Indigenous peoples of the Russian north

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Nenets with a reindeer sleigh in the Siberian tundra near Dudinka
Indigenous peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East

The numerically small indigenous peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East ( Коренные, малочисленные народы Севера, Сибири и Дальнего Востока ) are a category of the indigenous peoples of the Russian Federation , according to the constitution of the Russian Federation 69, who enjoy special protection in the Russian Federation .

The so-called Unified Register of Indigenous Small Peoples of Russia (Jedinyj peretschen 'korennych malotschislennych narodow Rossii / Единый перечень коренных малочисленных народос 2000.) From March 24, 2000. ) Determines whether individual ethnic groups belong to this category .

The category includes 44 indigenous peoples, each with less than 50,000 members, from the Sami of the Kola Peninsula in the west to the Chukchi , Yupik ( Eskimo ) and Ainu in the far East. Larger ethnic groups among them are the Nenets and Khanty West siberia and settled between western Siberia and northern China Evenki . One of the smallest indigenous peoples of Siberia are the Enzen with fewer than 200 members. In ethnology, a summary of the two cultural areas "Siberia" (reindeer herders from Lapland to around Kolyma) and "Paleo-Siberia" (former hunters of the far northeast) is made.

The total number of members of these peoples is about 270,000.

Other peoples in the Asian part of Russia, which have more members as well as their own partial republics within the Russian Federation, are also often referred to as indigenous, although this status is controversial within Russia. They include Tuvins , Yakuts , Khakass and Buryats .

languages

Some of the languages ​​of the indigenous peoples of the Russian north belong to the Urals language family , some of them from the Samoyed branch and some from Finno-Ugric , of which the Khanty and Mansi are the closest linguistic relatives of the Hungarians .

Another group belongs to the Turkic language family , such as the Shores , Teleuts , Cumandians and Altaians .

The languages of the Evens and Evenki belong to tunguso-Manchurian language family .

The languages ​​of the Chukchi , Itelmens , Koryaks and some other peoples are isolated languages ; H. no evidence of a relationship to other living languages ​​has been produced for them. They are grouped together as Paleo-Asian languages .

Legal and political position

An interest of the state in the small ethnic groups and their culture became particularly evident in the early years of the Soviet Union; In 1926/27 the Soviet authorities attempted to gain an overview of the people and cultures of the north of Siberia . Soon afterwards, however, measures to maintain power in the Soviet system were in the foreground.

The current situation is as follows:

Article 69 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation says:

"The Russian Federation guarantees the rights of the small indigenous peoples in accordance with the generally recognized principles and norms of international law and the international treaties of the Russian Federation."

The Russian law “On the Guarantees of the Rights of Small Indigenous Peoples of the Russian Federation” of April 30, 1999 defines the peoples of the north as

"Peoples who live in the traditional settlement areas of their ancestors in the traditional way, who pursue their traditional economic methods, have no more than 50,000 members within the Russian Federation and see themselves as independent communities."

This affects four different aspects:

  1. The settlement area
  2. the lifestyle
  3. the group size and
  4. the self-image

According to Donahoe / Halemba, the fact that the Russian legal norm defines the indigenous peoples in an exclusively “traditional” way of life without defining this term in any way is particularly problematic. Theoretically, it would therefore be possible for a person to lose their belonging to the indigenous peoples of the north by adopting an urban lifestyle. Likewise, emigrating from the traditional habitat could have the same consequences. Clearly in contradiction to the definition of the term 'indigenous peoples' recognized within the United Nations is the numerical upper limit of 50,000, which is the result of historical developments, but larger ethnic groups, such as Tuvins , Buryats and Yakuts, arbitrarily from recognition as "indigenous peoples" excludes.

While the Russian constitution does not elaborate on the special rights and privileges of indigenous peoples, the existing federal laws provide a number of privileges for traditionally operating indigenous communities:

  • Exemption from property tax;
  • Right to found obschtschiny ', i.e. indigenous family or tribal-based joint ventures;
  • Privileged access to natural resources (forest, wildlife, fish stocks);
  • Possibility of compensation for the extraction of natural resources in their areas;
  • Ability to do alternative civilian service instead of military service;
  • Possibility of earlier retirement.
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However, these privileges are threatened by a variety of recent legislative initiatives. The economically liberal course pursued by Finance Minister German Gref is particularly in conflict with indigenous rights . The revisions of the soil (semel'ny kodex / земельный кодекс), forestry (lesnoi kodex / лесной кодекс) and water codes (Wodny kodex / водный кодельный кодекс) see long-term leases of private and collective farms in private and private farms To bring them to a position in which they are forced to pay market prices to the state for the use of their traditional livelihoods.

