June 1945. The reconstruction of Lopshorn Castle has existed as a non-profit company since 2003 , with the aim of rebuilding the castle and revitalizing Germany's oldest stud.
Lopshorn hunting lodge
The Lopshorn hunting lodge was located east of the Augustdorf community on the southern slope of the Teutoburg Forest and served as a summer residence for the counts and later princes of the Lippe. Count Simon Heinrich (1649–1697) had it built in 1685 and its main features were retained until it was destroyed in 1945. On both sides of the castle were the studs for the dairymen's horses. A dairy provided food supplies. In 1850, the hunting lodge was renovated under Prince Leopold II (1802-1851). An octagonal baroque well house with a 65 meter deep well was built in the garden because the castle residents constantly complained about water shortages and water often had to be brought in from Detmold or from the Donoperteich by horse and cart. On June 11, 1945, Lopshorn was completely destroyed by arson. Since the castle was located within a restricted area, the fire brigade was not given permission to extinguish it. In 1947 the British occupation forces confiscated the entire area with over 100 hectares of agricultural land to expand the Senne military training area; since then it has been British territory . The ruins left by the fire were used as targets for target practice, so that today there is hardly any remains of the wall to be found.
Sennestadt
Today's Bielefeld district Sennestadt in the north-west of the Senne was created in 1956 as a planned city for displaced persons and refugees . The low population and poor agricultural use of the Senne and the land that could be bought cheaply were decisive factors in the establishment of the first town in the Senne. The settlement, which was largely planned by Hans Bernhard Reichow, is one of the best-known examples of German urban planning after 1945.
Flora and fauna
A multitude of plant and animal species that have adapted to the special living conditions such as the Sennesand have found their habitat there. These include some rare and endangered species. The habitats of the Senne include heaths , poor grasslands , moors , near-natural flowing waters , extensive grassland , sand fields and damp birch-oak forests . Most of the Senne's habitats are classified as worthy of protection as part of the Natura 2000 project (see section Protected Areas ).
flora
The plants growing in the heathland have to withstand heat and drought and be able to get by with very few nutrients. The generally small plants grow in spring when there is some moisture in the sandy soil, have finished their development in summer and dry up quickly. They have small, fleshy leaves so that very little water can evaporate. The pioneer plants on sandy soils include the spring spark ( Spergula morisonii ), the silver grass ( Corynephorus canescens ), the sand sedge ( Carex arenaria ), the farmer's mustard ( Teesdalia ) and the small bird's foot ( Ornithopus perpusillus ), which together form the so-called silver grass field form. At the end of June these plants have already dried up, but the fine, dense roots secure the loose dune sand. Most of these plants are gray in color due to numerous small hairs. These reflect a large part of the sunlight and prevent excessive evaporation of the absorbed water. Other plants native to the Senne are the dwarf feltwort ( Filago minima ), the hawkweed ( Hieracium pilosella ) and the mountain sandbell ( Jasione montana ). In addition, the earth star ( Geastrum ), which belongs to the fungi , the broad-leaved orchid ( Dactylorhiza majalis ) and the round-leaved sundew ( Drosera rotundifolia ) can be found. The Gagelstrauch , which is on the red list , is also found in the Senne.
Moreover, there are mat-grass turf, moor grass reported and oat grass - and Burnet - Silgen item. Of forest types, there are wood-rush beech forests ( Luzulo-Fagetum ), oak forests on sandy plains with English oak ( Quercus robur ), alder - ash - and softwood alluvial forests , Woodruff -Buchenwälder and bog woodland .
