Viktor Yanukovych

Viktor Yanukovych 2011

Viktor Yanukovych ( Ukrainian Віктор Федорович Янукович ., Scientific transliteration Viktor Fedorovič Janukovyč pronunciation ^{? / I} , Russian Виктор Фёдорович Янукович , scientific transliteration. Viktor Fedorovic Janukovič in Germany often Viktor Yanukovych ; * 9. July 1950 in Jenikijewo in the Oblast Stalino , Ukrainian SSR , Soviet Union , today Yenakieve, Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine ) is a Ukrainian politician. He was a member of the Party of Regions until March 2014 . Between 2002 and 2005 and again in 2006 and 2007 he was Prime Minister of Ukraine . In February 2010 he became President of Ukraine , on February 22, 2014 the Ukrainian parliament declared him to be deported because of the unrest in Kiev and obtained an international arrest warrant against him from Interpol . In 2015, however, the manhunt was stopped. Yanukovych subsequently regarded his impeachment as illegal.

resume

Yanukovych comes from a working-class family from Donetsk Oblast; his father, born in Belarus, came from a Polish family from Lithuania , was a metalworker, his Russian mother a nurse - she died when he was two years old. After her death, he grew up with his grandmother from Warsaw . His relationship with his father is described as complicated after his remarriage. In December 1967 and June 1970 Viktor Yanukovych was sentenced to imprisonment once for theft and once for assault . He stated in 2002 that he had been fined twice for offenses in which he had not been involved and that his previous convictions had been canceled in 1978 by the Donetsk Oblast Court. Most of the documents relating to Yanukovych's conviction can no longer be found today, and the authenticity of the documents alleged to prove his rehabilitation in 1978 has been repeatedly questioned by his political opponents. Yanukovych's judicial convictions are often used as arguments against him.

In 1969 he first worked as a gas fitter in the metal factory in his hometown, in 1973 he graduated from the local mining technical center. Various media reported that Yanukovych had competed in 1974 for the USSR as a racing driver in the Monte Carlo Rally ; the rally was canceled this year because of the oil crisis . In 1976 Yanukovych took over the management of a vehicle fleet in Yenakieve. In 1980 he graduated from the Donetsk Polytechnic Institute as an engineer for mechanical engineering / mechanics. He also holds a Masters degree in international law from the Ukrainian Foreign Trade Academy .

Yanukovych initially worked as a car fitter and mechanic. For about 20 years he then worked in management positions in industrial companies ("Donbastransremont" - Донбастрансремонт , "Ukrwuhlepromtrans" - Укрвуглепромтранс ) and in the Donetsk Oblast Association for Automobile Transport .

Yanukovych has been married to Lyudmila Oleksandriwna since 1972, he has sons Oleksandr (* 1973) and Viktor (1981-2015).

Political career

Viktor Yanukovych in April 2004

Ascent

In 1996 Yanukovych was appointed deputy chairman of the Donetsk Oblast Administration . From May 14, 1997 to November 2002, he was its chairman and also a member of the Donetsk Oblast Parliament. From May 1999 to May 2001 he was its chairman (governor).

Office of the Prime Minister

On November 21, 2002, Yanukovych succeeded Anatoly Kinach as Prime Minister of Ukraine. On December 31, 2004, Yanukovych announced his resignation as prime minister. President Kuchma accepted the resignation on January 5, 2005 and appointed Deputy Prime Minister Mykola Azarov as Yanukovych's successor.

Yanukovych is a Doctor of Economics and Professor and Full Member of the Academy of Economics of Ukraine. He also holds other public offices, including a. until 2005 he was chairman of the National Olympic Committee of Ukraine .

