Rhein-Mosel-Fachklinik Andernach

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Rhein-Mosel-Fachklinik Andernach
Sponsorship State Hospital AöR
place Then after
state Rhineland-Palatinate
Country Germany
Coordinates 50 ° 25 '44 "  N , 7 ° 23' 51"  E Coordinates: 50 ° 25 '44 "  N , 7 ° 23' 51"  E
medical director Dr. med. Ingo Weisker
beds more than 1,000
Employee over 1,200 (2020)
areas of expertise Psychiatry , disabled and youth welfare
founding 1876
Website official website
Template: Infobox_Krankenhaus / Logo_misst
Template: Infobox_Hospital / Doctors_missing
Rhein-Mosel-Fachklinik, partial view, aerial photo (2016)
The clinical center for neurology and psychiatry
Group of buildings with Haus Eifel on the left, the conference center in the middle and Haus Nette on the right

The Rhein-Mosel-Fachklinik Andernach is a treatment center for psychiatry , psychotherapy , psychosomatics and neurology in Andernach in Rhineland-Palatinate . The carrier is the State Hospital, an institution under public law . The clinic is the center of a community psychiatric care network with a day clinic , institute outpatient department and complementary, out-of-hospital care tasks. It is the academic teaching hospital of Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz and in 2011 employed around 1,400 people.

The clinic was opened in 1876 as a "provincial insane asylum". The euthanasia crimes during National Socialism and the use as an "intermediate facility " for the Hadamar killing center represent a special turning point in the history of the institution . At least 929 inmates from Andernach died in the institution itself and at least 1400 people were brought from the institution to Hadamar to be killed or deported . The post-war period up to the 1980s was shaped by the changed social interaction with mentally ill people. The clinic did not deal with the National Socialist past until the mid-1990s.

Location and description

Overview of the plants

The Rhein-Mosel-Fachklinik Andernach is located south of the city center of Andernach on the left bank of the Rhine on a spacious, slightly sloping area with extensive green spaces. The area is bounded in the east by Aktienstrasse , in the northwest by Vulkanstrasse and Roonstrasse , in the south by Kurt-Schumacher-Strasse and in the southwest by Merianstrasse . The Rennweg divides the area into the larger north and the smaller south part.

The southern part essentially consists of company buildings with a kitchen, heating center, workshops, warehouse and warehouse, the former estate and the nursery. There is also a sports field.

The northern part forms the core of the facility with the clinical center and the house on Rennweg in the west, the older building core with the houses Nette , Rheintal , Kirchberg , Moseltal , Eifel as well as the conference center, the administrative headquarters and the church in the east, and in the north Haus Westerwald (formerly Maria-Hafner-Haus ), Haus Vulkanstraße and the day care center. In addition to a mini golf course and the park, there are Haus Krahnenberg and Haus Martinsberg .

Day clinics are located in Cochem, Koblenz and Mayen.

  • Administration and management building

  • The centrally located conference center

  • The Eifel house

  • The Westerwald House (formerly Maria Hafner House )

organization

The Rhein-Mosel-Fachklinik Andernach as a teaching hospital of the Mainz University Medical Center is a treatment center for psychiatry, psychotherapy, psychosomatics and neurology with a differentiated service structure. The state hospital is responsible for this as an institution under public law.

There are the following departments:

  • Department of General Psychiatry and Psychotherapy: In this department of the clinic, all patients between the ages of 18 and 60 - in individual cases also older people - are examined and treated, provided they do not suffer from an addictive disease. In many cases these are people with severe acute illnesses such as schizophrenic psychoses , manic-depressive illnesses or mental disorders after brain injuries. In addition, patients with “ burnout syndrome ”, depression and other mental illnesses are cared for.
  • Department of Addiction Medicine and Social Psychiatry : This department offers a detoxification program for alcohol, drug and drug addicts.
  • Gerontopsychiatry department : Patients who have reached the age of 60 are treated on four wards. In individual cases, younger patients are also given medical care, provided that geriatric psychiatry is appropriate for them.
  • Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (Academic Teaching Department of the Mainz University Medical Center): The neurological department treats patients with all kinds of diseases of the central nervous system (brain and / or spinal cord), peripheral nerves and muscles. The department has a stroke unit and a neurological intensive care unit.

The clinic, with more than 1,000 planned beds, is the center of community psychiatric network systems with day clinics, institute outpatient departments and complementary out-of-hospital care tasks. It employs around 1,400 people.

The Rhein-Mosel-Fachklinik is closely connected with the psychiatric and curative educational homes Andernach and the Nette-Gut clinic for forensic psychiatry .

The psychiatric and curative educational homes Andernach care for people with mental, intellectual and other disabilities within the framework of so-called integration assistance . The Nette-Gut Clinic for Forensic Psychiatry is a correctional facility with 390 treatment places, also sponsored by the State Hospital. The headquarters of the facility is in Weißenthurm .

history

Established as a provincial insane asylum

Plan of the plant from 1876

The Provincial Insane Asylum Andernach was one of five institutes founded in the Rhine Province as successor facilities for the insane asylum Siegburg . In the former flagship establishment in Siegburg, conditions were catastrophic due to permanent overcrowding as well as hygienic and technical obsolescence. Epidemics broke out in the facility several times . For decades no investment had been made in the institution because it was too expensive in the eyes of the politicians in the provincial assembly. The director at the time, Werner Nasse , relentlessly exposed the situation to a commission of the provincial parliament in 1864. It was so appalled that the 18th Provincial Parliament took up suggestions from Nasse as early as the following year 1865 and decided that each of the five administrative districts of the Rhine Province should have its own new institution. In 1868 the government in Berlin approved these plans.

All five institutions, in Grafenberg for the Düsseldorf government district , in Düren for the Aachen government district , in Bonn for the Bonn district , in Merzig for the Trier district and in Andernach for the Koblenz government district should have the same structures. They should be open to all clinical pictures, enable rapid treatment through physical proximity and be limited to two hundred to three hundred patients. Care was taken to ensure that the institutions were located away from the cities, but were easily accessible in terms of traffic, in order to ensure peace and seclusion. Each institution also had an area that could be used for agriculture. The economic independence of the institutions was thereby promoted and the labor of the patients could be used efficiently.

Extensive planning preceded the construction. On April 15, 1872 the foundation stone for the institution in Andernach was laid, the second of the five planned institutions after Grafenberg. Locally, after the insane asylum of St. Thomas, which had existed since 1835, it was the second institution devoted to “insane care”. On the Aktienstraße leading from Andernach to Mayen, an area of ​​almost twelve hectares was selected, on which four patient houses were built for each one hundred men and women. House 1 served as a boarding school for 16 male and 16 female patients, which means that “well-off” patients were accommodated there as self-payers. House 2 was set up for 44 "quiet" patients each, House 3 for twenty "half-quiet", ten "unclean" and ten "specially observed" patients. House 4 was intended for "restless" patients. There were also buildings for administration, business facilities and the first residential areas for employees.

After four years of construction, the institute was opened on October 15, 1876.