Agricultural use relied on plants that could be grown on such poor and sandy soils. At the same time, mowing and grazing with sheep and horses saved the landscape from forest cover. The buckwheat , who is also one of the foundations of Lippe specialty Pickert has been cultivated with success. The Senne is also known for growing asparagus .
fauna
Mammals
The wide heather areas are often interspersed with larger groups of trees and also mostly uncut. Quiet areas for game arise because large parts of the military training area are not used for target practice, but are danger areas. These are not allowed to be entered by walkers or cyclists. Dam - ( Dama dama ), Red - ( Cervus elaphus ), roe - ( Capreolus capreolus ) and wild boar ( Sus scrofa ) living in these areas. There is a high density of game because the animals can go about their natural grazing rhythm undisturbed and be active during the day. Typical forest and meadow dwellers such as red fox ( Vulpes vulpes ), badger ( Meles meles ), marten ( Martes ), squirrels ( Sciurus vulgaris ), hedgehogs (Erinaceidae) and brown hare ( Lepus europaeus ) find first-class habitats in these almost deserted areas.
Often abandoned nests of native bats (Microchiroptera), as well as the Bechstein's bat ( Myotis bechsteinii ) and Bilchen busy (Gliridae).
Birds
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The birds native to the Senne include various cave breeders , including the rare black woodpecker ( Dryocopus martius ). He prefers old beech or pine trees for cave construction and creates significantly more nesting holes than he needs himself. Old nesting holes are popular with the stock dove ( Columba oenas ), the wryneck ( Jynx torquilla ), the pied flycatcher ( Ficedula hypoleuca ) and the common redstart ( Phoenicurus phoenicurus ), which is often observed in the Senne .
The nocturnal goat milker ( Caprimulgus europaeus ) is a ground breeder and can almost only be found on the military training area, because it prefers dry heather biotopes and builds its nest on sandy soil without vegetation. This also applies to the stonechat ( Saxicola rubicola ) and the woodlark ( Lullula arborea ), of which around 250 pairs still breed in the Senne. That corresponds to a third of the entire population in North Rhine-Westphalia. There are significant breeding occurrences throughout the country of the meadow pipit , stonechat and gray shrike .
The clear upper reaches of the still unpolluted Senne brooks are home to the dipper ( Cinclus cinclus ), the gray wagtail ( Motacilla cinerea ) and the kingfisher ( Alcedo atthis ), which feeds almost exclusively on small fish, tadpoles and crabs. The brightly colored kingfisher builds its almost one meter long nesting hole with a breeding chamber at the end, preferably in the steep face of a Senne stream.
Amphibians, reptiles and fish
The natterjack toad ( Bufo calamita ) spawns water-filled sand excavations, puddles and full traffic lanes. In the shallow waters, which warm up quickly in the sun, the tadpoles can develop quickly and leave the water before they dry out. The moor frog ( Rana arvalis ) is found mainly in the nutrient-poor, slightly acidic waters of the Senne, where it spawns in April. The nocturnal fire salamander ( Salamandra salamandra ) can be found in the neighboring deciduous forests of the Sennerand .
The sand lizard ( Lacerta agilis ) prefers sandy grasslands , dry fallow land and dry forest edges, where they hunt insects. The endangered species has found an important refuge in the dairy area. In contrast to this type of reptile, the forest lizard ( Zoocota vivipara ) loves closed forests and wetlands. The habitat of the slow worm ( Anguis fragilis ) is often shady and humid, such as in the valley floors and slopes of the stream valleys in the Upper Senne. Two species of snake are the grass snake ( Natrix natrix ) and the smooth snake ( Coronella austriaca ). While the smooth snake prefers lizards as food, the grass snake hunts amphibians and small fish in near-natural still waters.
The water in the upper reaches of the Senne brooks in the area of the military training area has water quality class 1. There are still highly sensitive fish species such as the brook lamprey ( Lampetra planeri ) and bullhead ( Cottus gobio ) to be found. Brook lampreys eat only during their larval stage. As a result, the intestines of adult fish degenerate and they die after they lay eggs. The bullhead is a bottom fish and is often found in Senne brooks. There she is looking for river fleas, insect larvae and fry. Other native fish species of the Senne brooks are brown trout ( Salmo trutta fario ), gudgeon ( Gobio gobio ), brook loach ( Barbatula barbatula ), three-spined stickleback ( Gasterosteus aculeatus ) and dwarf stickleback ( Pungitius pungitius ).