During the 2004 presidential elections in Ukraine , Yanukovych ran for president. On November 21, there was a runoff election between him and Viktor Yushchenko , who was critically injured by dioxin poisoning in September 2004. Yanukovych initially won this second ballot relatively narrowly, according to the first state statements. However, the election victory was overshadowed by allegations of election fraud, so that after the ongoing mass protests ( Orange Revolution ) , a decision by the Supreme Court in Kiev in December declared the runoff election to be invalid and a repetition ordered. Yanukovych accepted this decision and lost in the renewed runoff elections on December 26th with 44.19% of the vote against Viktor Yushchenko with 51.99%.

In the parliamentary elections in March 2006, Yanukovych's Party of Regions surprisingly won a relative majority of 186 of the 450 seats in the Verkhovna Rada, but initially failed to form a governing coalition with a majority. After a planned coalition between President Yushchenko's alliance Our Ukraine , the Yulia Tymoshenko bloc and the Socialist Party under Oleksandr Moros collapsed in July when the socialists left, Yanukovych's chances of becoming head of government increased. President Yushchenko, after some hesitation, declared his readiness to propose him as prime minister in early August; the two parties of the former opponents signed a memorandum of the coalition of national unity ; the following day his nomination was confirmed by parliament.

As Prime Minister under the Western-oriented President Yushchenko, Yanukovych opposed Ukraine joining NATO, but he spoke out in favor of Ukraine joining the European Union and thus partly moved away from the close foreign policy orientation towards Russia .

In the early parliamentary elections in September 2007 , Yanukovych's party was once again the strongest party, but the two opposing parties to the “Orange Revolution” surprisingly won a narrow majority. At the first meeting of the newly elected Verkhovna Rada , Yanukovych announced his resignation. However, he and his government remained in office until Tymoshenko was elected new Prime Minister on December 18, 2007. After his resignation as head of government, he was re-elected group leader of the Party of Regions in the Verkhovna Rada.

Presidency

Viktor Yanukovych, admitted to the World Economic Forum in Davos in January 2013

In the election of the new president at the beginning of 2010 , Viktor Yanukovych prevailed in the runoff election on February 7, 2010 with 48.8 percent of the vote against Yulia Tymoshenko . The previous incumbent Viktor Yushchenko was eliminated in the first ballot. His rival Tymoshenko withdrew the lawsuit she had initially filed against the election result, which she regards as the result of manipulation, because of the foreseeable failure in court. On February 25, 2010, Viktor Yanukovych was sworn in as the fourth president of post-Soviet Ukraine.

With the takeover of power, corruption reached a new level, as Yanukovych did not seek a monarchy-like checks and balances system, as Kuchma had previously , but a vertical organization. According to Yuliya Mostowa, the editor of the opposition newspaper Zerkalo Nedeli , Yanukovych was always easy to understand: "Yanukovych wanted to be the richest man in Eastern Europe." Andrew Wilson quotes energy expert Mykhailo Gonchar with the problem "Yanukovych wanted to be president and oligarch number one like Putin or Nazarbayev , only that Ukraine was not an energy exporter." The operation of his luxury residence alone cost 4 million euros per month.

Before taking over government responsibility, Yanukovych mentioned the idea of ​​future integration of Ukraine into a single economic area with Russia , Belarus and Kazakhstan while visiting Russia at a congress of the Russian ruling party United Russia in 2008, but in 2010 he mentioned the accession of the partners as a condition to the WTO . After taking office in February 2010, Yanukovych declared that Ukraine wanted to be a non-aligned country and saw itself as “a bridge between Russia and the EU”. He rejected NATO membership. Ukrainian foreign policy in the early years of his presidency was often viewed as inconsistent by political observers abroad. In connection with the criminal case against Yulia Tymoshenko , the EU temporarily suspended the signing of a far-reaching association agreement with Ukraine. At that time, Yanukovych spoke of interest in a "mutually beneficial cooperation" within the framework of the customs union with Russia, later it was still the "gradual acceptance" of the rules of the customs union in a cooperation "3 + 1", parallel to the formation of a free trade area with the EU. In March 2013, Yanukovych declared that Ukraine's rapid accession to the customs union was not an option.