Conception

There were significant differences to the old Siegburg concept. On the one hand, there was now an institution in each administrative district, instead of all the sick in the Rhine Province being housed in Siegburg. In addition, not only patients classified as "curable" were admitted, but also those who were actually considered to be "incurable". Siegburg, on the other hand, was designed purely as a sanatorium, so that “incurable” patients were left to care by communal care facilities, private institutions or families. The criticism that Nasse had made of this principle also expressed the growing doubt in psychiatry that it could scientifically differentiate between curability and incurability. The concept also included access to a local hospital and the possibility of employing the sick within the framework of agriculture. Nasse had recognized that regular and varied employment was the main thing in treating the sick. In the first eight years, 40 to 50% of male and 60 to 70% of female patients were stopped to work. Work was initially reserved for quiet patients.

The patients were divided into four care classes that were housed, cared for, clothed and treated differently. The smaller part of the patients belonged to the first, second and third class as self-payers. Most of the patients belonged to the fourth class, the "normal class", whose care was paid for by the public welfare organizations. Particularly when it comes to supplying self-payers, there was competition with private institutions, of which there were 15 in the Koblenz administrative district alone .

For treatment, sedatives and sleeping pills were administered to a limited extent. A lot was expected from the treatment with warm baths, so that these were often used, often with a duration of up to ten hours. Restraints and mechanical restrictions were only used in exceptional cases. From around 1890, great emphasis was placed on treating the restless sick in bed in clearly laid out guard rooms. It was hoped that this would calm restless patients and that exhausted patients would regain their strength. On the other hand, bed treatment also made it easier for staff to monitor patients. Last but not least, the arrangement of bed rest also served as a disciplinary measure.

Expansion of the institution

Representation of the main building of the institution around 1900

The first director was Werner Nasse himself, who had moved from Siegburg to Andernach in May 1876. By December 1876, the first 54 patients had been transferred to the new institution. The planned 200 places were already occupied in 1877. Two years later, in 1879, women's refuge 4 burned down almost completely and was rebuilt in an expanded form. In 1881 the new institution was opened in Bonn, to which director Nasse and large parts of the staff moved. Wet's successor was Friedrich Nötel, who had come from the Merzig institution . The occupancy rate of the institution grew rapidly. In 1885 the number of patients was 400, in 1887 it was 450, which meant that the capacities of the sanitary facilities and economic facilities were no longer sufficient. Because of similar difficulties in other institutions, the provincial parliament decided in 1887 a supplementary building program which, in addition to the construction of the institutions in Galkhausen and Viersen, also enabled extensions and modernizations in Andernach.

There was a first scandal at the institution in 1887: Two patients, who were classified as habitual thieves with paranoia , overpowered the guards in the isolation ward and escaped. One was indeed already taken a few days later, but the other managed by ship to the United States after New York to get.

The Weber-Andernach case

Nurses at the Andernach institution at the turn of the century, 1900

Until 1899, the senior doctor was also the director of the institution. He was supported by a second doctor, an assistant doctor and a volunteer doctor, provided that the volunteer position was used. On the organizational side, the director was able to fall back on an administrator, an agent and two clerks. In view of the increasing number of patients, there was insufficient medical care with corresponding consequences for the patients. In 1895, this situation was made public by the complaint of the patient Weber.

Weber, the son of a factory owner, came to the institution in 1890 at the age of 19, where he stayed until 1895, when a cousin there saw him completely undisturbed and took him to Cologne. He had been incapacitated during his stay in Andernach. Medical follow-up examinations showed that he had been detained in Andernach with a wrong diagnosis and therefore wrongly. According to the later psychiatry professor Rudolf Finkelnburg , who was later critical of the institution and the law, Weber had become so conspicuous through "excessive drunkenness" and excesses in a drunken state that he was threatened with prosecution before being admitted to Andernach. According to Finkelnburg, this had been very uncomfortable for the family, which is why they urged him to go to the institution as insane for a while rather than to jail. Weber initially agreed to this approach, but in the period that followed there were several legal and medical errors, including bribery of prison staff by the Weber family. This was so devastating for Weber that he was “interned” in the institution for several years.

The case went public and caused a sensation because it was considered symptomatic of similar incidents at other institutions in the Rhine Province and shook confidence in psychiatric care. Finkelnburg openly criticized the right of incapacitation and the specific incidents, but took the doctors under protection insofar as they were simply overloaded.

In addition to structural measures, a welfare reform was the result. Among other things, the position of administrative director was created so that the medical director could concentrate on his medical duties, and additional doctors were hired. The pay and social position of the nursing staff have been improved.

On December 23, 1896, Director Nötel was assaulted a patient. On November 1, 1897, he may have suffered a stroke as a result of this attack. He remained paralyzed on the left side. In July 1899 Nötel retired because of his illness, as there was no improvement; he died that same year. He was succeeded in March 1900 by Nicolaus Landerer , who headed the institution until his death in 1912.

In 1905/06 and 1907/08 the institution was affected by two waves of typhus . In 1908 two hospitals with a total of 50 places were set up by expanding the attic storeys. As a result of the expansion of the estate in 1911, five hundred patient places were formally available. After the death of Director Landerer, Franz Friedrich Adams took over the management, which he did not give up until 1934.

The First World War and the following years

Nurse 1910

As in many other comparable institutions, the war years were marked by lack of staff and hunger. A number of doctors and nurses were called up for military service, which made it much more difficult to maintain orderly care. As a substitute, assistants and women were also used for care in the men's departments. With regard to nutrition, it can be said that people living in homes or psychiatric institutions were generally placed at the bottom of the nationwide nutrition hierarchy. The supply situation in Andernach was correspondingly poor.

At that time, a reserve hospital for wounded mentally ill soldiers was set up in the institution, which Director Adams headed as chief physician until 1916. This made it possible for him to occasionally divert food for the institution from caring for the wounded. Otherwise the supply situation was very tense. Food was rationed in the German Reich, with people in psychiatric institutions receiving particularly poor care. So the patients in the Andernach institution were put on war food. It was not possible to buy food on the open market as a supplement to the rations because too little food was available and the prices were very high. The institution's own property was able to help over some bottlenecks, although the procurement of feed for the farm animals also proved to be very difficult. Everyday life in the institution was characterized by hunger . Due to the lack of food, mortality increased dramatically, especially among the female patients. This was particularly evident in the administrative year 1916/17, which was marked throughout the Reich by the so-called “ beet and hunger winter ”, when 94 women died alone. In addition, in the summer of 1916 the institution was affected by an epidemic-like typhus wave. In 1919 the institution had the lowest occupancy rate, after a strong flu epidemic in November 1918 in particular claimed 29 deaths among the patients. It was probably the second wave of Spanish flu .

After the war ended, an American field hospital was set up in the institution in December 1918 . Like many other institutions of this type, Andernach had numerous vacancies. The sick of the insane asylum St. Thomas in Andernach and the evangelical institution Waldbröl near Bonn, who were financially supported by the province, were transferred to the provincial sanatorium and nursing home. St. Thomas was dissolved and the associated manor was sold to the institution.