Crayfish
The noble crayfish ( Astacus astacus ) used to be a permanent part of the animal world of the Senne brooks and was widespread up to the upper reaches. After the population of the largest type of cancer native to Europe had dwindled as a result of the deterioration in water quality, barriers and the consequences of the crab plague (Aphanomyces astaci) introduced from America , the noble crayfish was detected again in the Sennesee near Stukenbrock in 2005. Since then, the endangered species in North Rhine-Westphalia has increased again. The occurrence of this type of cancer, which depends on the warm, nutrient-rich waters of the lowlands , is an indicator of the high water quality of the lake.
insects
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The Senne is inhabited by several species of locusts , which find good living conditions in the extensive dry silicate lawns and dwarf shrub heaths . The field cricket ( Gryllus campestris ) builds 30 to 40 cm long tubes in the senna sand on dry, sunny surfaces to lay eggs. The endangered wart-biter ( Decticus verrucivorus ) grows up to 44 mm long. Its corrosive digestive juice was previously thought to have a healing effect on warts. The heather grasshopper ( Stenobothrus lineatus ), which prefers open, sparsely overgrown terrain, is common. Other grasshopper species love wet meadows and banks of water, such as the endangered marsh grasshopper ( Chorthippus montanus ), the marsh insect ( Stenophyma grossum ) and the short-winged sword insect ( Conocephalus dorsalis ).
Dragonflies are tied to bodies of water and find a suitable habitat in the Senne on streams, in moors and also quarry ponds. The blue-winged demoiselle ( Calopteryx virgo ) is a demanding species and is considered a bioindicator for clean water because the larvae have high demands on the water quality. In bog waters the rare moss damsel ( Leucorrhinia dubia ), the big moss damsel ( Leucorrhinia pectoralis ) and the northern moss damsel ( Leucorrhinia rubicunda ) can be found, which are among the most endangered species in Germany. The eastern moss damsel ( Leucorrhinia albifrons ) , which had been missing for a long time, was rediscovered in a body of water near Holte Castle . In addition, the common darter ( Sympetrum vulgatum ), the blood-red darter ( Sympetrum sanguinum ) and the southern rush damsel ( Lestes barbarus ) are found in the wetlands of the Senne .
The deciduous and coniferous forests of the Senne are the habitat of numerous species of butterflies. In the beech forest, the males of the nail patch ( Aglia tau ) fly in search of their female sexual partners. The pine forest is home to the green hairstreak ( Callophrys rubi ), which lays its eggs on lingonberry and bogberry bushes. In the common heather , the heather owl ( Anarta myrtilli ) and the heather green ram ( Rhagades pruni ) can be found next to the lesser peacock butterfly ( Saturnia pavonia ) and the heather wrench ( Ematurga atomaria ). Dwarf shrub, sand lean lawn and silver grass are from ocher cohesive Samtfalter ( Hipparchia semele ), the Hesperia comma ( Hesperia comma ), Brown Feuerfalter ( Lycaenea tityrus ) Adscita Statices ( Adscita statices ) and lythria cruentaria ( lythria cruentaria ) are preferred.
Protected areas
According to the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation , the Senne landscape has an area of around 210 km². Around 58% of these are designated as protected areas in nature and landscape protection. The designation includes 56% as FFH areas, at the same time 55% are designated as bird protection areas , 5% as nature protection areas and around 2% as other protected areas. The Lippe Nature Conservation Association was founded as early as 1910 with the aim of designating a low mountain range nature reserve with the Donoperteich , the Lippe Forest and the Lippe part of the Senne. The first nature reserves emerged in the 1920s and 1930s. For many years there have been efforts to designate large parts of the Senne and the adjacent Teutoburg Forest as a national park as soon as the military use of the military training area permits. The Lippe part of the Senne belongs to the Teutoburg Forest / Eggegebirge nature park .
Protected habitat according to the Habitats Directive
According to the Habitats Directive , under the number DE-4118-301, the Senne with stack storage Senne is a 118 km² area with habitats of community interest protected as part of Natura 2000 . These habitats include sandy heaths on inland dunes, wet and dry heather areas, moors and bog forests as well as nutrient-poor waters. In total, there are 21 protected habitat types of the Habitats Directive in the Senne .