Yanukovych and Hillary Clinton , 2012

On November 21, 2013 , the Azarov government suspended the signature of the Association Agreement with the EU ; obviously the Russian economic sanctions were the main reason. Meanwhile, in Vienna, Yanukovych reaffirmed his government's will to want to “dock” with Europe, Ukraine was not changing its EU course; The country is striving to ensure that its national interests are taken into account and at the moment Ukraine is not yet ready to conclude the association agreement for economic reasons. Yanukovych announced on November 24th that nobody would be able to divert Ukraine from the European path. The suspension of the agreement is considered to have triggered the demonstrations and protests in Ukraine, which were directed against the policies of the state leadership and called for the resignation of Yanukovych.

Deposition

After months of protests, some of which were violent, as part of the Euromaidan , on February 21, 2014, Yanukovych signed an agreement with the country's political opposition to resolve the crisis in Ukraine . In this agreement, among other things, the formation of a transitional government and the holding of early presidential elections were agreed in 2014. The agreement was reached through the mediation of the Foreign Ministers of Germany and Poland, who also signed the agreement. According to media reports, the informal “ Maidan Council ” of the protesters also finally gave its approval to this agreement. A large number of the activists gathered on the Maidan, as well as the militant and paramilitary group “ Pravyj Sector ”, clearly rejected the agreement and demanded Yanukovych's immediate resignation.

Police and guard units were withdrawn from government buildings in Kiev on February 21. It is unclear who exactly gave the order. In order not to lend his departure from Kiev the character of an escape, he called the governor of Kharkiv and asked him to organize a tour of a factory the next day. In the late evening of February 21, Yanukovych left Kiev for Kharkiv, where he was confident of Governor Dobkin about the situation.

The president's offices in Kiev and his private residence were occupied by groups of protesters on the morning of February 22nd. According to media reports, the Ukrainian border troops prevented Yanukovych's first attempt on February 22nd to fly abroad from Donetsk airport .

On the same day, the Verkhovna Rada declared him to be deposed with 328 of 450 votes (72.89%) in a legally controversial vote and new elections for the office of president were announced for May 25, 2014. Yanukovych said in a television interview on the same day that he was still the President of Ukraine. He categorically ruled out resigning from his position and described his opponents as "bandits". On February 24, the Ukrainian Ministry of the Interior announced that an arrest warrant had been issued against Yanukovych for murder and that he was being wanted and that his whereabouts were not known. At a press conference at the Valdai Club's annual meeting on October 24, 2014, Russian President Vladimir Putin stated that Yanukovych had received support from the Russian government in his escape from Ukraine to Russia. After his fall, Yanukovych initially fled to the Crimea with the help of Moscow and traveled on to Russia a few days later.

Constitutional and international law aspects of deposition

It is controversial whether the deposition of Yanukovych was compatible with the Ukrainian constitution.

According to Article 108, the Ukrainian constitution provides for only four possible reasons for dismissal: resignation of the president, health reasons, in the course of impeachment proceedings or through the death of the incumbent. Impeachment comes under Article 111 in the case of high treason and other serious crimes. Such a process was not followed in the Yanukovych case. The reason given by Parliament that he would have forfeited his presidency by leaving the country is not provided for in the constitution.

According to the constitution, such impeachment proceedings should have been initiated by the majority of MPs in the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. To carry out the investigation procedure, the Rada would set up a special investigative commission for a limited period, which would consist of a special agent and special investigators. The results and proposals of the temporary investigative commission would have to be considered in a meeting of the Verkhovna Rada. If necessary, it would then move the President of Ukraine to be charged with at least two thirds of its votes. After reviewing and commenting on the case by the Constitutional Court of Ukraine and establishing the files documenting treason or any other crime committed by the President of Ukraine, the decision to remove the President of Ukraine from his post through impeachment proceedings would ultimately have to be at least by three quarters of the MPs are met. In the short-term vote, which is not covered by the constitution, the parliament only achieved an approval of 72.89% of the MPs.