Due to the Treaty of Versailles , the Rhine Province lost the Saar area in 1921 . Therefore some of the patients at the Merzig Sanatorium had to be moved to Andernach.

Orientation towards new therapy options

At a conference of the institution directors of the Rhine Province in 1898, the introduction and promotion of family care was suggested. This was initially treated with caution by the authorities, especially against the background that the aspect of safe custody of the sick was actually given priority. This ran counter to the therapeutic aspect. Nevertheless, in addition to the institution in Merzig , the provincial insane asylum Andernach was commissioned to deal with the possibilities of family care on site.

The development of the institute in the 1920s was shaped by research and innovations in the therapeutic area. Andernach played a pioneering role compared to other institutions in the Rhine Province. In 1918, against the background of the significant decline in alcoholics at the institution, the curious-looking dissertation by Willy Josten on the decline in alcohol intake among the civilian population since the outbreak of war at the PHP Andernach was published . The author comes to the conclusion that the war-related watering down of the beer, the cessation of the production of grain brandy , the introduction of the police hour and the sharp decline in public festivals caused by the war had led to the almost complete disappearance of the alcohol problem.

There was a decisive change for the institution's operation in 1920, when the profession of nurse was combined with training with final exams. Before that, the staff had to be instructed by the prison doctors.

From 1923, the principle of open welfare became more and more prevalent in the institutions of the Rhine Province , with Andernach playing a pioneering role here as well. When the institution was linked to the city's health care and welfare services, it became possible to leave sick people in their families. They were further visited, advised and treated there by the welfare service. The prison doctors set up consultation hours that the patients visited once or twice a month. As a result, the occupancy of the institution decreased, but the severity of the illnesses with new admissions increased. The mild cases were increasingly not treated in the institution but in open care. So the patients stayed with their families. However, this process was reversed when the National Socialists came to power in 1933, as the need for asylum was ordered again in significantly lighter cases and the discharge of people who fell under the Law for the Prevention of Hereditary Offspring (GezVeN) of 1933 was made more difficult. The use of occupational therapy has also been intensified . In the late 1920s, around 85% of patients were involved in such measures. This differed from the original occupational therapy in that the restless patients were also used here. Only bedridden and weak patients were not used in the labor service.

In 1924 a pharmacy was set up at the institution. In the summer of 1926 there was another wave of typhus.

From 1926 to 1928, patients with the diagnosis of " progressive paralysis " were treated with malaria therapy in a specially set up department . This approach was based on the research of Julius Wagner-Jauregg , director of the Lower Austrian State Healing and Nursing Institution for the Nervous and Mentally Ill in Vienna, who had received the Nobel Prize for it in 1927 . Of 44 patients treated in this way between 1926 and 1928, six died, one of them demonstrably as a result of the treatment. In contrast, there were 27 cases where there was an improvement, so that 13 patients could even be discharged permanently.

In 1938 the prison doctor Gies reported on similar experiments under the leadership of Recktenwald with electrical , insulin and cardiac shocks in the shock therapy of schizophrenia . 143 cases were treated with insulin shocks. Gies reports that the dangers of the treatment method were nowhere near as significant as originally thought. There were negative accompanying and consequential conditions, but these would not be significant in relation to the desired improvement. Insulin and cardiazole treatment would represent a great advance in the treatment of schizophrenia and deserve to be expanded.

The Andernach Institution under National Socialism

One of the first changes to the clinic after the National Socialists ' seizure of power was not political. The physician Franz Friedrich Adams, who had headed the institution since 1912, retired in 1934. His successor was Johann Recktenwald . As a public institution, the establishment's integration into the National Socialist apparatus did not cause any difficulties. Outwardly little changed. It is known that the clinic was involved in the propaganda work. There were guided tours and visits on the subject of eugenics and racial hygiene by functionaries and young party leaders in 1936 and 1938.

The way of dealing with the sick changed under National Socialism. The nursing care rates were reduced, the occupancy of the institutions was increased drastically. A distinction was made between incurable patients in need of care and those who still appeared productive and valuable in terms of the national economy. A higher occupancy should be ensured with reduced operating costs. There are no reports on the situation at the Andernach facility at the time. Analogous to comparable facilities, especially in the catchment area of ​​the later Hadamar killing center , it can be assumed that dealing with the patients became significantly rougher, the educational work was based on the model of a labor camp, the penalties for violations of the institution's regulations increased significantly and the amount of clothing , Sheets and food was saved. In the institute's annual report from 1935, an occupancy of 1208 patients is given, which corresponds to severe overcrowding.

Forced sterilizations

When the law for the prevention of genetically ill offspring came into force, patients in Andernach were also forced to sterilize . Concerns about it were not expressed by the medical profession of the institution. From 1934 to 1937, according to the files, 500 applications for compulsory sterilization were made, 497 of which were ordered by the Hereditary Health Court , which often also met in the institution ; 399 sterilizations were actually carried out. It can be assumed that between 1934 and 1939 about 500 inmates of the institution were victims of forced sterilization. The operations were carried out in Koblenz hospitals. The local historian Günter Haffke suggests that the doctors were available as assessors and assessors to the hereditary health courts. At least for Recktenwald this is documented.

The institution in World War II

As early as September 1, 1939, the day of the attack on Poland , preparations were made to set up a reserve hospital. Recktenwald also became director of the hospital.

The hospital was closed on March 21, 1941 and reopened on August 1. In the meantime the deportations of Operation T-4 took place . It was evacuated in early March 1945, shortly before the Americans moved in on March 9, 1945.

While Andernach was partially destroyed by air raids, the institution was largely spared. The loss of the pigsty by a bomb hit during the attack on December 27, 1944 probably worsened the supply situation, however.

Use as an intermediary

A Gekrat bus
The gas chamber in Hadamar

At the end of 1939, various sanatoriums and nursing homes were converted into killing centers as part of the T-4 campaign . There, mentally ill, mentally handicapped and other people who, according to the logic of Nazi ideology, were only “useless eaters” because they could not contribute “sufficiently productively” to the national community, were murdered in gas chambers , among other places . The Andernach institution, like the institutions in Weilmünster , Eichberg , Scheuert and the Kalmenhof in Idstein, served as an intermediate institution to the Hadamar killing institution . Killings were carried out in Hadamar from January 1941. The function of the intermediate facilities was the "interim storage" of the transports destined for Hadamar. It was to be ensured that only as many victims were brought in as could be murdered immediately afterwards. The transfers took place every day except on weekends with so-called Gekrat buses.

On June 11, 1940, the registration forms reached Andernach, were received by Gies and filled out by the doctors Recktenwald, Gies and Kreisch. The patients were recorded on the basis of these registration forms. The questionnaires were sent back to the Reich Committee for the scientific assessment of serious genetic and genetic illnesses. There life and death were decided.

The first transport of the Gekrat in Andernach was the so-called Juden-Transport . On February 11, 1941, 46 people of Jewish faith from different institutions were brought to Andernach and from there with twelve patients from the Andernach institution to Hadamar to be killed.