The most important political representation of the indigenous peoples of Siberia is RAIPON , based in Moscow. Nominally all members of the indigenous peoples of the north are members of this organization.

Their political influence is limited. While there were still several representatives of the northern peoples to be found in the last Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union and in the first State Dumas of the Russian Federation , since the parliamentary elections in 2004 there has been no member of these ethnic groups in either the Federation Council or the State Duma.

RAIPON representatives are calling for a federal agency to be set up, such as a ministry for indigenous peoples. However, the success of their claim is very uncertain.

List of small indigenous peoples

Indigenous peoples of the north according to the Unified Register of Indigenous Peoples of Russia from 2002
Surname Historical name Settlement area (* = ethnic group only settles in individual Rajons ) Russian name Transcription Own designation (according to [4] ) Population (according to the 2002 census) Population (according to the 2010 census)
Aleutian Islands Kamchatka Region * алеуты aleuty Aleut, Unagan 540 482
Aljutors Kamchatka Region * алюторы aljutory Alutal'u
Chanting Ostyaks Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug , Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug , Tyumen Oblast *, Tomsk Oblast , Komi Republic ханты chanty Chanty, Chande, Kantek 28678 30943
Dolganen Krasnoyarsk Territory *, Sakha долгане dolgane Dolgan, Tyakixi 7621 7885
Evenks Tungus Sacha , Krasnoyarsk Territory *, Khabarovsk , Amur Oblast , Sakhalin Oblast , Buryatia , Irkutsk Oblast , Region Transbaikalien , Tomsk Oblast , Tyumen Oblast эвенки ewenki Evenk 35527 37843
Ewenen Lamuts Sakha , Khabarovsk Region , Magadan Oblast , Chukchi Autonomous Okrug , Kamchatka Region * эвены eweny Ewen 19071 22383
Enzen Krasnoyarsk Territory * энцы enzy 237 227
Eskimo Eskimo Chukchi Autonomous Okrug , Kamchatka Region * эскимосы eskimosy Yupik 1750 1738
Itelmenen Kamchadals Kamchatka Region *, Magadan Oblast ительмены itel'meny Itel'men ', Ienm'm'i 3180 3193
Jukagiren Sacha , Magadan Oblast юкагиры jukagiry Odul, Wadul 1509 1603
Kamchadals Kamchatka Region *, камчадалы kamtschadaly 2293 1927
Kereken Chukchi Autonomous Okrug кереки kereki 8th 4th
Keten Yenisei-Ostyak Krasnoyarsk Territory кеты kety Ket 1494 1219
Koryaks Kamchatka Region *, Chukchi Autonomous Okrug , Magadan Oblast коряки koryaki Various, u. a. Tschavchyw, Tschaw'tschu (reindeer herder); нымылгын Nymylgyn (resident); Nymylg - aremku (nomad) 8743 7953
Cumandians Altai region , Altai Republic кумандинцы kumandinzy 3114 2892
Mansen Woguls Khanty and Mansi Autonomous Okrug , Tyumen Oblast *, Sverdlovsk Oblast , Komi Republic манси mansi Mansi 11432 12269
Nanai Golden Khabarovsk , Primorye нанайцы nanajzy Nanaj, Nani 12160 12003
Negatives Khabarovsk region негидальцы negidal'zy 567 513
Nenets Samoyed Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug , Nenets Autonomous Okrug , Arkhangelsk Oblast *, Khabarovsk Region *, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug , Komi Republic ненцы nenzy 41302 44640
Nganasans Tawgi Samoyed Krasnoyarsk Territory * нганасаны nganasany nja-nganasa (mask.), nja-ny (fem.), nja-tansa (people) 834 862
Niwchen Giljaks Khabarovsk region , Sakhalin Oblast нивхи niwchi Niwch 5162 4652
Oroken (Ulten) Sakhalin Oblast ороки oroki Ul'ta 346 295
Oroch Khabarovsk region орочи orochi 686 596
Seeds Rag Murmansk Oblast саами saami Sámi 1991 1771
Shear Kemerovo Oblast , Khakassia , Altai Republic шорцы schorzy sheared 13975 12888
Selcup Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug , Tyumen Oblast *, Tomsk Oblast , Krasnoyarsk Territory селькупы sel'kupy 4249 3649
Soyotes Buryatia сойоты sojoty 2769 3608
Tasen Primorye region тазы tasy 276 274
Telengites Altai Republic теленгиты telengity 2399 3712
Teleoples Kemerovo Oblast телеуты teleuty 2650 2643
Todscha Tuvins Tuva тувинцы-тоджинцы tuwinzy-todschinzy tozhu (тожу) 4442 1858
Tofalars Karagassen Irkutsk Oblast тофалары tofalary Tofa 837 762
Chelkans Altai Republic чельканцы chel'kanzy 855 1181
Chuvans Chukchi Autonomous Okrug , Magadan Oblast чуванцы chuvanzy 1087 1002
Chukchi Chukchi Autonomous Okrug , Kamchatka Region * чукчи chukchi Lyg'oravetl'an 15767 15908
Tschulymer Tomsk Oblast , Krasnoyarsk Territory чулымцы tschulymzy Ijus Kižiler / pestyn Kižiler 656 355
Tubalars Altai Republic тубалары tubalary 1565 1965
Udehe Primorsky Krai , Khabarovsk Territory удэгейцы udegejzy Udee, Uddee, Udehe 1657 1496
Ultschen Khabarovsk region ульчи ul'chi 2765
Wepsen Republic of Karelia , Leningrad Oblast вепсы wepsy Weps', Wepsja, Ljudinkad, Tjagalažet 8240 5936

