Trimenia

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Trimenia
Trimenia weinmanniifolia

Trimenia weinmanniifolia

Systematics
Department : Vascular plants (tracheophyta)
Subdivision : Seed plants (Spermatophytina)
Class : Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
Order : Austrobaileyales
Family : Trimeniaceae
Genre : Trimenia
Scientific name of the  family
Trimeniaceae
Gibbs
Scientific name of the  genus
Trimenia
Seem.

Trimenia is a genus of plants in the order Austrobaileyales . It is the only genus in the Trimeniaceae family . The genus consists of about seven species of trees , shrubs, or lianas found in eastern Australia , Malesia, and some of the Melanesian and Polynesian islands to theeast.

description

Vegetative characteristics

The Trimenia species are shrubs, trees up to 20 m high or lianas. The opposite constantly arranged sheets are stalked. Stipules are missing. The simple, undivided, pinnate leaf blades are ovate, ovate-lanceolate or obovate, have a wedge-shaped base and are pointed at the front or long. The spreading edge is whole, finely notched or sawn. The lateral nerves are connected to one another near the edge of the spread. The leaf surfaces are translucently dotted with numerous small oil cells . There are also mucous cells . The young twigs and leaves are bare or different, often tomentose and usually bald later. The hair is single-celled or three-celled in one row. Glandular hairs are missing.

Generative characteristics

The inflorescences are in the leaf axils , in some species also terminally on the branches. They are mostly panicles or grapes , less often zymous inflorescences.

The small, radial symmetry flowers are hermaphroditic or unisexual. The gender distribution is andromonözisch , monoecious or dioecious . The flower stalk merges continuously into the slightly convex, bald flower axis . From near the base of the peduncle, this is covered with small, tightly roof-tiled bracts that merge into the tepals upwards . The number of these bracts or tepals is (2–) 8–38. They are arranged helically and only the lowest or outermost can be opposite. The lower ones are egg-shaped to ± rounded or kidney-shaped and up to 3 mm long. They have a swollen, sometimes shield-shaped base encompassing the axis and are rounded or blunt at the front. You go up to gradually into longer and narrower, more membranous tepals, the uppermost of which are spatulate and up to 5 mm long. The bracts or tepals fall off before or during opening. There are 6–25 screw-like stamens , usually arranged in two to three series. In female flowers they are reduced and sterile. The linear stamens are shorter than or as long as the large, linear-elongated, white, cream-colored or pale pink colored anthers. These are basifix, i.e. attached to the stamen at their base, consist of four pollen sacs and open extrors, i.e. on the side facing away from the flower center, or latrors with two slits lengthways. The connective is extended beyond the pollen sacs at the top. The pollen grains are disulcat, polyporate or inaperturate, and are scattered individually (monads) or in tetrads. The endexin of pollen is lamellate. The gynoeceum usually consists of a single carpel with a single hanging ovule . The Archespor is multicellular. The scar is feathered. The fruit is a berry .

ingredients

5-O-methyl- flavonols and flavones were detected in secondary plant substances .

Chromosomes

Chromosome numbers are known for two species of the genus . Both Trimenia moorei (= Piptocalyx moorei ) and Trimenia papuana have a diploid chromosome set with 2n = 16.

distribution

Trimenia occurs in the rainforests of eastern Australia, in Malesia (including New Guinea ) and the Polynesian islands east of it to the Marquesas Islands.

Flower biology

At Trimenia moorei , pollination experiments in a field study determined the self-incompatibility of the plants. Pollen grains from the same plant were able to germinate, but their pollen tube remained short and could not penetrate between the cells of the scar surface.

The individual flowers of Trimenia papuana are small, inconspicuous, odorless and do not produce any nectar . The pollen grains are dry and are easily blown out by the wind. No flower visitors could be observed during studies at the natural site. All this suggests that the species is predominantly wind pollinated ( anemophilic ). In contrast, the flowers of Trimenia moorei exude a distinct scent that is reminiscent of raw cucumbers or fresh peel of watermelons . In field studies in New South Wales (Australia), the fragrance of flowers was only perceptible in the morning until around noon, but not in the later afternoon. The activity of the flower visitors fell at the same time of day. As pollinators could hover flies (Syrphidae), bees from the families Colletidae , Halictidae and Real bees (Apidae) and sawflies from the family pergidae be determined. Beetles , on the other hand, played only a minor role. Since no nectar is produced, pollen is the only reward for the flower visitors. Wind pollination also occurs in Trimenia moorei .

Taxonomy and systematics

The genus Trimenia was described as a genus of the Ternstroemiaceae in 1871 by the German botanist Berthold Seemann in the British service . The first description included only the type species Trimenia weinmanniifolia , a shrub or small tree.