On the following day, February 12, 1941, the Andernach Institute was declared an intermediate facility for the clinics of the southern Rhine province. For the first time on March 29, 1941, a five-person medical commission headed by Hermann Paul Nitsche visited the institution to examine the regular patients and compile the first transport lists. On April 23, 1941, the reserve hospital was closed, the first of six transports of regular patients to Hadamar took place. A total of 470 people were deported to Hadamar, most of whom were killed there. Obviously they wanted to “create space” to enable use as an intermediate facility. The last of these transports was carried out on June 7, 1941.

From then on, patients were collected in Andernach, and the actual use as an intermediate facility began. The patients came from the institutions in Süchteln, Bonn and Düren and were transferred to Hadamar via Andernach. Five transports with a total of 452 people are documented, most of whom died in the gas chamber in Hadamar.

On August 24, 1941, Adolf Hitler gave verbal instructions to end Operation T-4 and to stop “adult euthanasia” in the six killing centers. This instruction was based on public protests against the action. The " child euthanasia " was continued, however, as was the decentralized killing of disabled adults in individual sanatoriums and nursing homes.

After the end of action T-4

Deaths at the clinic 1939–45

With the end of Operation T-4, the killing was not stopped, it only shifted. At least 595 victims were transported to the east in 1943 to the asylums Kulparkow ( Lemberg ), Tworki ( Warsaw ), Landsberg ( Warthe ), Lüben ( Silesia ) and Meseritz-Obrawalde , where they were murdered, among other things through targeted starvation and drug poisoning. A transport to Meseritz in 1944 is also known. The increasing bombings in the west were the pretext for moving the patients to the east. The clinic was cleared for military purposes such as the expansion of the reserve hospital. The transports were organized by the Gekrat by rail according to specified numbers and destinations . Those affected had to go in columns, perceptible to the Andernach population, through the city to the train station.

The mortality rate in the institution itself was very high between 1939 and 1946. The number of deaths in the sources differs between 929 and 1465. The high mortality in the trials after the war was attributed by the accused to the age and poor physical condition of the sick, poor nutrition, insufficient water supply, insufficient heating, lack of light - resulting from the blackout caused by the air war - and ultimately the extensive administration of medication to avoid panic, explained. According to the doctors and nursing staff, it was known that there was a risk of death to the patient when the drug was administered, but the intention to kill was denied in the later trial. In view of the large number of dead, coffins were not used for burials in the clinic's own cemetery. The high mortality rate suggests that, as in comparable institutions, patients were deliberately starved to death or poisoned with medication. Neither the process that followed after the end of the war nor more recent historical research have so far been able to clarify this.

Recent research no longer assumes sustained resistance to euthanasia crimes. For many years it was rumored that at least the head nurse Maria Hafner was active in this regard, which is why a house was named after her. In 2011 this house was renamed from Maria-Hafner-Haus to Haus Westerwald . There was no evidence of such action on her part, which makes it possible, but unlikely, that she was helping patients. In contrast, documents emerged that allow the conclusion that she had tried to cover up the involvement of the staff in the crimes. She stood protectively in front of the staff and, in the course of the later interrogations and trials, above all relieved the escorts of the Eastern transports from allegations of complicity or complicity. It was likely to be fondly remembered by staff because it protected staff from layoffs and lawsuits, but not because it saved patients.

post war period

In January 1945, mortality at the clinic peaked. On March 9, 1945, Andernach was captured by the US Army and Recktenwald arrested. First, Kreisch took over the management of the clinic, but on August 25, 1945, he was also arrested by the French who had taken control of Andernach in July 1945. Kalt remained as the only doctor who now took over the management of the clinic. A hospital for the French troops was set up in the institution.

At that time, bookkeeping was hardly possible, there were no regular opening times, there was a shortage of essentials, especially food and hygiene articles. Patients prostituted themselves to French and American soldiers in order to receive goods and means of exchange.

Overall, orderly operation of the clinic was not possible. Some of the staff defended themselves against it, tried to change the situation, but could not achieve their goals against Kalt. This created tension. In addition, the French occupying forces carried out investigations into the high mortality rates in 1944 and early 1945 and extensive interrogations. In the run-up to the investigations, Kalt threatened the staff to prevent statements about the euthanasia crimes.

The nurse Margarete Theis, who has been at the clinic since 1921, wrote a letter to the military authorities in August 1945 in which she drew attention to the current grievances and the involvement of Ms. Kalt in the euthanasia crimes, including the killing of patients with Luminal and Chloral , communicated. This is the beginning of a rebellion by the staff against the clinic director Kalt, which ended in her immediate release and short-term imprisonment and also set the subsequent court proceedings in motion.

Legal processing

From a historical point of view, it can be said that the doctors of the Provincial Sanatorium and Nursing Home Andernach - contrary to other rumors - neither actively nor passively resisted the euthanasia crimes. It was also not acted out of ignorance about the goals of the National Socialists. At least according to rumors, the doctors knew about it by June 11, 1940 - the day the registration forms arrived - because the doctor Hermann Wesse had told about the Bedburg-Hau asylum , his previous workplace, where the killing program was already running.

The senior physician in the women's department Paul Gies (* July 23, 1901 , † January 1945, further data unknown) had left in August 1944 due to illness, his successor was Elisabeth Kalt. He died in January 1945, before the end of the war. Hermann Wesse worked in Andernach from April 1940 to July 1941, where he also met Hildegard Wesse, whom he married in December 1941. He later headed the children's departments in Waldniel and at Kalmenhof in Idstein. After the war he was sentenced to life imprisonment for his crimes in Waldniel and to death for those at Kalmenhof. After pardons, he was released from prison in 1965. He was not prosecuted for crimes in Andernach.

Hildegard Wesse came to Andernach in February 1939 and transferred to the Waldniel institution in November 1941 . On December 2, 1953, she was acquitted by the Göttingen regional court on charges of killing disabled children, but sentenced to two years imprisonment for the manslaughter of 30 women. From 1953 she practiced again as a general practitioner in Braunschweig. Like her husband, she was not convicted of crimes in Andernach.

Because of their perpetrators in the crimes in Andernach, Johann Recktenwald , Elisabeth Kalt (born Kraemer, born March 18, 1903 in Remscheid , † July 1, 1961 in Birkesdorf ) and Ewald Kreisch had to answer. The latter headed the institute from March to August 1945 after the liberation by the Western Allies . On August 25, 1945 he was arrested by the French. The Koblenz district court found him guilty on July 29, 1948. This judgment was overturned with the appeal by the Higher Regional Court of Koblenz and the case was tried again before the jury court at the Koblenz Regional Court. The final verdict was innocent and became final on April 5, 1951. Elisabeth Kalt came to Andernach on July 28, 1941 in the women's department. From August 1944, she had taken over the representation for Gies as senior physician in the women's department. After the war, she was the only doctor at the clinic for a few months and took over provisional management. On September 17, 1946, she was arrested by the Allies. After two trials, she was acquitted on July 29, 1948 by the Koblenz Regional Court.