According to some political observers, Yanukovych was the rightful President of Ukraine beyond the decision of the Rada on February 23 until the presidential election in Ukraine in 2014 , which made this question obsolete. International law expert Jasper Finke differentiates between constitutional law and international law: “International law does not actually ask about the legitimacy of a government. This is primarily a matter of domestic law and according to Ukrainian constitutional law it could be that the deposition of Yanukovych violated the Ukrainian constitution. [...] It is completely irrelevant whether Yanukovych is still the legitimate president of Ukraine after the Ukrainian one Constitutional law. Because here the so-called principle of effectiveness applies - that is, under international law, it depends on whether the new government effectively exercises power over the Ukraine. ” This was the case according to the statements of the Interior Ministry, the SBU and the army, all of which on February 22nd "On the side of the people" and the opposition switched.

International reactions

On February 24, 2014, the spokesman for the European Commission stated that the EU had recognized the decision of the Ukrainian parliament to remove Yanukovych from his presidency.

Yanukovych's former villa Meschyhirja north of Kiev

exile

On February 27, 2014, Yanukovych was granted asylum in Russia. On February 28th, he held a press conference in Rostov-on-Don where he presented his view of things. Yanukovych stated that he continued to consider himself the rightful President of Ukraine. He was not "deposed", but was forced to leave the country after threats. As soon as his personal safety is guaranteed, he will return to Ukraine. He considers the presidential election planned by the transitional government on May 25, 2014 to be illegal and he will not stand as a candidate. In the Ukraine "young neo-fascists" had taken power, there was "terror and chaos". Yanukovych made the “irresponsible politics” of the West responsible for this development.

On February 28, 2014, the Swiss Federal Council blocked the assets of Yanukovych and those close to him, including his son Oleksandr, in Switzerland. This step aims to avoid the risk of misappropriation of Ukrainian state property. Banks in Switzerland that hold funds from these people must report them to the relevant authorities. At the same time, investigations into suspected money laundering were started in Switzerland . The public prosecutor of the canton of Geneva had the offices of a company owned by Oleksandr Yanukovych searched. In Austria, too, the accounts of Yanukovych and 17 people around him were blocked.

According to Russian sources, on March 1, Yanukovych wrote a letter to the Russian president asking him to intervene militarily in Ukraine. The French ambassador to the Security Council said that maybe the letter was not a fraud, but it would be the (false) president. The Ukrainian ambassador made it clear that there was no subsequent justification for the Russian troops in Ukraine.

On March 4, 2014, Russian President Putin said at a press conference that although the legitimate President of Ukraine was Yanukovych “from a purely legal point of view”, he did not believe that he still had a political future.

On March 6, 2014, the Council of the European Union published Regulation 208/2014, a list of 18 representatives of the former Ukrainian leadership whose accounts and assets are blocked by the EU. The punitive measures are also directed against the ousted President Viktor Yanukovych, his sons and several ex-ministers. This is justified by the criminal prosecution of Yanukovych to investigate crimes related to the embezzlement of Ukrainian public funds and the illegal transfer of these funds abroad.

In a statement on March 11th, he asked the West whether it had forgotten what fascism was; behind the government are a band of fascists. The presidential elections scheduled for May 25 are illegitimate and illegal. In a statement published on March 28, Yanukovych said that instead of a presidential election it would make sense to hold a referendum on the federalization of the country. On May 26, however, he declared that he respected the results of the election, but stressed that the south-east of the country should have participated in the election for their legitimacy.

At a party conference on March 29, 2014, the Party of Regions decided to expel Yanukovych, the former Prime Ministers Mykola Azarov and Serhiy Arbusov and other politicians associated with Yanukovych's term of office. On May 14, Yanukovych filed a complaint with the European Court of Justice against the sanctions imposed on him and his sons.