The English botanist George Bentham had the genus Piptocalyx Oliv the year before . ex Benth. with the species Piptocalyx moorei , which grows as a liana . A more recent homonym to this is Piptocalyx Torr. , A name that refers to Cryptantha circumscissa , a North American representative of the Borage Family concerns (Boraginaceae). In his description, Bentham took up a name given by the English botanist Daniel Oliver in the herbarium in Kew . An examination of the flower morphology in 1983 showed that Piptocalyx Oliv. ex Benth. and Trimenia differ only slightly from one another. Only the growth form as a tree or liana and the number of tepals can serve to differentiate. Thereupon the New Zealand botanist William Raymond Philipson transferred the two species previously listed under Piptocalyx to Trimenia in his processing for the Flora Malesiana . So that the priority rule does not apply, the name Trimenia Seem. Protected as noun conservandum and discarded piptocalyx . Muellerothamnus Engl. Is another synonym of Trimenia .

In 1880, George Bentham and ordered Joseph Dalton Hooker genus trimenia as from the beginning already Piptocalyx in the monimiaceae (Monimiaceae) one, but with significant uncertainty and as different forms. Janet Russell Perkins and Ernst Friedrich Gilg established their own tribe Trimenieae within the Monimia family in 1901 , which in addition to these two also included the African genera Xymalos Baill. and Chloropatane Engl . The latter is a few years later as a synonym of Erythrococca Benth. ( Spurge family ) has been recognized. The British botanist Lilian Suzette Gibbs raised the Trimenieae tribe to an independent family Trimeniaceae in 1917. However, she excluded Xymalos from this family and described in it a new genus Idenburgia Gibbs , now a synonym of the genus Sphenostemon Baill belonging to the Paracryphiaceae . Ernst Friedrich Gilg and Rudolf Schlechter contradicted this view in 1923. They proposed a subfamily Trimenioideae within the Monimiengewächse, which should include the genera Xymalos , Trimenia , Piptocalyx, and Idenburgia . It was not until a detailed morphological and anatomical study from 1950, which was also confirmed by later investigations, that the Trimeniaceae, as an independent family consisting only of the genus Trimenia (including Piptocalyx ), finally achieved its breakthrough.

Cladistic studies on the basis of molecular biological characteristics have shown Trimenia or the Trimeniaceae as part of the order Austrobaileyales, a basal clade in the genealogical tree of the Bedecktsamer . Within this order, Trimenia is the sister group of the star anise family (Schisandraceae). The following cladogram shows these relationships:


 More covered  

Amborellaceae


   

Water lilies (Nymphaeales)


   
  Austrobaileyales  

Austrobaileyaceae


   

Trimeniaceae


  Schisandraceae  

Star anise ( Illicium )


   

Schisandra + Kadsura





   

other covering ones






etymology

The genus is named after the English botanist Henry Trimen (1843-1896), who was working at the British Museum at the time the genus was first described and who was friends with Berthold Carl Seemann .

species

Scientific name distribution Remarks
Trimenia bougainvilleensis (Rodenb.) ACSm. Solomon Islands
Trimenia macrura ( Gilg & Schltr. ) Philipson Papua New Guinea
Trimenia marquesensis F.Br. Marquesas ( Hiva Oa , Tahuata )
Trimenia moorei (Oliv. Ex Benth.) Philipson Australia (northeastern New South Wales, SO- Queensland )
Trimenia neocaledonica Baker f. New Caledonia
Trimenia nukuhivensis W.L.Wagner & Lorence Marquesas ( Nuku Hiva )
Trimenia papuana Ridl. Sulawesi , Moluccas , New Guinea
Trimenia weinmanniifolia Seem. Fiji , Samoa

swell

  • The family at the AP website
  • WR Philipson: Trimeniaceae. In: Flora Malesiana. Ser. I, Vol. 10 (2). Kluwer, Dordrecht 1986, ISBN 0-7923-0421-7 , pp. 327-333. (on-line)
  • AC Smith: Family 51. Trimeniaceae. In: Flora Vitiensis Nova. A new flora of Fiji. Vol. 2. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Hawaii 1981, pp. 102-104. (on-line)
  • T. Whiffin: Trimeniaceae. In: AJG Wilson (ed.): Flora of Australia. Vol. 2: Winteraceae to Platanaceae. ABRS, Canberra, CSIRO, Melbourne 2007, ISBN 978-0-643-05968-9 , pp. 62-65. (on-line)