The medical director Johann Recktenwald was arrested by the Americans at the end of April 1945 and only released on December 3, 1946. On March 12, 1947 he was arrested again, this time by German authorities. He was in custody until August 15, 1949. At the end of July 1948 he was sentenced to eight years in prison by the Koblenz Regional Court. The Koblenz Higher Regional Court overturned this judgment on July 14, 1949. The case was tried again in 1950 before the jury court in Koblenz. Here he was acquitted. This judgment had legal force in April 1951 - the higher regional court had rejected the appeal requested by the public prosecutor.

Growth in the economic upswing

Patient inventory for entries and exits
Patient-to-Nursing Ratio

With the economic boom in the time of the economic miracle in the newly founded Federal Republic, renovation and new building measures were carried out continuously. Outstanding were the construction of the baths and X-ray house (1950-52), the forensic psychiatric department in men's house IV (1952-53), a tuberculosis department and a neurological department in men's house I ( Kirchberg house , 1956), an infection house ( Vulkanstrasse house , 1956), a nurses' home (1960), a pavilion for women with tuberculosis ( Martinsberg House ) and a pavilion for geriatric psychiatric patients ( Krahnenberg House , both 1964), a nursing school and an internal medicine ward, which was created by converting the infection house (1970).

At the same time, there were also significant changes in the therapeutic area in the clinic. The first electroconvulsive therapies for the treatment of the psychotically ill were carried out as early as 1946 , which, like the insulin and cardiac therapy of the 1920s and 1930s, can be regarded as shock treatment.

The number of nurses and doctors grew continuously. In 1950, for example, the number of doctors had more than doubled compared to 1945 with 16.

There was an increasing trend towards short-term treatment, alongside the commitment to long-term treatment. This was particularly related to the use of modern psychotropic drugs , which were researched in international studies in the 1950s. From 1952 this was also evident at the clinic in Andernach. It was hoped that the use of these funds would significantly shorten the length of stay of patients at the clinic and facilitate their reintegration into their social environment. This is clearly reflected in the amount of annual inflows and outflows. After a few years of experience with psychotropic drugs, however, expectations of these drugs were put into perspective. It was recognized that they often did not solve problems, but suppress symptoms. In addition, side effects set in, such as habituation, dependencies and distortions of perception .

Effects of the psychiatry reform

In 1970 the number of patients at the clinic had almost doubled to 1281 compared to 1945 (655). The number of staff had increased with 15 doctors and 245 nursing staff, but with this staffing level the therapeutic possibilities could not be properly exhausted. The general socio-political changes in the course of the psychiatry reform , the general optimism of the 1970s and the 1968 movement had a major impact on the clinic . The perception of the sick and how we deal with them changed. Their treatment and integration became a socio-politically important issue.

Under the management of Jochen Katscher, who took over the function of medical director in 1970, investments were made and extensive construction work was carried out. The stated goal was to improve patient treatment with more staff and fewer patients. The program should be completed in 1980.

In 1967, a thirty-year-old who had escaped from the Andernach State Neurological Clinic the day before attacked a nineteen-year-old woman. In 1968, a violent criminal escaped from the asylum and could only be caught after he had committed several crimes. These and other such incidents put the clinic under public pressure, so that extensive construction and safety measures were carried out at the Nette-Gut department. In 1972, the forensic-psychiatric department Nette-Gut was set up a few kilometers from the main clinic, where up to one hundred mentally ill lawbreakers could be treated. The establishment of this clinic was created under the impression that it was no longer believed that the safe custody of violent patients could be guaranteed within the institution.

In 1974 the house on Rennweg was opened, in 1975 the Maria-Hafner-House (today House Westerwald ), for which the men's hospital was demolished. The Andernach day clinic was set up in 1975. In 1980 the clinical center was finally set up.

At the same time, the personnel situation also changed. In 1985 the clinic had 24 doctors and 383 nurses, while bed capacity had fallen to 954. Since 1970, positions for occupational therapists, social workers , occupational therapists, sociologists , psychologists , physiotherapists and kindergarten teachers have also been created. With the accompanying psychotherapeutic treatment by social workers, psychologists and psychiatrists, new possibilities of healing were created. In 1971 the social service was set up, which has since endeavored to reintegrate and rehabilitate the patients. Compared to 1970, the number of admissions and discharges had almost doubled in 1985, which was an expression of the shorter length of stay for patients due to an improved range of therapies.

The management structure had changed, and a committee made up of the medical director, the administrative director and the senior nurse determined the fate of the clinic. In 1979 the facility became an academic teaching hospital at the University of Mainz , which was due, among other things, to the changed training structures in medical studies.

Gerd Krüger took over the position of medical director from Katscher in 1985 and gave new impetus to the development of the clinic. In the long-term area of ​​the clinic, a dephospitalization station was set up, which partially enabled long-term patients to return to their families or to live in outdoor living groups.

In 1990, when the former Andernach patient Adelheid Streidel carried out a knife attack on the then SPD candidate for chancellor , Oskar Lafontaine , the investigative journalist Ernst Klee expressed massive criticism of the clinic. The core of his criticism were staff shortages, sick leave, the lack of a psychiatry concept on the part of the state government and the privatization of the clinic that was being sought at the time . The clinic's economic situation was good at the time, and a profit was made. The ruling Christian-liberal coalition planned to convert the clinic into a Psychiatrie GmbH with the aim of attracting private investors for an acquisition within the next few years. This project was a novelty for the Federal Republic of Germany for a clinic in which there were also penal measures. It met with resistance from within the workforce, from trade unions and from the opposition. It was not realized. From 1997 onwards, the clinic was run under the umbrella of the State Hospital, an institution under public law . During this time, Ise Thomas , who later became a member of the state parliament, worked as a clinical psychologist in the Andernach State Neurological Clinic.

Dealing with the past: the mirror container

The mirror container
Elsner during his welcome at the memorial event on January 27, 2012

A discussion of the National Socialist past did not take place until the 1990s. In 1993, students in the 10th grade of the Bertha-von-Suttner-Gymnasium dealt with National Socialism in class and organized a warning to the location of the former synagogue in Andernach. The chairwoman of the Disability Advisory Council of the city of Andernach, Regina Pickel-Bossau, drew the pupils' attention to the fact that the euthanasia incidents at the sanatorium had not yet been dealt with. At this point in time, seven victims of the forced sterilization were still alive at the clinic.

This resulted in an extracurricular project with the teacher Paul Petzel and the students Daniela A. Frickel, Eva Maria Ott and Ania Skurewicz with the later goal of a high-profile memorial. The first public event took place in the spring of 1995. Members of the historical association Andernach e. V., the city administration, Member of the State Parliament Helmut Bäurle and the then Prime Minister Rudolf Scharping signaled their support. The head of the institution at the time, Fritz Hilgenstock, promised help with research in the institution's own archives with files from the Nazi era.

