Tönsberg
| Tönsberg | ||
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 Tönsberg in winter |
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| height | 333.4 m above sea level NHN | |
| location | North Rhine-Westphalia , Germany | |
| Mountains | Teutoburg Forest | |
| Coordinates | 51 ° 57 '13 " N , 8 ° 40' 33" E | |
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| rock | Osning sandstone | |
The Tönsberg is a ridge in the Teutoburg Forest and reaches a height of 333.4 m above sea level. NHN . It is partially located in the urban area of Oerlinghausen in the Lippe district in the northeast of North Rhine-Westphalia . The Hermannsweg , a hiking trail between the Rheine and the Lippe Velmerstot , runs over the Tönsberg for a length of about 3.5 km .
Surname
The name Tönsberg comes from the former chapel on the ridge, dedicated to St. Anthony , the ruins of which are now known as the Hünenkapelle . The Low German variations on Antonius, such as Tönnies or Tüns , show that the names are related to Töns . St. Anthony (251–356) was an ascetic , monk and patron saint of hermits .
Geography and topography
The elongated hill lies in the middle of the three parallel mountain ranges of the Teutoburg Forest. Geographically, it is located roughly in the middle between the cities of Bielefeld in the northwest and Detmold in the southeast. The ridge reaches at its highest point 333.4 m above sea level. NHN and runs at an almost constant level from northwest to southeast. To the south are the 293 m high Barkhauser Berge, to which the Senne adjoins, while the Lippische Bergland extends to the north . The mountain town of Oerlinghausen with around 17,000 inhabitants is located around the north-west slope and in the south-east the mountain is bounded by a valley through which the Wistinghauser Straße runs and forms a narrow 240 m high passage through the Teutoburg Forest.
The Tönsberg belongs to the Eggegebirge nature park and the southern Teutoburg Forest . Part of the neighboring Senne in the south belongs to the core of the planned but controversial Senne National Park .
Hydrology and geology
The air masses, which mainly flow from the west, rain down on the south-western flank of the mountain and the upstream plain, while the north-eastern areas have less rainfall. Annual precipitation amounts of up to 1100 mm are measured at Tönsberg, considerably more than the average annual precipitation of 750 mm in Germany. Despite these conditions, most of the springs and rivers are on the north side. The Haferbach , which rises on the northern flank, flows over the Werre into the Weser . There is only one source of note on the southern slope, namely the Sachsenquelle. The Schnakenbach rises here , but after a few hundred meters it seeps into the subsoil. It only emerges three kilometers further south within a swampy depression known as Bokelfenn and, together with other sources, forms the Westerholter Bach .
As part of the Teutoburg Forest, the Tönsberg forms the watershed between the Weser and the Ems . All flowing waters to the south and west flow into the Ems, while the rivers north and east finally flow into the Weser.
In the Cretaceous Period 120 million years ago, northern Germany lay under a sea on whose banks massive sand deposits formed. These deposits compacted to form horizontally lying sandstone around 100 meters thick. At the end of the Cretaceous 65 million years ago the sandstone was unfolded almost vertically by tectonic processes and over the course of millions of years it was ground down to its present-day shape by weathering and erosion . There were three mountain ranges running almost parallel with narrow valleys in between. The rocks of the southern elevations consist primarily of Plänerkalk the Upper Cretaceous , during which the northern mountains of Upper limestone composed. The middle ridge, on the other hand, consists mainly of Osningsandstein , as does the Tönsberg and the Externsteine further east .
In the Senne to the south, the meltwater from the glaciers of the Ice Age washed up large amounts of sand. Strong winds from the west and south-west caused the drifting sand, some of which was deposited meters high in the side valleys. Sand dunes can still be seen in the Wistinghauser Schlucht between Tönsberg and Hunneckenkammer .
Coal mining on Tönsberg and the surrounding area
Already in 1592 it came with the support of the Lippe Count Simon VI. the first attempt to mine coal on the Tönsberg. Rembert Köller from Jülich worked with three journeymen on coal mining for a whole year . The coals from Oerlinghausen, however, did not have the quality that was known from the Ruhr area , and so Köller finally gave up. Count Simon was not discouraged and in 1605 commissioned miners from the Harz Mountains to start a new attempt on the Tönsberg. Under Bergmeister George Starke began seven buddy , a tunnel to drive into the mountain and shafts to sink . The name tag "Grube Simon" was placed at the entrance. The residents of Oerlinghausen viewed the actions on Tönsberg with suspicion. The delivery amounts initially amounted to 30 and a little later to 50 bushels (1 Prussian bushel = 54.72 liters) per day. Nevertheless, the return was too small in relation to the expenditure, and Simon VI. let the enterprise end in 1611.