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Piptocalyx moorei at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed April 24, 2013.
  2. ^ Trimenia papuana at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed April 24, 2013.
  3. ↑ a b c P. Bernhardt, T. Sage, P. Weston, H. Azuma, M. Lam, LB Thien, J. Bruhl: The pollination of Trimenia moorei (Trimeniaceae): floral volatiles, insect / wind pollen vectors and stigmatic self-incompatibility in a basal angiosperm. In: Annals of Botany. 92, 2003, pp. 445-458. doi: 10.1093 / aob / mcg157
  4. ↑ a b c P. K. Endress, FB Sampson: Floral structure and relationships of the Trimeniaceae (Laurales). In: Journal of the Arnold Arboretum. 64, 1983, pp. 447-473. (on-line)
  5. ↑ a b B. Seemann: Flora Vitiensis: a description of the plants of the Viti or Fiji Islands, with an account of their history, uses, and properties. L. Reeve and Co., London 1871, p. 425. (online)
  6. ^ G. Bentham: Order CII. Monimiaceae. In: G. Bentham, F. Mueller: Flora Australiensis: a description of the plants of the Australian territory. Vol. 5. L. Reeve and Co., London 1870, pp. 282-293. (on-line)
  7. ↑ a b c Piptocalyx . In: ER Farr, G. Zijlstra (Ed.): Index Nominum Genericorum (Plantarum) . Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, 1996 ( si.edu [accessed April 24, 2013]).
  8. ↑ a b c d e W. R. Philipson: Trimeniaceae. In: Flora Malesiana. Ser. I, Vol. 10 (2). Kluwer, Dordrecht 1986, ISBN 0-7923-0421-7 , pp. 330-332. (on-line)
  9. ^ G. Bentham, JD Hooker: Ordo CXLII. Monimiaceae. In: Genera Plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in Herbariis Kewensibus servata definita. Vol. 3, Pars 1. L. Reeve and Co., London 1880, pp. 137-146. (P. 138 online)
  10. ↑ J. Perkins, E. Gilg: IV. 101. Monimiaceae. In: A. Engler (Ed.): The plant kingdom. Regni vegetabilis conspectus. Issue 4. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig 1901. (Trimenieae online)
  11. ↑ Prain: 4. Erythrococca, Benth. In: WT Thiselton-Dyer (Ed.): Flora of Tropical Africa. Vol. 6, Sect. 1: Nyctagineae to Euphorbiaceae. L. Reeve and Co., London 1912, pp. 847-874. (P. 868 online)
  12. ↑ LS Gibbs: Trimeniaceae. In: A contribution to the phytogeography and flora of the Arfak mountains, & c. Taylor and Francis, London 1917, pp. 135-140. (on-line)
  13. ↑ CGGJ Van Steenis: Sphenostemonaceae. In: Flora Malesiana. Ser. I, Vol. 10 (2). Kluwer, Dordrecht 1986, ISBN 0-7923-0421-7 , pp. 145-149. (on-line)
  14. ^ E. Gilg, R. Schlechter: 82. The Monimiaceen genus Idenburgia. In: C. Lauterbach (Ed.): Contributions to the flora of Papuasia. X. Botanical Yearbooks for Systematics, Plant History and Plant Geography 58, 1923, pp. 244–248. (on-line)
  15. ↑ LL Money, IW Bailey, BGL Swamy: The morphology and relationships of the Monimiaceae. In: Journal of the Arnold Arboretum. 31, 1950, pp. 372-404. (on-line)
  16. ↑ Qiu Yin-Long, Lee Jungho, F. Bernasconi-Quadroni, DE Soltis, PS Soltis, M. Zanis, EA Zimmer, Chen Zhiduan, V. Savolainen, MW Chase: The earliest angiosperms: evidence from mitochondrial, plastid and nuclear genomes . In: Nature. 402, 1999, pp. 404-407. doi: 10.1038 / 46536
  17. Jump up ↑ DE Soltis, SA Smith, N. Cellinese, KJ Wurdack, TC Tank, SF Brockington, NF Refulio-Rodriguez, JB Walker, MJ Moore, BS Carlsward, CD Bell, M. Latvis, S. Crawley, C. Black, D . Diouf, X. Zhenxiang, CA Rushworth, MA Gitzendanner, KJ Sytsma, Q. Yin-Long, KW Hilu, CC Davis, MJ Sanderson, RS Beaman, RG Olmstead, WS Judd, MJ Donoghue, PS Soltis: Angiosperm phylogeny: 17 genes, 640 taxa. In: American Journal of Botany. 98, 2011, pp. 704-730. doi: 10.3732 / ajb.1000404
  18. ↑ a b Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Trimenia. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved June 1, 2018.
  19. ↑ a b J. Florence: 40. Trimeniaceae. In: Flore de la Polynésie française. Vol. 2. IRD Editions, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris 2004, ISBN 2-7099-1543-X , pp. 354–358.
  20. ↑ T. Whiffin: Trimeniaceae. In: AJG Wilson (ed.): Flora of Australia. Vol. 2: Winteraceae to Platanaceae. ABRS, Canberra, CSIRO, Melbourne, 2007, ISBN 978-0-643-05968-9 , pp. 63-65. (on-line)
  21. ↑ J. Jérémie: Trimeniaceae. In: Flore de la Nouvelle-Calédonie et dépendances. Fasc. 11. Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris 1982, ISBN 2-85654-162-3 , pp. 165-169.
  22. ^ AC Smith: Family 51. Trimeniaceae. In: Flora Vitiensis Nova. A new flora of Fiji. Vol. 2. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Hawaii 1981, p. 104. (online)

Web links

Commons : Trimenia  - collection of images, videos and audio files
  • Trimenia in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved April 24, 2013.