However, there should also have been subliminal rejection in almost all parliamentary groups in the city council as well as in the population. The issue of location was discussed vigorously. Among other things, the clinic site itself, the cemetery and the Rhine facilities were discussed. The Protestant pastor Helmut Cordes promoted the final location at the Christ Church in the parish, where the memorial was finally opened to the public on May 27, 1996. The elementary core was an anonymized list of victims, which was drawn up by the institution itself and handed over to those involved in the project at the beginning of 1996. The location outside the clinic was welcomed on various occasions because of the greater social participation in a public place, where the reminder is not limited to the clinic visitors. In addition, the current patients should not be burdened with the clinical history.

Even after the memorial was erected , there was heated discussion in public, especially in the local Rhein-Zeitung . It was criticized that a weeping willow was damaged by its installation, that breeding birds lost their nests and that the container could be mistaken for a public toilet facility, but the project was also approved. On July 28, 2010, the memorial was handed over to the city of Andernach. In general, the clinic found it difficult to deal with the National Socialist past.

“Our clinic here in Andernach also found it extremely difficult for a long time to deal with the events of the euthanasia campaign here and to commemorate its victims. In the future, the Rhein-Mosel-Fachklinik will publicly commemorate the victims of the National Socialist tyranny once a year on Sunday of the Dead. "

- Norbert Finke, Managing Director of the State Hospital (AöR)

A change took place under the directors Hilgenstock and in particular Elsner. Since 2002, the clinic has held commemorative events every year on the Day of Remembrance for the Victims of National Socialism . Since then, courses on historical responsibility have also been held as part of employee training. There is no memorial on the clinic premises.

Elsner himself is involved in the education with contributions in the specialist literature. On October 28, 2010, he took part in a German-Polish conference in Międzyrzecz for the first time, where he gave a lecture on Andernach's role as an intermediate institution.

Sponsorship of the state hospital

At the beginning of 1997 the Rhein-Mosel-Fachklinik Andernach was merged with the Alzey and Meisenheim clinics to form a state hospital after the Rhineland-Palatinate state government had decided to restructure the clinic landscape under health economic aspects and to modernize psychiatric care. The objectives were the closeness of care to the community, the equality of the physically and mentally ill and the priority of outpatient over inpatient treatment. In the new legal entity, the clinics should be given more independence and flexibility. This was followed by the renaming of the state psychiatric hospital Andernach in Rhein-Mosel-Fachklinik Andernach .

In 1998 Fritz Hilgenstock took over the position of medical director, which he had already held provisionally for several years after Krüger left the company. In 1998 the house Nette was opened on the premises of the main clinic, a renovated and secured forensic-psychiatric ward building of the clinic Nette-Gut .

The day clinic in Cochem opened on July 1, 1999.

In 1999 extensive restoration and renovation measures were carried out. They related to the foyer of the clinical center, stations 1 and 2 in the building on Rennweg and the establishment of a central kitchen.

At the beginning of September 2005, Elsner von Hilgenstock took over the medical management of the clinic. On March 15, 2010 the neurological intensive care unit was opened, the first facility of its kind in Rhineland-Palatinate. In 2010 the Rhein-Mosel-Fachklinik was one of the five best clinics that were audited by the KTQ this year .

After extensive renovation and modernization work, the house on Rennweg was reopened in March 2011.