Peoples not entered in the register

Organizations

Russia

International

See also

Web links

Commons : Ethnic Groups in Russia  - Collection of images

English:

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Chapter 3. Federal structure | The Constitution of the Russian Federation. In: www.constitution.ru. Retrieved May 11, 2015 .
  2. ^ Johannes Rohr: Indigenous Peoples in the Russian Federation . Ed .: International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs (=  IWGIA Report . Volume 19 ). Copenhagen 2014, ISBN 978-87-92786-49-4 , pp. 69 . [1]
  3. ↑ A brief overview can be found in the UNESCO red book of endangered languages: Northeast Asia [2]
  4. ↑ Polar Census 1926–1927
  5. ↑ The Constitution of the Russian Federation, chap. 3: Federal structure, Art. 69 [3]
  6. ↑ a b c d Brian Donahoe / Agnieszka Halemba: The indigenous peoples of Siberia: land rights, legalism and lifestyle , in infoeMagazin No. 19, pp. 18-21
  7. ↑ Gulwaira Schermatowa: privatization of forests: New legislation in Russia. Rights of indigenous peoples are curtailed. in: infoeMagazin 19, pp. 30–31
  8. ↑ Land rights are the key question , interview with Mikhail Todyschew, RAIPON, in: infoeMagazin 19, pp. 36–38
  9. ↑ census results for the indigenous peoples of the North: Единый перечень коренных малочисленных народов Российской Федерации online ( Memento of 14 October 2006 at the Internet Archive ) results of the census of 2010: Всероссийская перепись населения 2010: Том 4: Национальный состав и владение языками, гражданство: Национальный состав населения
  10. ↑ В.А. Тураев, Р.В Суляндзига, П. В. Суляндзига, В.Н. Бочарников: Энцыклопедия коренных, малочисленных народов Севера, Сибири и Дальнего Вкостока РоссийВостока . Москва 2005, p. 143
  11. ↑ L'auravetl'an Indigenous Information Network by Indigenous Peoples of Russia
  12. ↑ Batanifund.org website (currently not available)
  13. ↑ Indigenous Volker Survival International
  14. ↑ pro Sibiria eV - Partnership with Siberia ( Memento of the original from June 2, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Website @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.prosibiria.de