Nature reserves
Today, nature reserves are determined by the landscape plans of the districts and urban districts. In the Senne there are nature reserves that have existed since the 1930s and are among the oldest in Ostwestfalen-Lippe. The following table shows the nature reserves in the Senne:
| Surname | circle | Size in [ha] |
Type, special features |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oak-beech forest Strothbach | BI | 2.6 | Near-natural deciduous forest with old wood and high importance for tree cavity dwelling species |
| Erlenbruch Südwestfeld | BI | 3.9 | Quarry forest |
| Esselhofer break | BI | 8.6 | Moist heather, deciduous forest, fallow grassland |
| Hasselbachaue | BI | 51.9 | Alder break, wet meadow |
| Kampeters Kolk | BI | 2.0 | Heather ponds |
| Heron and Röhrbach | BI | 122.3 | Wet meadows, deciduous forest |
| Sprungbach middle course | BI | 17.7 | Stream meadows with deciduous forest communities, poor meadows, tall herbaceous vegetation |
| Sprungbach upper course | BI | 7.3 | Kastental with natural deciduous forest communities |
| Fleckernheide | GT | 10.6 | Wet meadows |
| Sea meadows | GT | 129.4 | Wet meadows |
| Big meadow | GT | 230.8 | Wet meadows |
| Holter forest | GT | 612.7 | Coherent forest area with sandy soils and small areas of bog soils with their typical vegetation. Protection goals are near-natural forest management, the preservation of cave trees as nesting places for rare bird species and the natural preservation of flowing and still water sections. |
| Kipshagen ponds | GT | 11.2 | Waters, alder forest |
| Gorges and moors on the upper Furlbach | GT, LIP | 225 | Sennebach, Moore. The larger part with an area of 132 ha is in the Gütersloh district, the smaller part with 93 ha in the Lippe district. |
| Wehrbachtal | GT | 13.1 | Stream, alder-ash forest, wet meadows |
| Ölbachtal with Augustdorfer dune field | LIP, GT | 169 | Most of the nature reserve is located in the Lippe district and with an area of 0.9 hectares in the Gütersloh district, where it bears the name Ölbachtal . |
| Eastern Teutoburg Forest | LIP | 2,323.5 | |
| Snake Moor | LIP | 8.4 | |
| Senne north of Oesterholz | LIP | 17.9 | Heathland, sandy soil typical of the Senne, excavation waters |
| Menkhauser Bachtal with Schopketal | LIP, BI | 60 | The nature reserve lies on both sides of the Schopke and Menkhauser brooks, which run along the district boundary. The Bielefeld part is 36 hectares in size, the two nature reserves established in the Lippe district are together 24 hectares in size. |
| Stroten Valley | LIP | 95.8 | |
| Dry valleys, box valleys and dunes of the upper Westerholter Bach | LIP | 19.4 | |
| Apple's pond | PB | 39.70 | Alder quarry forest, oak and birch forest, heather ponds, excavation waters. The protection purpose is the preservation of the mesotrophic heather pond with natural silting areas and alder forest, a dune planted with oak-birch forest and the rare animal and plant species associated with these habitats. In addition, two large standing bodies of water with a species protection function for water birds are to be restored and developed. |
| Erdgarten-Lauerwiesen | PB | 121.77 | Wet meadows, alder break forest. The aim is to preserve, develop and restore important habitats and habitats for rare animal and plant species across the country within the wetland area. |
| Langenberg pond | PB | 2.35 | Heather ponds, dunes. The nature reserve was designated as early as 1926. The protection purpose is in particular the preservation of the oligotrophic to mesotrophic heather ponds with rare silting societies and the preservation of the neighboring habitats. |
| Moosheide with the Ems sources | PB, GT | 442.4 | Senne landscape, heather, forest areas with Senne brooks, dunes, dry heather, sandy grasslands, oak-birch forest, streams. The nature reserve is located in the districts of Gütersloh (160.6 ha) and Paderborn (281.9 ha). The Wildbahn Senner Horses project has existed there since 1999 , with which the landscape is to be preserved by grazing with Senner horses . Today, on around 15 hectares of dry grass, grazing with Senner horses is carried out in addition to the maintenance of the landscape through sheep grazing. |
| Ramselbruch | PB | 53.09 | Quarry forests, oak forests, damp heather. The nature reserve originally consisted of two parts; they have been protected since 1930/39 and 1937. |
| Rixel break | PB | 6.36 | Alder break forest, damp heather |
Bird sanctuary
The Senne bird sanctuary with the Teutoburg Forest with an "Europe-wide outstanding avifauna " in the Natura 2000 network is 154 km². The main species for the open and semi-open heather and dry sand grass areas of the Senne are the goat milker , the woodlark and the turning neck .