Yanukovych has been on the international wanted list since January 2015 with a request for arrest and extradition. A red note has been added to the Interpol website. This warrant has since been dropped.

According to Ukrainian media reports, the Ukrainian state was able to transfer around 1.3 billion euros of misappropriated funds from dozen accounts of the Yanukovych clan from the Oschadbank back to the state budget in 2017 after court rulings . However, Yanukovych's lawyers denied the existence of the accounts.

High treason charges

A court in Obolon district opened a case of treason on May 4, 2017 . The meeting was immediately adjourned for two weeks because the defense alleged that the Chief Public Prosecutor Lutsenko had improperly influenced the panel of judges. Yanukovych himself can defend himself from his Russian exile by video switching. The central point of the charge of high treason is Yanukovych's letter to President Putin with the request to send "troops" , which the Russian side presented to the UN Security Council at the time. In early March 2018, however, Yanukovych claimed that he had not asked for the Russian army, but for a "police peace mission".

criticism

Yanukovych has repeatedly been accused of having greatly enriched himself in the Ukrainian state during his tenure; the historian Andreas Kappeler calls the reign of Yanukovych an "authoritarian kleptocracy". The establishment of the Azarov government was also unconstitutional with a majority of MPs instead of a coalition of parliamentary groups as required by the constitution, and thus would have falsified the result of the parliamentary election.

In 2018, the BBC estimated the theft from the Ukrainian state by Yanukovych's environs at $ 40 billion. For example, Yanukovych had obscurely transferred the former state residence Meschyhirja , located in Novi Petrivtsi 24 km north of Kiev, into his private property and expanded it luxuriously. His family members, especially his son Oleksandr , also made considerable fortunes in an unclear way during his tenure. According to media reports, Oleksandr Yanukovych's fortune was estimated at around $ 100 million in 2012 and at half a billion dollars in February 2014. Oleksandr Yanukovych repeatedly stated that the business success of his companies was not due to his father's office. Shortly before fleeing the Meschyhirja residence, Yanukovych and his followers are said to have tried to dispose of more than 750 papers, including bills, contracts, bank transfer slips, etc., in the nearby pond in order to erase evidence of the regime's corruption.

Fonts

• Opportunity Ukraine Vienna 2011. (Mandelbaum Verlag; ISBN 978-3-85476-379-6 )

Web links

Commons : Viktor Yanukovych  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

• Biography at Korrespondent.net (Russian)
• Article about Yanukovych in the Tages-Anzeiger , February 2010
• Article in Kyivpost about Yanukovych's closest confidants
• Interview with Yanukovych, faz from October 18, 2011
• “Family” Yanukovych