Another attempt at coal mining took place around 1765 when four miners went to work under the direction of the miner Gerhard Terheyden . As early as 1772 the work was stopped again due to lack of money. Around 1790, several miners from Minden came across a coal seam eight inches (about 21 cm) and another 12 inches (about 31 cm) thick. However, the miners soon encountered very hard limestone and had to give up. Nevertheless, the search for coal around Oerlinghausen continued. For example, coal deposits up to 40 feet deep were discovered in the village center above the official garden on the slope of the Tönsberg .
Princess Pauline zur Lippe had been regent in Lippe since 1802 and followed the activities in Oerlinghausen with interest. It offered a bonus of 500 Reichstalers for those who could prove a minable seam. Under the direction of the Paderborn mountain factor von Natorp , further test drillings were carried out in 1814 on the northern slope of the Tönsberg, in the culvert (now Breitegrund), in the village center and on the border near Graefinghagen . Coal was found everywhere, and on the north slope a tunnel was driven at the Wolfskuhle in the Tönsberg, which reached a length of 85 meters. It was even planned to dig a tunnel across the Tönsberg to the south side. But all attempts ultimately failed because the coal deposits found were not rich enough. What remained was a 50-meter-deep rock cellar in Tönsbergstrasse 3, which the Beckersche beer brewery used as a warehouse after 1840. During the Second World War , the cellar served as an air raid shelter for many people in Oerlinghausen .
In November 1984 a search was made on Hermannstrasse in Oerlinghausen for a water source that would feed the fountain on Rathausplatz. Workers uncovered a tunnel dating from 1800, which led 15 m deep into the mountain, was about 1.70 m high and 1.10 m wide.
colonization
The Wallburg
In the eastern area of the Tönsberg there are remains of a fortification from Germanic times. It is a hill fort from the Latène period , which is considered to be one of the best preserved fortifications in Lippe. The mighty ring wall was built in the fourth century BC. Chr.
The prehistoric refugee castle offered the old Saxon people from the area protection and refuge in the early Middle Ages in the event of attacks by hostile hordes and is therefore also known as the Saxon camp . The height of the Tönsberg allowed a good overview of the surrounding country and ensured control over the neighboring passes, through which trade routes led to Münster , Paderborn , Lemgo and Hameln . Particularly noteworthy here is the Wistinghauser Gorge on the south-east slope , through which an important trade route led. The drinking water supply was secured by the Sachsenquelle . The Sachsenlager covered a total area of 15 hectares, while the main ramparts were around 7 hectares. Huge amounts of wood were required for the fortifications, supplied by the neighboring forest. A complicated system, consisting of earth walls, wooden structures, dry stone walls and mortared walls, indicates a useful life over a long period in which the system was destroyed and rebuilt several times. There were several terraces on the southern slope, which, based on numerous finds in the form of hearths and remains of houses, indicate settlement. No traces of settlement can be found on the climatically unfavorable north side. After the trade route was relocated from the Wistinghauser Gorge to the Oerlinghauser Gorge on the northwestern slope, the Wallburg increasingly lost its importance and was finally abandoned around 850 AD.
In Archaeological open air museum Oerlinghausen parts were the ringwalls rekonkstruiert.
The Sachsenquelle
A secure drinking water supply was of great importance for the selection of settlement sites and fortifications. In the area of the eastern Tönsberg, the Sachsenquelle located on the upper slope fulfilled this criterion. Investigations indicate that the location of the source has been relocated to the secured area of the rampart up the slope. A brick-built, rectangular collecting basin provided a sufficient amount of water even in times of poor rainfall. Oerlinghauser citizens uncovered a former spring house in 1897 while searching for water . The spring was given clay pipes and then served as a drinking water supply for the surrounding farms. Washed-in sand and tree roots repeatedly made the pipe unusable, which is why the water supply from the Sachsenquelle was discontinued after the Second World War.
The Biological Station Lippe in 2007 was awarded the contract to the Saxons source renature . During the archaeological excavations by employees of the Lippe State Museum , a system of collecting pipes, shafts and overflows were uncovered. In the course of the renaturation, the remains of earlier construction measures were removed by hand and a natural spring outlet was restored. An existing water treading basin on the Tönsbergrundweg will be preserved and will be fed by a second spring.
The giant chapel
The Hünen- or Antoniuskapelle probably dates from the late Middle Ages , the reconstructed ruins of which have been preserved to this day. It lies in the core area of the abandoned fortifications and was dedicated to St. Anthony, the patron saint of hermits. Chapels like these were built in places where devout hermits experienced visions. The chapel served as a pilgrimage chapel in the 16th century . The Paderborn annals of 1693 show that pilgrimages took place from Dortmund until at least 1548 . After the Reformation in Lippe, it remained increasingly unused and lost its importance. Most of the masonry was removed as early as the 16th century and the stones were used to expand a farm. The original cross of the chapel has been stored in the crypt of Paderborn Cathedral since 1548 . The chapel ruin that exists today is a romantic replica from the 19th century.