National park plans
Due to military use, the Senne has only been accessible to a limited extent for more than 100 years. Since neither industrial changes nor anthropogenic use can be found in this area, the landscape is still in a very natural state. Over the years a diverse and unique flora and fauna has been preserved there. This results in typical features for an extensive and varied landscape that was once found in large areas of Westphalia . In order to preserve this biotope, there are considerations to protect the area of the military training area by designating a national park after the military use has been discontinued in the uncertain future. The Federal Agency for Nature Conservation has classified the Senne as an “outstanding biotope” and declared the area to be a landscape area in North Rhine-Westphalia that meets the criteria of a nature park . The North Rhine-Westphalian state parliament voted in a unanimous decision in 1991 in favor of the establishment of a national park after the end of military use. To support this idea and to coordinate the project on site, the Förderverein Nationalpark Senne e. V. was founded to accompany the planning. Appropriate designation of the area with the adjacent forests of the Teutoburg Forest and the Egge Mountains has, however, always failed due to resistance in the region. In order to implement European legislation, the area of the military training area was designated as a protected area recognized by the European Union (FFH) in 2002 , which takes on the function of a central hub in the network of nature conservation priority areas.
The state government of Rüttgers (2005–2010) saw no chances of realizing the national park and instead promoted the biosphere reserve in the Weser Uplands. In 2009 it concluded a contractual agreement with the federal government and the British armed forces, which excludes the Senne military training area from being designated as a national park during ongoing military use and at the same time obliges the federal government to comply with the objectives pursued by the state parliament with the designation to the national park until the armed forces are withdrawn To take account of the military purpose as far as possible. With the change to the state government of Kraft in 2010, the fundamentals changed: A second national park in North Rhine-Westphalia is mentioned in the government's coalition agreement .
The National Park opponents first joined forces in our Teutoburg Forest - No National Park in Lippe , later renamed the Citizens' Movement Our Teutoburg Forest - No Teutoburg Forest / Egge National Park , BBUTW for short.
The timing of the withdrawal of the British military has not yet been clearly stated. According to new plans, it should be completed by 2020. The British plan, however, to make the training area the focus of training for the British Army on the Rhine. To this end, new combat villages and a tank road are being built, which, in the opinion of NABU, are contrary to nature conservation planning. However, the administrative court in Minden dismissed a lawsuit brought by NABU against the building of the Kampfdörfer.
The Senne in literature and painting
Literature about the Senne
Until the 19th century the idea was widespread that the Senne was a barren, barren area. On the maps of the 17th century there is the entry desertum Sinedi - the desert send .
The Augustdorf pastor Christian Friedrich Melm wrote around 1836:
“Anyone who came down the road from Schlangen to Bartelskruge [...] through the Senne 55 to 60 years ago had to cover [...] a distance of two miles without even a single human apartment, without a cultivated field, without one Tree or bush, without encountering anything other than barren heather. […] Whom night or whomever fog and snow fell, it was bad in the desolate Senne. "
By Georg Weerth of 1845 published comes essay The poor in the Senne , in which he sensitively the plight of the people and their daily struggle for survival described.
The local poet Ludwig Altenbernd (1819–1890) spent his youth in Augustdorf and in 1872 put his impressions and observations on paper:
No chimney smokes on this surface,
Here the stove light does not shimmer;
Steam and mill streams are happy
and no loud hammer mills.