Individual evidence

1. Jump up hope for an imminent Ukraine summit , Süddeutsche.de , January 12, 2015.
2. ↑ ^{a b} mirror Overview of the Crimean crisis: Moscow justifies military operation with Yanukovych's petition
3. ↑ Axel Eichholz: Ukraine: Return of the election fraudsters ( Memento from July 14, 2014 in the Internet Archive ). On: Kleinezeitung.at , January 15, 2010.
4. ↑ Корни политиков: атаман из Хоружевки и Кужель-Долгорукая. Retrieved May 30, 2019 (Russian). 
5. ↑ Ukraine: Prison Father Janukowitsch , FAZ from March 11, 2012.
6. ^ Spiegel Online, November 2004
7. ↑ Ukrayinska Pravda: "Прємьєр-міністр" Янукович, або неофіційна біографія для тих, хто підзабув: "... у 1974 Янукович навіть зміг виїхати за кордон для участі в авторалі в Монте -Карло. Хоча для людей, що побували у місцях не таких віддалених, в той час такі розваги були забороненененених. "
8. ↑ портал недвижимости / Недвижимость / Недвижимость за рубежом / Янукович, Виктор ( Memento of 22 April 2014 Web archive archive.today ) "Некоторые СМИ утверждают, что Янукович в 1974 году ездил в княжество Монако для участия в ралли Монте -Карло. Часть источников уточняет, что он ездил "по линии КГБ" объясняют первое (досрочное) освобождение Януковича сотрудничеством с администрацией колонии, а его дальнейшие успехи - госбезопасности покровительством Комитета. По другим сведениям, Янукович не мог участвовать в гонках: запланированное на январь 1974 года ралли в Монте-Карло было отменено из-за энергетического кризиса ".
9. ↑ Viktor Yanukovych Curriculum Vitae . Retrieved March 19, 2014.
10. ↑ tagesschau.de: Yushchenko proposes rivals as premier (tagesschau.de archive), August 3, 2006
11. ↑ Ukrajinska Prawda: http://pravda.com.ua/news/2006/8/3/45527.htm
12. ^ Post Yanukovych wins runoff election. Euronews, February 9, 2010
13. ↑ NEWSru.ua : Янукович вступил на пост президента. Инаугурация состоялась. ( Memento from March 1, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
14. ↑ http://geostrategy.org.ua/en/pro-nas/nashi-eksperti Mykhailo Gonchar
15. ↑ Andrew Wilson: Ukraine Crisis: What it Means for the West. Yale University Press, New Haven 2015, pp. 73-76.
16. ↑ Ukraine in spite of everything , SRF DOK , March 17, 2016, minute 45
17. ↑ http://ukraine-nachrichten.de/litwin-h%E3%A4lt-wirtschaftsunion-russland-notwendig_1960_politik
18. ↑ Country analyzes from March 2010 (PDF; 486 kB)
19. ↑ Yanukovych announces west course. Handelsblatt, February 26, 2010
20. ↑ EU attaches agreement with Ukraine on ice in the world on May 14, 2012th
21. ↑ Yanukovych invites Putin to Chernobyl on RIA Novosti on May 15, 2012.
22. ↑ Yanukovych: Ukraine will gradually accept customs union rules RIA, December 13, 2013
23. ↑ Yanukovych: No talk of Ukraine joining the customs union immediately , voice of Russia on March 4, 2013
24. ^ Andreas Kappeler: Brief history of the Ukraine. CH Beck, Munich 2014, page 337
25. ↑ EU loses battle for Ukraine , Die Presse of November 21, 2013
26. ↑ NRCU of November 28, 2013 ( Memento of December 2, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
27. ^ RIA Novosti, November 25, 2013
28. ↑ Ukraine: Yanukovych announces new elections. In: Spiegel Online . February 21, 2014, accessed February 27, 2015 . 
29. ^ Conflict in Ukraine: Forced to Peace , SPON, February 28, 2014
30. ↑ Andrew Higgins and Andrew Kramer: Ukraine Leader Was Defeated Even Before He Was Ousted , NYT January 3, 2015.
31. ↑ spiegel.de:Conflict in Ukraine: In search of Yanukovych
32. ↑ Yanukovych put on wanted list - Avakov , Interfax.ua, February 24, 2014.
33. ↑ Yanukovych's party speaks of cowardly flight and betrayal , Zeit Online , February 23, 2014.
34. ↑ ^{a b c} Munchausen Check: Putin and the legitimate President of Ukraine. In: Spiegel Online .
35. ↑ tagesschau.de:Parliament deposed Yanukovych ( Memento from February 25, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