The Kumstton
The so-called Kumsttonne (Kumst = sauerkraut), the quarry stone rotunda of a former windmill, is visible from afar on the north-western slope of the Tönsberg and is a landmark of the city of Oerlinghausen. In 1753 the windmill was built on the then tree-free Tönsberg and put into operation by the first tenant. In the following 62 years, the mill had a total of ten tenants until it passed into the possession of the Niederbarkhausen estate in 1813 . It operated for another thirty years before a storm tore off the windmill blades. The owner of Niederbarkhausen decided in 1850 not to repair the mill any more and to stop operating. This decision was justified with the difficult ascent to the Tönsberg. As an alternative, the landlord had a new windmill built near the Niederbarkhausen estate.
In May 1936, the then landlord, Major Lentzcke, handed the windmill stump over to the city of Oerlinghausen. At the beginning of the Second World War, a siren was installed to warn the residents of Oerlinghausen about air attacks. At the beginning of April 1945 the Americans fired at the landmark with their guns, but without causing any significant damage. In 2005, a weather station was installed on the masonry to measure data on wind strength, amount of precipitation and temperature. Since 2011, which is on the Kumsttonne amateur radio - relay DB0OWL operated. The corresponding antennas are mounted on cantilevers on the flagpole.
Attractions
Along the Hermannsweg on the ridge of the Tönsberg there are a number of other sights:
Löns monument
In 1898 the writer Hermann Löns wandered over the Tönsberg; his impressions flowed into the portrayal of woman loneliness , published in 1911 in the volume Da outside before the gate. Homely images of nature. a. It says, among other things: "... So I climbed uphill, past the giant chapel on the Tönsberg, through beech forest, in whose shade the buckberry bushes burst ...". Thirty years later a granite boulder memorial was erected for him by the Lippe Hunters' Association on the Tönsberg and inaugurated on September 9, 1928.
cenotaph
In 1930, a memorial was inaugurated to commemorate those who fell in the First World War . Over 5000 people came to the Tönsberg for the inauguration ceremony. It was designed by the sculptor Berthold Müller-Oerlinghausen . A soldier lies on a sarcophagus, framed by columns .
A circumferential inscription on the upper edge of the memorial reads "WANDERER HEMME THE STEP - SCREENING THE HOME HOLY GROUND - THE BRAVE DYED UNDEFEATED - BOW DOWN TO THE SACRIFICE".
During the Second World War , a British airplane crashed in February 1945 in the immediate vicinity of the memorial, in which the two pilots died. The memorial was only slightly damaged.
Local recreation and nature conservation
The Tönsberg is a popular destination for visitors from near and far and is easily accessible via several hiking trails. The interested visitor receives information about the Wallburg through illustrated boards that are attached to prominent points on an archaeological adventure trail. The adventure trail is a section of the Hermannsweg (H), which leads from the city of Rheine via the Sparrenburg in Bielefeld, past the Hermannsdenkmal to the Lippischen Velmerstot . It has a total length of 55 km and in the 3.5 km long section of the Tönsberg is called the Kammweg . Another hiking trail is the approximately 7 km long Tönsberg-Rundweg (T), which leads halfway around the entire Tönsberg. From here you have spectacular views of the Oerlinghausen city center, the Lippe region and the Senne. A section of the path is called the Philosopher's Path and is considered to be one of the first hiking trails created by the Beautification Association over a hundred years ago.
Part of the Tönsberg is now designated as a nature reserve. In 1998, the NRW Foundation acquired around 45 hectares of land in the Wallburg area and had it entered in the list of monuments as Wallburg Tönsberg soil monument . The Tönsberg nature reserve comprises the eastern 1.4 km long section of the mountain range.
Flora and fauna
In the times of the Wallburg the Tönsberg was probably free of forests. The existing trees were cut down for the fortifications and certainly interfered with the defense of the complex and the clear view. Originally, the north and west slopes were probably covered by beech and hornbeam, while beeches and oaks were to be found on the south and east slopes.
Today spruce , pine , European and Japanese larches grow on conifers on the Tönsberg . The deciduous trees include red beeches , sessile oaks and sand birches . Mountain ash , buckthorn , blackberry and holly thrive in the shrub layer . The herb layer consists mainly of wiry Schmiele , blueberry and sage germander . You can also find seven stars , Harz bedstraw , wood sorrel , various ferns , pipe grass , white grove and water cane . Common heather , dwarf feltwort , mountain sand bells , early oatweed and sand sedge thrive on sandy soils .
