Schöller (Wuppertal)

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Wuppertal coat of arms
Schöller
part of the Schöller-Dornap district of Wuppertal
Location Schöllers in Vohwinkel and Wuppertal
Coordinates 51 ° 14 '43 "  N , 7 ° 1' 49"  E Coordinates: 51 ° 14 '43 "  N , 7 ° 1' 49"  E.
Incorporation Jan. 1, 1975
Borough Vohwinkel
Map of Schöller

Schöller is a former rural community and today's district of Wuppertal . Together with Dornap and Hahnenfurth as well as some farmsteads , it forms the Schöller-Dornap quarter in the Vohwinkel district . The river Düssel (namesake of Düsseldorf ) flows through Schöller on the north-western edge.

history

coat of arms
View in Schöller
Schöller is located in an area that is characterized by agriculture.

In the Middle Ages, the village of Schöller was an estate of the Corvey Abbey with subordinate farmers, from which the Schöller lordship was later formed.

In 1808, under French rule, Schöller was united with the surrounding communities to form " Mairie Haan ". When the Prussians replaced the French in 1815, the united communities were continued for a short time under the Schöller joint community. In 1836, however, the mayor's office was back in Haan. When it was dissolved in 1894, Schöller, along with Obgruiten and Millrath (today Erkrath - Hochdahl ), became part of the “ Gruiten Mayor's Office ”. As part of the municipal reorganization, Schöller was incorporated into Wuppertal on January 1, 1975 with Dönberg , Obensiebeneick (previously Neviges ) and Dornap (previously Wülfrath ).

middle Ages

The beginnings of the Bergisch place are in the Franconian times in the 8th / 9th centuries. Assumed in the century, when “s-chone laar”, “the beautiful clearing” or “willow”, was driven into the forest to create a crown property. Although this is not documented, the interpretation suggests itself due to the proximity to the Mettmann royal court. It is unproven whether Schöller, belonging to the Bergisches Amt Solingen and forming the judicial district Vierkapellen with Gruiten , Düssel and Sonnborn , was bound to the Gerresheimer Stift St. Gereon before Corvey owned it . These three Honschaften were proven to Gerresheim (which was about 919 destroyed by the Hungarians) bound, but were later to the monastery Gräfrath transferred or remained St. Gereon tenth of charge . Schöller, on the other hand, came to Corvey, who was in close contact with the western regions of the empire and was therefore looking for a farm as a hostel near the already mentioned route, the Kölnische Strasse .

Gut with Schöller Church, drawing from 1761

However, there is evidence that Gerresheim Abbey still owned farms in the Sonnborn area at the beginning of the 13th century. In a list from 1218 for the possession of the monastery, the Sonnborn main courtyard included two courtyards in Gruiten and Scoelere (Schöller). The Counts of Berg also owned land in Schöller in the 13th century. In a document dated May 15, 1265, “Countess Margaretha von Berg and her son Adolf” awarded three marks from the autumn bede in Schöller to a Wilhelm von Hilden as a fief.

The defense tower at the knight seat Gut zu Schöller

After a donation from the emperor, the crown property belonged to the Benedictine monastery Corvey on the Weser, which had sought possessions around the old Kölner Landstrasse and which Schöller only gave to the estate manager Engelbrecht von Schöller in 1426.

An ancestor from this family was probably a Hermannus filius Helye et Engerae de Schonlare, who can be traced back to 1182. The former house chests became the knights and later counts von und zu Schöller. The last male offspring "Wolfgang Wilhelm von und zu Schöller" died in 1697. His heir daughter "Mechthild von und zu Schöller" married "Johann Friedrich von Schaesberg" in 1688. From 1697 the von Schaesberg family took over the "Herrschaft Schöller" and they are still the owners of Gut Schöller today .

Parish

View of Schöller with the church tower, which is located in a small valley created by the Düssel

With the formation of a village community, today's parish church of the village of Schöller developed from the court chapel. This happened in the late 12th century, and it can be proven that this applies to the tower, but certainly also to the nave, which in its structure corresponds completely to that of the Romanesque hall churches. In addition to its function as a place of worship, the church, which St. Vitus was consecrated, also as a so-called fortified church and was connected to the later manor .

Modern times

Schöller himself is referred to as a parish church (ecclesie in Scholere) in an income register from 1360 , as well as in other documents of this time (liber valoris) , although the church archives themselves only reported in 1500 about a parish that is now looked after from Graefrath.

reformation

Evangelical Church in Schöller

If one believes the seal of the Schöller parish, the "ev. Reformed" parish comes into being in the year of the Augsburg Confession , namely 1530. That already at this early point in time in Schöller "the word of God was preached cleanly, the mass and other papal ceremonies were omitted" What has been happening for 100 years, as it is called in a “report on the current state of the parish churches in Bergisches Lande” , which was written before 1636, is now in doubt. First of all, a Reformed creed was not introduced in Germany until the middle of the 16th century. This happened in the Electoral Palatinate .