Here man rejoices with his arms,
From the early morning until the dusk, sheer
tirelessly, like the
swarm of bees here in the heather.
Far from the road, which
rolls the full, the broad stream of life, he
hangs on his arid clod
And calmly takes what it pays: the
field sparsely measured gifts,
the bee industry of summer time;
Satisfied when the honeycombs are full
And when the tuber flourishes.
- Ludwig Altenbernd: spring flowers and autumn leaves.
The poem Arbeiterinnen der Senne is also by Altenbernd .
The nature and homeland poet Hermann Löns triggered a tourism boom with his description of Sennefahrt in 1899 and described the landscape in his text Frau Einsamkeit , published in 1911 . In the Senne the poet is remembered several times, for example in Oerlinghausen by a monument on the Tönsberg , in Paderborn by the Hermann-Löns-Stadion and by the hiking trail Lönspfad from Oerlinghausen to Horn-Bad Meinberg .
In the published 1928 novel on the Western Front by Erich Maria Remarque is the protagonist in the Senne drafted, to guard Russian prisoners there.
The teacher and local poet Hans Oelker wrote and composed the so-called “Sennelied” or “My Homeland Song” at the end of the 1940s, the first verse of which reads:
Where the mountains of Osnings rise in the sky blue
and dark forests far and wide I look,
where the bees hum in the green heather
and the larks beat when the morning is barely dawn:
Dark green pines, heather and sand,
this is my home, is my Senneland.
- Hans Oelker: Sennelied.
painting
The Alpine landscape has inspired numerous visual artists. Ludwig Menke (1822–1882) was a painter and drawing teacher. His detailed depictions of the Senne landscape from the middle of the 19th century on numerous oil paintings, watercolors, drawings and in sketchbooks are kept and administered in the Lippische Landesbibliothek and in the Lippische Landesmuseum . Other well-known artists are Ernst and Carl Rötteken , Hermann Osthoff , Gustav Quentell and Franz Göckede.
Literature (selection)
- Friends of the Senne National Park (ed.); Holger Belz: Senne National Park. State of things. (PDF; 1.5 MB)
- Ulrich Harteisen: The herdsman . A historical-ecological landscape analysis as a planning instrument in nature conservation (settlement and landscape in Westphalia, volume 28). Munster 2000
- Joachim Hüppe, Richard Pott and Dirk Störmer: Landscape-ecological-vegetation-historical studies in the pine-growing area of the northern Senne. Treatises from the Westphalian Museum of Natural History, vol. 51, issue 3, Münster 1989
- Claus-Peter Hutter (ed.): Senne and Teutoburg Forest (EURONATUR adventure guide - discover and experience nature). Stuttgart 2000
- Ludwig Maasjost: Landscape character and landscape structure of the Senne. Emsdetten 1933
- Nature Conservation Center Senne (Ed.): Senne and Teutoburg Forest. 240 pp., TPK-Verlag, Bielefeld 2008, ISBN 978-3-936359-32-9
- NN: Senne military training area. Contemporary witness of a hundred years of military history. Chronicle, pictures, documents . ISBN 3-87088-730-3
- City of Sennestadt GmbH (Hrsg.): Sennestadt - history of a landscape . 2nd, expanded edition, Sennestadt 1980
- Roland Siekmann: Weird Senne. On the cultural history of the perception of a peripheral landscape ; 504 p .; Lemgo 2004. ISBN 3-936225-13-3
- Ludwig Teichmann and Siegfried Wolf: Senne natural paradise. Paderborn 2000
- Volker Wehrmann: The herdsman in old views and descriptions . 4th edition, Detmold 1990
Web links
- Friends of the Senne National Park
- Senne Nature Conservation Center
- Teutoburg Forest / Eggegebirge Nature Park
- Large-scale nature conservation project Senne and Teutoburg Forest
- Geographical contribution to the Upper Senne and the Lippe Forest (PDF; 3.4 MB)
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c Senne landscape profile of the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed March 23, 2011
- ↑ a b c BUND NRW on the creation of the Senne National Park , accessed on July 31, 2013
- ↑ a b c Ernst Th. Seraphim: The Senne - a landscape of changing appreciation , in Westphalia Regional of the Geographical Commission for Westphalia at the Westphalia-Lippe Regional Association , 2007, accessed on March 29, 2011
- ↑ a b c d Volker Wehrmann: The Senne in old views and descriptions , Lippischer Heimatbund, Detmold 1978.