literature

Web links

Commons : Rhein-Mosel-Fachklinik Andernach  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Information from the website, accessed on June 15, 2011
  2. ↑ Bettina Bouresh: 125 years Rhein-Mosel-Fachklinik Andernach. In: Rhein-Mosel-Fachklinik Andernach 125 years of Rhein-Mosel-Fachklinik Andernach Festschrift for the 125th anniversary of the foundation in 2001. p. 18.
  3. ↑ Bettina Bouresh: 125 years Rhein-Mosel-Fachklinik Andernach. In: Rhein-Mosel-Fachklinik Andernach 125 years of Rhein-Mosel-Fachklinik Andernach Festschrift for the 125th anniversary of the foundation in 2001. p. 19.
  4. ↑ Diploma thesis Herbert Heintz: Contribution to the history of psychiatry using the example of the LNK Andernach with special consideration of the pedagogical and therapeutic use of lay helpers. May 1986, p. 101.
  5. ↑ Bettina Bouresh: 125 years Rhein-Mosel-Fachklinik Andernach. In: Rhein-Mosel-Fachklinik Andernach 125 years of Rhein-Mosel-Fachklinik Andernach Festschrift for the 125th anniversary of the foundation in 2001. pp. 19–20.
  6. ↑ a b Bettina Bouresh: 125 years Rhein-Mosel-Fachklinik Andernach. In: Rhein-Mosel-Fachklinik Andernach: 125 years Rhein-Mosel-Fachklinik Andernach Festschrift for the 125th anniversary of the foundation in 2001. p. 20.
  7. ^ Stefan Elsner: The beginnings of the "Rhenish Provincial Insane Asylum Andernach". In: The sanatoriums and nursing homes for the nervous and mentally ill in Bendorf. Rheinisches Eisenkunstguss-Museum, Bendorf-Sayn 2008, p. 110.
  8. ^ Stefan Elsner: The beginnings of the "Rhenish Provincial Insane Asylum Andernach". In: The sanatoriums and nursing homes for the nervous and mentally ill in Bendorf. Rheinisches Eisenkunstguss-Museum, Bendorf-Sayn 2008, p. 112.
  9. ^ Stefan Elsner: The beginnings of the "Rhenish Provincial Insane Asylum Andernach". In: The sanatoriums and nursing homes for the nervous and mentally ill in Bendorf. Rheinisches Eisenkunstguss-Museum, Bendorf-Sayn 2008, p. 114.
  10. ↑ a b Peter Eller: Richard Snell , the first director of the Herborn Sanatorium. In: Christina Vanja (Ed.): 100 years of psychiatry in Herborn. Jonas Verlag, 2011 p. 66.
  11. ↑ a b c Stefan Elsner: The beginnings of the "Rhenish Provincial Insane Asylum Andernach". In: The sanatoriums and nursing homes for the nervous and mentally ill in Bendorf. Rheinisches Eisenkunstguss-Museum, Bendorf-Sayn 2008, p. 113.
  12. ↑ Diploma thesis Herbert Heintz: Contribution to the history of psychiatry using the example of the LNK Andernach with special consideration of the pedagogical and therapeutic use of lay helpers. May 1986, p. 106.
  13. ↑ Linda Orth: Chronology. In: “Pass op, otherwise kiss de Pelman”. Limitless e. V., Bonn, p. 151.
  14. ↑ a b Stefan Elsner: The beginnings of the "Rhenish Provincial Insane Asylum Andernach". In: The sanatoriums and nursing homes for the nervous and mentally ill in Bendorf. Rheinisches Eisenkunstguss-Museum, Bendorf-Sayn 2008, p. 116.
  15. ^ Rudolf Finkelnburg: The Weber-Andernach case and its application to the question of the reform of the law of the insane. In: German Medical Weekly . 1895; 21 (45): 749-753, Bonn.
  16. ^ Bastian Adam: The state sanatorium and nursing home Herborn 1911–1918. In: Christina Vanja (Ed.): 100 years of psychiatry in Herborn. Jonas Verlag, 2011 p. 51.
  17. ^ Bastian Adam: The state sanatorium and nursing home Herborn 1911–1918. In: Christina Vanja (Ed.): 100 years of psychiatry in Herborn. Jonas Verlag, 2011 p. 47.
  18. ↑ a b Bettina Bouresh: 125 years Rhein-Mosel-Fachklinik Andernach. In: Rhein-Mosel-Fachklinik Andernach 125 years of Rhein-Mosel-Fachklinik Andernach Festschrift for the 125th anniversary of the foundation in 2001. P. 28.
  19. ^ Stefan Elsner: The beginnings of the "Rhenish Provincial Insane Asylum Andernach". In: The sanatoriums and nursing homes for the nervous and mentally ill in Bendorf. Rheinisches Eisenkunstguss-Museum, Bendorf-Sayn 2008, pp. 114–115.
  20. ↑ Bettina Bouresh: 125 years Rhein-Mosel-Fachklinik Andernach. In: Rhein-Mosel-Fachklinik Andernach 125 years of Rhein-Mosel-Fachklinik Andernach Festschrift for the 125th anniversary of the foundation in 2001. pp. 29–30.
  21. ↑ Bettina Bouresh: 125 years Rhein-Mosel-Fachklinik Andernach. In: Rhein-Mosel-Fachklinik Andernach 125 years of Rhein-Mosel-Fachklinik Andernach Festschrift for the 125th anniversary of the foundation in 2001. pp. 31–32.
  22. ↑ a b Bettina Bouresh: 125 years Rhein-Mosel-Fachklinik Andernach. In: Rhein-Mosel-Fachklinik Andernach 125 years of Rhein-Mosel-Fachklinik Andernach Festschrift for the 125th anniversary of the foundation in 2001. p. 30.
  23. ^ A b Günter Haffke: The role of the Provincial Sanatorium and Nursing Home Andernach in the Nazi euthanasia. In: "... we were all against the implementation of the euthanasia campaign." On the Nazi "euthanasia" in the Rhineland. P. 90.
  24. ↑ Bettina Bouresh: 125 years Rhein-Mosel-Fachklinik Andernach. In: Rhein-Mosel-Fachklinik Andernach 125 years of Rhein-Mosel-Fachklinik Andernach Festschrift for the 125th anniversary of the foundation in 2001. P. 34.
  25. ^ A b Heiko Hastrich, Marc Polishuk: Sterilized. The application of the sterilization law in the Andernach institution 1934–1937. Diploma thesis in the social pedagogy department at the Rhineland-Palatinate University of Applied Sciences, Koblenz Department, Koblenz, 1996, p. 57.
  26. ↑ a b c Claudia Gesell: The Provincial Sanatorium Andernach in the public mirror. In: "... we were all against the implementation of the euthanasia campaign." On the Nazi "euthanasia" in the Rhineland. P. 148.
  27. ↑ Andrea Berger, Thomas Oelschläger: "I let you die a natural death". S. 303. In: Christian Schrapper, Dieter Sengling (Hrsg.): The idea of ​​formability - 100 years of socio-educational practice in the Kalmenhof sanatorium. Juventa Verlag, Weinheim / Munich 1988.
  28. ↑ Andrea Berger, Thomas Oelschläger: "I let you die a natural death". S. 308. In: Christian Schrapper, Dieter Sengling (Hrsg.): The idea of ​​imageability - 100 years of socio-educational practice in the Kalmenhof educational institution. Juventa Verlag, Weinheim / Munich 1988.
  29. ↑ a b laying a wreath at the memorial. February 2, 2011, accessed May 1, 2020 . Press release of the RMF Andernach from February 2nd, 2011.
  30. ^ Günter Haffke: The role of the Provincial Sanatorium and Nursing Home Andernach in Nazi euthanasia. In: "... we were all against the implementation of the euthanasia campaign." On the Nazi "euthanasia" in the Rhineland. P. 101.
  31. ^ A b Günter Haffke: The role of the Provincial Sanatorium and Nursing Home Andernach in the Nazi euthanasia. In: "... we were all against the implementation of the euthanasia campaign." On the Nazi "euthanasia" in the Rhineland. P. 102.
  32. ↑ The number is based on the probably incomplete records of the clinic.
  33. ↑ The number is based on the death books of the city of Andernach.
  34. ^ Günter Haffke: The role of the Provincial Sanatorium and Nursing Home Andernach in Nazi euthanasia. In: "... we were all against the implementation of the euthanasia campaign." On the Nazi "euthanasia" in the Rhineland. Pp. 102-103.
  35. ^ Günter Haffke: The role of the Provincial Sanatorium and Nursing Home Andernach in Nazi euthanasia. In: "... we were all against the implementation of the euthanasia campaign." On the Nazi "euthanasia" in the Rhineland. P. 104.
  36. ^ Günter Haffke: The events in the Provincial Sanatorium Andernach 1945-1946. In: "... we were all against the implementation of the euthanasia campaign." On the Nazi "euthanasia" in the Rhineland. P. 170.