36. ↑ Yanukovych deposed by parliament , Stuttgarter Nachrichten of February 22, 2014.
37. ^ New government searches for Yanukovych , SPON of February 24, 2014
38. ↑ Yanukovych deposed by parliament; Yanukovych after the fall: Putin fleeing helper , spiegel.de from October 24, 2014, accessed on October 24, 2014
39. ^ Fugitive Ukrainian President Shows Up in Moscow
40. ↑ ^{a b} How William Hague Deceived the House of Commons on Ukraine. In: Huffington Post .
41. ^ William Hague has been cavalier with the facts in his support for the Ukraine rebels. In: Telegraph.
42. ↑ International lawyer Jasper Finke
43. ^ Yanukovych deposed - Tymoshenko in freedom , Hamburger Abendblatt, February 22, 2014
44. ↑ Interior Minister of Ukraine: Law enforcement agencies support the opposition , mk.ru, February 22, 2014
45. ↑ Paratroopers, Scouts and Alpha Promise to Serve the People , pravda.ua.com, February 22, 2014
46. ^ Army officially changed to the people , fakty.ictv.ua, February 22, 2014
47. ^ EU recognizes the disempowerment of Yanukovych , RIA Novosti website from February 24, 2014
48. ↑ Yanukovych receives protection in Russia
49. ^ Press conference by Viktor Yanukovych
50. ↑ Yanukovych: I was "not deposed" , Der Tagesspiegel of February 28, 2014
51. ↑ Federal Council has any assets owned by Viktor Yanukovych and his closest circle in Switzerland blocked ( memento of March 4, 2014 in the Internet Archive ), website of the Swiss government of February 28, 2014
52. ^ Accounts of Yanukovych and his followers blocked , FAZ from February 28, 2014.
53. ↑ Switzerland is investigating Yanukovych and Son , Die Welt from February 28, 2014
54. ↑ Austria freezes Yanukovych's account , courier dated February 28, 2014
55. ↑ «La% 20Russie% 20rétrograde% 20l'Europe% 20de% 20quarante% 20ans» ; Le Temps, March 4th 2014
56. ↑ Russia: Yanukovich asked Putin to use force to save Ukraine , Reuters, March 4, 2014
57. ↑ Putin: Military operation in Crimea not necessary , website of Deutsche Welle from March 4, 2014
58. ↑ Regulation (EU) No. 208/2014 of the Council of March 5, 2014 on restrictive measures against certain persons, organizations and institutions in view of the situation in Ukraine
59. ^ Testimony of former Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych novayagazeta.ru, March 11, 2014
60. ↑ Полный текст обращения президента Украины Виктора Януковича к украинскому народу , ITAR-TASS on March 28, 2014
61. Jump up ↑ Healthy and happy: Yanukovych answers again , voice of Russia on March 28, 2014
62. ↑ Янукович: "Я уважаю выбор, сделанный в трудное время" on RIA Novosti from May 26, 2014
63. ↑ Партия регионов исключила Януковича, Азарова, Арбузова, Клименко LB.ua from March 29, 2014
64. ↑ Leonid Shmatenko: If petition against Yanukovych gathers 100,000 signatures people might have to wait for month for official response from White House . In: Voice of Russia . ( academia.edu [accessed June 8, 2018]).
65. ↑ Yanukovych complains against EU sanctions on tagesanzeiger.ch from July 14, 2014
66. ↑ Interpol puts Yanukovych on the list. ( Memento from January 12, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) tagesschau.de from January 12, 2015
67. ↑ [1] on wienerzeitung.at on April 11, 2016
68. ↑ ^{a b} Indictment of high treason , NZZ, May 5, 2017, page 3
69. ^ Andreas Kappeler: Brief history of the Ukraine. CH Beck, Munich 2014, page 297
70. ^ Potters Bar, Ukraine's stolen billions and the Eurovision connection , BBC, February 6, 2018
71. ↑ Seven misconceptions about the revolution in Kiev , zeit.de of January 30, 2014
72. ^ The dubious business of the Yanukovych clan , SPON of May 12, 2012
73. Jump up ↑ Yanukovych: It's About Money , Deutsche Welle, February 28, 2014
74. ↑ Matthias Kolb: Acts of Arrogance . In: sueddeutsche.de . February 26, 2014, ISSN  0174-4917 ( sueddeutsche.de [accessed October 15, 2017]).