- ↑ Federal Agency for Nature Conservation In the map service, the information about the affiliation to natural areas is displayed for each point. Retrieved March 23, 2011
- ↑ a b c d e Senne National Park, status of the discussion - answers to central questions from Holger Beltz (PDF; 1.5 MB) accessed in March 2011
- ↑ Maps in the geoportal of the state of North Rhine-Westphalia , accessed on March 25, 2011
- ↑ a b Peter Rüther: Ice ages in the Senne , in the Senne-Portal.de of the Biological Station Senne ( Memento of the original from February 3, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed March 29, 2011
- ↑ a b Kinder Lippe, die Geologie ( Memento of the original from July 13, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. accessed in March 2011
- ↑ a b c d e f g Sennelandschaft , accessed on March 9, 2011
- ↑ Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, map service with landscapes in Germany , accessed on March 23, 2011
- ^ BUND website on Allee des Jahres
- ↑ More life for Ems and Co. , report on the upper reaches of the Ems by the Ministry for the Environment and Nature Conservation, Agriculture and Consumer Protection of the State of North Rhine-Westphalia, September 2008 , (PDF 3.3MB) accessed on March 25, 2011
- ↑ Peter Rüther: Wind and water form dunes and valleys - the origin of the Senne , in the Senne-Portal.de of the Biological Station Senne ( Memento of the original from February 2, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed March 29, 2011
- ↑ Kinder Lippe: Our home ( Memento of the original from July 14, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. accessed in March 2011
- ↑ Opinion on the water rights application by Stadtwerke Bielefeld 1998 ( memento of the original from April 2, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 373 kB) published by the AG Environment and Nature, Paderborn, accessed in March 2011
- ↑ Expansion and organization of the Senne hydrology ( Memento from January 16, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) accessed in March 2011
- ↑ Information on Fürstenallee ( Memento from June 29, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Climate experience hiking , hiking guide published by the Teutoburg Forest / Eggegebirge Nature Park, pp. 14–15 ( Memento from February 16, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 12.3 MB), accessed on March 31, 2011
- ↑ a b c Climate data from the German Weather Service
- ^ Hermann Friedrich Jellinghaus: The Westphalian place names according to their basic words , Schöningh, 1923, there p. 28 , alternative: Sniplet as a digitized version in the Google book search , there p. 59
- ^ Liechtenstein name book of the historical association for the Principality of Liechtenstein , accessed on March 31, 2011
- ↑ See also the origin of the name of the city of Sien , accessed on March 2, 2016
- ↑ Jürgen Udolph : Liechtenstein cave, settlement continuity and the testimony of family, place and water body names , in: Historia archaeologica: Festschrift for Heiko Steuer on his 70th birthday; by Sebastian Brather, Dieter Geuenich, Christoph Huth; De Gruyter: 2009. Online = digitized in the Google book search
- ↑ Jürgen Udolph : onenological studies on the German problem , Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde, Volume 9, 1994, ISBN 3-11-014138-8 , p. 264; De Gruyter: 1994. Online = digitized in the Google book search
- ↑ Monumenta Paderbornensia, page 232
- ↑ Ferdinand von Fürstenberg , Franz Joseph Micus (translation): The Sende Desert, formerly called Sinedi. In: Monumenta Paderbornensia , 1669, translation 1844 ( Paderborn University Library )
- ↑ Street names of the municipality Hövelhof and their meaning: Obere Bielefelder Landstraße ( Memento of the original from October 30, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 16 kB)
- ↑ Volker Wehrmann: The Senne in old views and descriptions , page 22-25
- ↑ a b Volker Wehrmann: The herdsman in old views and descriptions , pages 152–177
- ↑ Community portrait of Augustdorf ( memento of the original from October 13, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed March 30, 2011.