  37. ↑ In this regard, Elsner explained that in a conversation with the former director Kartscher - during whose term of office the house was named Maria Hafner House - he had been informed that Kartscher did not know of any documents proving a patient-saving activity, but was only referring to rumors Hafner, which was still in circulation in the 1970s. In the course of his research into the Recktenwald trial, however, Elsner came across the testimony of Maria Hafner in the court file, which supported the presumption of personnel protection activities. Documents that indicate a patient-saving activity are unknown to this day (as of 2012).
  38. ^ A b Günter Haffke: The events in the Provincial Sanatorium Andernach 1945-1946. In: "... we were all against the implementation of the euthanasia campaign." On the Nazi "euthanasia" in the Rhineland. P. 166.
  39. ^ Günter Haffke: The events in the Provincial Sanatorium Andernach 1945-1946. In: "... we were all against the implementation of the euthanasia campaign." On the Nazi "euthanasia" in the Rhineland. P. 167.
  40. ^ Günter Haffke: The events in the Provincial Sanatorium Andernach 1945-1946. In: "... we were all against the implementation of the euthanasia campaign." On the Nazi "euthanasia" in the Rhineland. P. 171.
  41. ^ Günter Haffke: The role of the Provincial Sanatorium and Nursing Home Andernach in Nazi euthanasia. In: "... we were all against the implementation of the euthanasia campaign." On the Nazi "euthanasia" in the Rhineland. P. 92.
  42. ^ Günter Haffke: The role of the Provincial Sanatorium and Nursing Home Andernach in Nazi euthanasia. In: "... we were all against the implementation of the euthanasia campaign." On the Nazi "euthanasia" in the Rhineland. P. 104.
  43. ^ Günter Haffke: The role of the Provincial Sanatorium and Nursing Home Andernach in Nazi euthanasia. In: "... we were all against the implementation of the euthanasia campaign." On the Nazi "euthanasia" in the Rhineland. P. 107.
  44. ↑ Andreas Kinast: The prison doctors. In: "The child is not able to train ..." Euthanasia in the Waldniel children's department 1941–1943. Ed .: Landschaftsverband Rheinland, SH-Verlag, 2010, p. 94.
  45. ^ Information from the Düren city and district archives from October 11, 2011.
  46. ^ Günter Haffke: The role of the Provincial Sanatorium and Nursing Home Andernach in Nazi euthanasia. In: "... we were all against the implementation of the euthanasia campaign." On the Nazi "euthanasia" in the Rhineland. P. 105.
  47. ^ Günter Haffke: The role of the Provincial Sanatorium and Nursing Home Andernach in Nazi euthanasia. In: "... we were all against the implementation of the euthanasia campaign." On the Nazi "euthanasia" in the Rhineland. P. 106.
  48. ^ Stefan Elsner: Dr. Johann Recktenwald, director of the institution in Andernach 1934–1945. In: "... we were all against the implementation of the euthanasia campaign." On the Nazi "euthanasia" in the Rhineland. Pp. 131-140.
  49. ↑ Stefan Elsner: On the history of the Rhein-Mosel-Fachklinik Andernach from 1945 to 2001. In: Rhein-Mosel-Fachklinik Andernach 125 years Rhein-Mosel-Fachklinik Andernach commemorative publication for the 125th anniversary in 2001. p. 41.
  50. ^ A b Stefan Elsner: On the history of the Rhein-Mosel-Fachklinik Andernach from 1945 to 2001. In: Rhein-Mosel-Fachklinik Andernach 125 years of the Rhein-Mosel-Fachklinik Andernach Commemorative publication on the 125th anniversary of the foundation in 2001. p. 42.
  51. ↑ a b Diploma thesis Herbert Heintz: Contribution to the history of psychiatry using the example of the LNK Andernach with special consideration of the pedagogical and therapeutic use of lay helpers. May 1986, p. 118.
  52. ↑ Diploma thesis Herbert Heintz: Contribution to the history of psychiatry using the example of the LNK Andernach with special consideration of the pedagogical and therapeutic use of lay helpers. May 1986, pp. 114-115.
  53. ^ A b Stefan Elsner: On the history of the Rhein-Mosel-Fachklinik Andernach from 1945 to 2001. In: Rhein-Mosel-Fachklinik Andernach 125 years of the Rhein-Mosel-Fachklinik Andernach Commemorative publication for the 125th anniversary of the foundation in 2001. p. 43.
  54. ↑ Dr. Kartscher Head of the Andernach Clinic. In: Grenzland-Kurier - Rheinische Post from April 30, 1970.
  55. ↑ Mental hospital needs doctors - Restructuring by 1980. In: Rhein-Zeitung of May 25, 1974.
  56. ↑ a b A house for mentally ill violent criminals. In: Rhein-Zeitung of March 14, 1972.
  57. ↑ Stefan Elsner: On the history of the Rhein-Mosel-Fachklinik Andernach from 1945 to 2001. In: Rhein-Mosel-Fachklinik Andernach 125 years of the Rhein-Mosel-Fachklinik Andernach Festschrift for the 125th anniversary of the foundation in 2001. P. 45.
  58. ↑ 25 years of the day clinic in Andernach. June 28, 2000, accessed May 1, 2020 . In: Andernach Aktuell, June 28, 2000.
  59. ↑ Mental hospital needs doctors - Restructuring by 1980. In: Rhein-Zeitung of May 25, 1974.
  60. ↑ Diploma thesis Herbert Heintz: Contribution to the history of psychiatry using the example of the LNK Andernach with special consideration of the pedagogical-therapeutic use of lay helpers. May 1986, p. 115.
  61. ^ A b Stefan Elsner: On the history of the Rhein-Mosel-Fachklinik Andernach from 1945 to 2001. In: Rhein-Mosel-Fachklinik Andernach 125 years of the Rhein-Mosel-Fachklinik Andernach Commemorative publication on the 125th anniversary of the foundation in 2001. P. 44.
  62. ↑ One is indispensable. In: Der Spiegel 18/1990 of April 30, 1990.
  63. ^ Psychiatry as a GmbH - No healing In: Zeit Online from October 12, 1990.
  64. ↑ Discard ballast. In: Der Spiegel 48/1990 of November 26, 1990.
  65. ^ Daniela A. Frickel: "Andernacher Spiegel-Container" - Realization and Effect. In: "... we were all against the implementation of the euthanasia campaign." On the Nazi "euthanasia" in the Rhineland. P. 188.
  66. ^ Günter Haffke: The role of the Provincial Sanatorium and Nursing Home Andernach in Nazi euthanasia. In: "... we were all against the implementation of the euthanasia campaign." On the Nazi "euthanasia" in the Rhineland. P. 92.
  67. ^ A b c Daniela A. Frickel: "Andernacher Spiegel-Container" - Realization and Effect. In: "... we were all against the implementation of the euthanasia campaign." On the Nazi "euthanasia" in the Rhineland. P. 189.
  68. ^ Daniela A. Frickel: "Andernacher Spiegel-Container" - Realization and Effect. In: "... we were all against the implementation of the euthanasia campaign." On the Nazi "euthanasia" in the Rhineland. Pp. 193-195.
  69. ↑ The euthanasia memorial handed over to the city. In: Rhein-Zeitung of July 29, 2010.
  70. ↑ Keeping the past alive. August 22, 2001, accessed May 1, 2020 . In: Andernacher Stadtzeitung, August 22, 2001.
  71. ↑ Information on Mahnmal-Koblenz.de accessed on October 23, 2011 ( Memento from January 12, 2012 in the Internet Archive ).
  72. ↑ The end of the state neurological clinic. January 29, 1997, accessed May 1, 2020 . , Press release dated January 29, 1997.
  73. ↑ Stefan Elsner: On the history of the Rhein-Mosel-Fachklinik Andernach from 1945 to 2001. In: Rhein-Mosel-Fachklinik Andernach 125 years Rhein-Mosel-Fachklinik Andernach Festschrift for the 125th anniversary of the foundation in 2001. P. 47.
  74. ↑ New offer for the mentally ill. August 20, 2003, accessed May 1, 2020 . Press release from June 27, 1999.
  75. ↑ The new central kitchen of the RMF was officially opened. March 29, 2003, accessed May 1, 2020 . In: Andernacher Lokalanzeiger of March 29, 2000.
  76. ↑ Change in the medical management of the Rhein-Mosel-Fachklinik. September 7, 2005, accessed May 1, 2020 . In: Andernach Aktuell, September 7, 2005.
  77. ↑ First neurological intensive care unit opened in Rhineland-Palatinate. March 23, 2010, accessed May 1, 2020 . In: Andernach Aktuell, March 23, 2010.
  78. ↑ Great praise for the Rhein-Mosel specialist clinic In: Rhein-Zeitung of February 10, 2011.
  79. ↑ Specialist clinic invests millions. In: Rhein-Zeitung of March 22, 2011.
This version was added to the list of articles worth reading on February 2, 2012 .