Of birds are tree pipit , Blackcap , Willow Warbler , cuckoo , yellowhammer , woodpecker , black woodpecker and sparrow hawks regularly observed. The eagle owl nesting in a nearby limestone quarry and the long-eared owl are also residents of the Tönsberg.
The spotted cadaver , the brown grasshopper and the heather grasshopper live here in terms of insects . The common thorn insect , the nightingale grasshopper , the colorful grasshopper , the common grasshopper and the common shrub hippopotamus are less common . In terms of beetles, special mention should be made of the tiger beetles , including the field tiger beetle and the dune tiger beetle . Several species of Andrena , sand wasps and common wasps use the sandy slope areas and roadsides. The most common types of butterflies to be found on the Tönsberg are the lemon butterfly , the buckthorn blue and the white-beaded moth . In addition, one can observe the whitefly , the little fox , the peacock butterfly , the painted lady and the admiral .
Others
Coat of arms: The Tönsberg is stylized in the coat of arms of the city of Oerlinghausen; it is the middle mountain of the three mountain shown there .
Emergency money: Two sights of the Tönsberg are shown on the emergency money issued by the Lippische Landesbank in 1923 : the giant chapel and the kumsttonne.
Pope visit: According to the Paderborn historian Nicolaus Schaten (17th century) Pope Leo III. been on the Tönsberg around the year 800.
Irminsul: Around 1930 Hermann Diekmann assumed that the Tönsberg was the location of the Irminsul . This thesis was largely disseminated by Hans Reinerth . However, this theory was a minority opinion even then and is now considered refuted. Nevertheless, it is the reason why even today some neo-pagan groups of the Asatru see the Tönsberg as a place of worship and Christian symbols are repeatedly destroyed in the area of the chapel.
Hermannslauf: The Hermannslauf takes place every year at the end of April , during which over 7,000 participants run or hike from the Hermannsdenkmal to the Sparrenburg in Bielefeld. The 31.1 km long route leads over the heights of the Teutoburg Forest and also passes the Tönsberg and Oerlinghausen city center.
Painting: Herbert Ebersbach (1908–1984), expressionist painter, had a studio in the Wistinghauser Schlucht from the mid-1950s until his death . From there, he moved his utensils in a wheelbarrow into the area and created numerous, very colorful paintings and the like. a. also the landscape on the Tönsberg.
literature
- Andreas Rahns: The Tönsberg near Oerlinghausen . Lippe cultural landscapes , issue 7. 2007.
- City of Oerlinghausen (Ed.): Oerlinghausen - history and stories , 1984.
- Daniel Bérenger, Elke Treude: The Wallburg on the Tönsberg near Oerlinghausen, Lippe district. "Early castles in Westphalia 27". Published by the Antiquities Commission for Westphalia, Münster 2007.
- Friedrich Hohenschwert : "Prehistoric and early historical fortifications in Lippe". Published by the Antiquities Commission for Westphalia, Münster 1978.
Web links
- Hiking trails around the Tönsberg
- Entry on buildings and fortifications on the Tönsberg in the scientific database " EBIDAT " of the European Castle Institute
- Sights in Oerlinghausen
- GenWiki: Treatise on the memorial on the Tönsberg in Oerlinghausen.
References
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Andreas Rahns: The Tönsberg near Oerlinghausen . In: Lippischer Heimatbund (Ed.): Lippische Kulturlandschaften . tape 7 , 2007, ISBN 978-3-926311-49-8 .
- ^ A b c Dieter Burkamp: Coal mining had no future In: City of Oerlinghausen: Oerlinghausen. History and stories. Oerlinghausen 1984. Page 128.
- ↑ Westfalenblatt-Oerlinghauser Zeitung , November 9, 1984.
- ↑ Hermann Löns: Woman loneliness . In: Out there in front of the gate. Local nature pictures, Warendorf 1911
- ↑ Corinna Lass: Remembering the dead. The memorial on the Tönsberg is 75 years old. In: Neue Westfälische , 195th year, August 31, 2005.
- ↑ Werner Höltke: The death on the Tönsberg . In: Der Minden-Ravensberger, 78th year, 2006, pp. 51–54.
- ^ Wallburg Tönsberg , accessed on July 4, 2012
- ^ Hermann Diekmann: Cheruskerhof with Tönsbergburg in Oerlinghausen . Verlag Topp & Möller, 1967, p. 53
- ^ Corina Lass: Signs of contradiction. Why neo-pagan groups make a pilgrimage to the giant chapel on the Tönsberg. in: Neue Westfälische , 196th year, No. 180/2006.