- ↑ a b Volker Wehrmann: The herdsman in old views and descriptions , page 134
- ^ Haustenbeck Tower , accessed on March 14, 2011
- ↑ Guido Sachse (author): 75 Return of the Senner Horses: the oldest German horse breed is returning to its homeland . Ed .: Thomas Kiper. Kiper, Bielefeld 2003, ISBN 3-936359-00-8 .
- ^ History of the Senner Horses , accessed on March 14, 2011
- ↑ Homepage of the Initiative Reconstruction Lopshorn Castle , accessed on March 30, 2011
- ↑ The end of Lopshorn
- ^ Die Senne , accessed on March 10, 2001
- ↑ List of protected species in the core area of the Senne in the Specialized Information System on Species Protection NRW , accessed on March 25, 2011
- ↑ a b Website of the major nature conservation project Senne and Teutoburg Forest , accessed on March 2, 2016
- ↑ Vegetation models and reference waters for the bank and floodplain vegetation of the flowing waters of North Rhine-Westphalia , Leaflet No. 32, from the State Environment Agency NRW, 2001, p. 21 ( Memento of the original from September 4, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and not yet tested. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 12.9 MB), accessed on March 25, 2011
- ^ Plants in the Senne , accessed on March 10, 2011
- ↑ a b c d Profile of the Natura 2000 area Senne with stack storage Senne at the State Office for Nature, Environment and Consumer Protection North Rhine-Westphalia , accessed on March 23, 2011
- ↑ Warning duds! , Article in the German hunting newspaper 04/2005 ( Memento of the original from December 30, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 789 kB), accessed on March 31, 2011
- ↑ Profile about the Hegering Senne of the State Hunting Association ( Memento from October 24, 2013 in the web archive archive.today )
- ↑ a b c d Vögel in der Senne , accessed on March 12, 2011
- ↑ a b Profile of the Senne bird sanctuary with the Teutoburg Forest on the website of the State Office for Nature, Environment and Consumer Protection North Rhine-Westphalia , accessed on March 23, 2011
- ↑ a b Amphibians and reptiles in the Senne , accessed on March 12, 2011
- ^ Fish in Sennebächen , accessed on March 12, 2011
- ↑ crayfish in Sennesee (www.asv-dalbke.de)
- ↑ a b c Amphibians and reptiles in the Senne , accessed on March 12, 2011
- ↑ 100 years of state nature conservation , website of the Detmold district government ( memento of April 29, 2011 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on March 25, 2011
- ↑ Detmold District Government: Nature Reserves ( Memento of March 22, 2011 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on March 31, 2011
- ↑ a b Unanimous decision of the State Parliament of North Rhine-Westphalia on May 3, 1991
- ↑ Nabu: Senne-Egge / Teutoburg Forest National Park accessed in March 2011
- ↑ Wording of the Agreement between the Federal Government, the State and the British Armed Forces of April 20, 2009 ( Memento of the original of September 4, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 686 kB)
- ↑ Homepage of the citizens' movement Our Teutoburg Forest ( Memento of the original from January 12, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ NABU Naturschutz in NRW, edition 9/2009 (PDF; 3.6 MB) accessed in March 2011
- ^ Judgment of the Minden Administrative Court
- ↑ a b Jürgen Schmidt: Review of: Siekmann, Roland: Unique Senne. On the cultural history of the perception of a peripheral landscape. Lemgo 2004, in: H-Soz-u-Kult, October 4, 2004 , accessed on March 28, 2011
- ^ Burkhard Meier: Das Lipperland , Lippischer Heimatbund, 2007. ISBN 978-3-931656-97-3
- ↑ Ludwig Altenbernd: The Senne . In: Spring flowers and autumn leaves. Detmold 1872
- ↑ Mrs. Solitude . In: Hermann Löns: Out there in front of the gate - Heimatliche Naturbilder.
Coordinates: 51 ° 50 ′ N , 8 ° 45 ′ E