At the time, Rütger von Schöller, who had bought it from the Gräfrath Abbey, owned the right of patronage (right to appoint pastors). Preacher Rambert von Heinsberg worked under him around 1530, who “taught the holy word of God, did not hold mass”, as a source from 1637 reports. However, it should be noted with all source texts from this period that they were created under pressure to make the respective sovereign prince credible that the community, the evangelical one, had existed for a very long time. This was the only way to substantiate claims to ownership of the church and other goods belonging to the community during the Thirty Years' War . So caution is advised against such sources, although a new way of life, both Reformed and Catholic, appears possible. In the Rhineland there was a change in the form of a mixed path between the two, but not, as claimed, an evangelical one. Nevertheless, there is evidence that the territorial lord, Rütger von Schöller, confessed to Lutheranism shortly before his death in 1547 .

In 1545 the congregation got a new pastor, Albert Rongius, who, following the defeat of the Protestant princes against the emperor in the Schmalkaldic War of 1546 and the "Augsburg Interim", reintroduced mass and was nevertheless accused of being Lutheran. So it is conceivable that the community in the Duchy of Jülich-Cleve-Berg and Mark, especially during the fight against Protestantism, developed outwardly Catholic ways of life after 1567, but was internally preached Protestant. Protestantism could have found real acceptance in the aftermath of the Huguenot religious war (1564) as well as the Dutch iconoclasm (1566). Many Calvinists fled to the Rhineland and gradually established a new organizational structure for the congregations, which provided for the distribution of tasks among several people, especially lay people. This was a good strategy for a Catholic government that banned Protestantism and ostracized its followers, in order to be able to persist locally. In the so-called presbyterial form of organization, everything did not depend on the pastor alone, as the responsibilities rested on several shoulders.

Look past the mill to Gut zu Schöller

After Rongius' death in 1580, coming from Mettmann, Johann Viti became a preacher in Schöller. It was he who took the step to Calvinism in 1587 by joining the Jülich Synodal Association. Schöller was officially turned away from the Catholic authorities for the first time before Viti was one of the founders of the Bergische Synod in Neviges in 1589, which took place under the protection of the local authority. But that doesn't mean that all Catholic holidays or taxes were suddenly abolished. Life in the church changed only gradually. In Schöller itself, Pastor Viti was even deposed by the Catholic government in 1604 and another appointed in 1606: the preacher Wilhelm Jacobi. However, the community boycotted him consistently and attended church services in Sonnborn and Mettmann before he died in 1612. Especially in the house of the Counts von Schöller it was recognized that a reformed pastor would have to preach again. The Catholic van Efferen, who married in after Schöller, campaigns for a Protestant pastor, according to which Jodokus Ahlius was to be the parish priest until 1651.

For the von Schöller Count's House, it can be safely said that after the aforementioned marriage in 1612 it became Catholic again, which meant for the community that no financial support followed from this side and it was therefore impoverished.

As in many other congregations, the church and the income of the pastor were blocked in Schöller in 1628 during the Thirty Years' War, but the existence was no longer contested afterwards. In 1697 the name of the von Schöller family died out when Wolfgang Wilhelm died as the last male offspring of the family and his daughter was married as heir to the future Count of Schaesberg. This family is still in possession of the manor today. From now on Schöller himself does not play a major role either in the Duchy of Berg or in the Bergische Synod.

The Napoleonic period and the Köphannes

In the French times , Schoeller belonged to the Mettmann Canton . In an order of November 1808, it was determined that Schöller was the seat of a judicial district. This district included Gruiten , Obgruiten and Obmettmann as well as from the canton of Velbert Unter - and Oberdüssel .

While the region is terrified by the band of robbers around the Auerbäumer Hannes , the government of the Grand Duchy of Berg, which is under Napoleonic influence , plans to let the community of Schöller von Gruiten take care of it. As in 1606, the congregation fights back violently until it has its own pastor again. Meanwhile, after a robbery on a French emigrant, the Auerbäumer Hannes is imprisoned in Schöller's defense tower, smeared with honey to force a confession, locked in a cage on the outer wall of the tower and exposed to the bees. Nevertheless, he is silent, can even flee to Holland for a short time and from there makes the slogan “If you want to rob and still don't hang, you have to be caught in Schöller”. Holland delivers the robber, however, whereupon he is beheaded on the Schöllersheide. The current name of the Köphann comes from the head of Hannes. In the period that followed, it became quiet about the Schöller rule, at whose borders limestone mining was now expanding.

The rural community of Schöller after 1815

After the end of the French-dominated Grand Duchy of Berg , Schöller was probably able to improve his local responsibilities again. In a “description of the government district of Düsseldorf” it was stated that at the beginning of Prussian rule in Berg, Schöller was the seat of the mayor's office of the “Samtgemeinde Schöller” with the villages of Gruiten with 227 residents, Haan with 420 residents, Millrath with 113 residents, Schöller with 53 residents and Sonnborn with 317 residents. In addition to these localities, many hamlets and individual farms outside the town center also belonged to the municipality. However, in the drafting of “Viebahn” in 1836, this rural community was now described under Haan as the seat of the mayor and no longer as Schöller.

In the community lexicon for the province Rheinland be 1888 for the rural community Schoeller residential places Bell Busch , Colorful Beck , Colorful Becker house , Dornap, Fliethe , Gerhardt Furth , United Drinhausen , Habbach , Hahnenfurth, Haniel field , Heister field , Höffchen , Holthausen , Holthauser Heide , bald bush , small Drinhausen , loading platform , Meybergsbruch , Neu Buntenbeck , Neu Dornap , Neu Holthausen , Niederfurth , Osterholz , Sandfeld , Gut Schöller , Schöllersche Mühle , Siegersbusch , Siepen , Am Steinberg , Quarry I , Quarry II , Steinenhaus , Vogelsang , Wald and Wintersbruch are listed.

The 20th century in Schöller

House Schöller

While the limestone quarry of the Oethelshofen family, or today Iseke, was being driven into the ground, the number of residents increased in the municipality, since lime mining alone gave 200 men work at weddings.

Pastor in Schöller

From 1903 Pastor Henrici first traced the history of the congregation and published it in the monthly journals of the Bergisches Geschichtsverein (10/1903 and 30/1936). In 1946, the well-known theologian Wilhelm Niesel became pastor in Schöller, whose pastoral position was now associated with a chair at the Wuppertal Church University. The clergyman was also President of the World Reformed Federation from 1964 to 1970 . He was followed in 1968 by Jürgen Fangmeier as pastor in dual office, who, like his predecessor, cultivated ecumenism and was strongly committed to peace in the Middle East. In 1995, Martin Breidert followed as a lecturer at the church college and preacher of the small community, which he lovingly referred to as the "Gallic village" and which repeatedly had to hand over areas of responsibility to surrounding communities. 2006–2012 Matthias Freudenberg was pastor at Schölleran. Between February 1, 2013 and June 1, 2017, Barbara Schröder-Möring was the pastor of the parish. The pastor's position was terminated on June 1, 2017 and will no longer be filled in the future, the parish will most likely be dissolved in its independence at the beginning of 2018.

Second World War

On May 23, 1944, a Royal Air Force Lancaster bomber crashed not far from the town center. Two of the seven crew members survived and were taken prisoner by Germany. In 2015, volunteers from the LVR Office for Ground Monument Preservation searched for remains of the aircraft and were able to archaeologically confirm the crash.

JF Benzenberg - the first liberal of the Rhineland

In 1777 Johann Friedrich Benzenberg was born in Schöller , whose father Heinrich was the village pastor. The later Düsseldorf scholar was considered the first Rhenish liberal, made a name for himself through anti-Prussian publications (wishes and hopes of a Rhinelander) as well as a surveyor, astronomer and meteorologist, with particular enthusiasm for the stars and planets. A memorial plaque to Schöller's well-known son is attached to the rectory.

Quarries

Quarry near Schöller, 60 m deep and 700 m in diameter

On the south-eastern edge of the village is the Osterholz pit , where limestone is still mined today by Kalkwerke H. Oetelshofen GmbH & Co. KG . In the south-west direction of Schöller the renatured former limestone quarry Grube 7 , which is now designated as a nature reserve and is a popular local recreation destination. To the south is the former limestone quarry Grube 10 . Both are on the territory of the neighboring municipality of Haan .

Attractions

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b In: Description of the administrative district of Düsseldorf , 1817, Düsseldorf, Stahl, pp. [31 to 35] 23 to 27. Online version
  2. ^ Federal Statistical Office (ed.): Historical municipality directory for the Federal Republic of Germany. Name, border and key number changes in municipalities, counties and administrative districts from May 27, 1970 to December 31, 1982 . W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart / Mainz 1983, ISBN 3-17-003263-1 , p. 292 .
  3. ↑ Fahne, Anton, in: Die Fahnenburg and their picture gallery, chapter Stift Gerresheim , 1873, p. [36] 26. Online version
  4. ^ Theodor Joseph Lacomblet, in: Document book for the history of the Lower Rhine and the Archbishopric of Cöln, document 552 , 1840, part 2, 1201-1300, p. [359] 321. Online edition 2009 [1]
  5. ↑ a b LVR, in: Adelsarchive / Archiv des Graf von Schaesberg , Internet version
  6. ↑ In: Handbook of the laws proclaimed for the Royal Prussian Rhine Provinces ... / Third Department , 1841, Volume 6, Cologne, pp. [17 + 18] 5 + 6. Online version
  7. ^ Viebahn, Johann Georg von, in: Statistics and Topography of the Government District of Düsseldorf , 1836, Second Part, p. 74. Online version
  8. ↑ Königliches Statistisches Bureau (Prussia) (Ed.): Community encyclopedia for the Rhineland Province, based on the materials of the census of December 1, 1885 and other official sources, (Community encyclopedia for the Kingdom of Prussia, Volume XII), Berlin 1888.

literature

Web links