Tulcea: Difference between revisions

Coordinates: 45°11′24″N 28°48′0″E / 45.19000°N 28.80000°E / 45.19000; 28.80000
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|type = municipality
|type = municipality
|county = Tulcea
|county = Tulcea
|image_map = TulceaSVG.svg
|population_total = auto
|image_map = Tulcea jud Tulcea.png
|map_caption = Location in Tulcea County
|map_caption = Location in Tulcea County
|official_name = Tulcea
|official_name = Tulcea
|image_skyline = Administrația Pescăriei Statului.jpg
|image_shield = CoaTulcea.png
|image_shield = CoaTulcea.png
|image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| image_style = infobox
| perrow = 1/2/1
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Puerto_de_Tulcea,_Rumanía,_2016-05-28,_DD_42.jpg
| caption1 = [[Port of Tulcea]]
| image2 = The_Monument_at_night.jpg
| caption2 = Monument of independence
| image3 = Tulcea-19thcentury-BGRod.png
| caption3 = Tulcea at the end of the 19th century
| image4 = Tulcea2008k.jpg
| caption4 = Former headquarters of the State Fisheries Administration
}}
|leader_name = Ștefan Ilie<ref>{{cite web |url=https://prezenta.roaep.ro/locale27092020/romania-pv-final |title=Results of the 2020 local elections |publisher=Central Electoral Bureau |access-date=14 June 2021 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|leader_name = Ștefan Ilie<ref>{{cite web |url=https://prezenta.roaep.ro/locale27092020/romania-pv-final |title=Results of the 2020 local elections |publisher=Central Electoral Bureau |access-date=14 June 2021 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|leader_term = 2020&ndash;2024
|leader_party = PNL
|leader_party = PNL
|leader_term = 2020&ndash;2024
|coordinates = {{coord|45|11|24|N|28|48|0|E|region:RO|display=inline,title}}
|coordinates = {{coord|45|11|24|N|28|48|0|E|region:RO|display=inline,title}}
|elevation = 30
|elevation = 30
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|elevation_max =
|elevation_max =
|area_total = 177.24
|area_total = 177.24
|population_total = auto
|population_footnotes =
|population_footnotes =
|postal_code = 820002–820249
|postal_code = 820002–820249
|area_code =
|area_code = (+40) 02 40
|website = {{url|www.primaria-tulcea.ro}}
|website = {{URL|www.primaria-tulcea.ro}}
}}
}}


'''Tulcea''' ({{IPA-ro|ˈtult͡ʃa}}; [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]], [[Russian language|Russian]] and [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]: Тулча, ''Tulcha''; [[Greek language|Greek]]: Αιγισσός, ''Aegyssus''; [[Turkish language|Turkish]]: ''Tulça'' is a city in [[Northern Dobruja]], [[Romania]]. It is the administrative center of [[Tulcea County]], and had a population of 73,707 {{As of|2011|lc=y}}. One village, Tudor Vladimirescu, is administered by the city.
'''Tulcea''' ({{IPA-ro|ˈtult͡ʃe̯a}}; also known by [[#Names|alternative names]]) is a city in [[Northern Dobruja]], [[Romania]]. It is the administrative center of [[Tulcea County]], and had a population of 65,624 {{As of|2021|lc=y}}. One village, Tudor Vladimirescu, is administered by the city. It is one of six Romanian county seats [[List of cities and towns on the Danube river|lying on the Danube river]].

== Names ==
The city is known in [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]], [[Russian language|Russian]] and [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] as Тулча, [[Romanization of Cyrillic|romanized]]: ''Tulcha''; in [[Greek language|Greek]] as Αιγισσός, [[Romanization of Greek|romanized]]: ''Aigissós''; in [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] as ''Tulcsa'';<ref>{{cite book |last1=Alexe |first1=Virginia |last2=Bărbulescu |first2=Gabriela |last3=Dascălu |first3=Violeta |last4=Ioniță |first4=Daniela |translator-last1=Opra |translator-first1=Zsuzsanna-Maria |translator-last2=Albert |translator-first2=Andreea |translator-last3=Deregan |translator-first3=Sidonia |year=2021 |title=Földrajz: Tankönyv a IV. osztály számára |trans-title=Geography: Textbook for grade four |url=https://edu.litera.ro/manuale/2021_404_GEO4/GEO4_HU.pdf |language=hu |location=Bucharest |publisher=Litera |isbn=978-606-33-8271-0 |access-date=7 August 2022 }}</ref> and in [[Turkish language|Turkish]] as ''Tulça''.


== History ==
== History ==
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After the fighting from 12{{ndash}}15 AD the [[Roman empire|Romans]] conquered the town. They rebuilt it after their plans, their technique and architectural vision, reorganizing it. The fortified town was mentioned as late as the 10th century, in documents such as [[Notitia Episcopatuum]] or [[De Thematibus]].
After the fighting from 12{{ndash}}15 AD the [[Roman empire|Romans]] conquered the town. They rebuilt it after their plans, their technique and architectural vision, reorganizing it. The fortified town was mentioned as late as the 10th century, in documents such as [[Notitia Episcopatuum]] or [[De Thematibus]].


Under [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] rule beginning with the 5th century AD the town was abandoned by the first half of the 7th century due to the [[Barbarian invasions]].<ref name=Stanica>{{cite journal|last=Stănică|first= Aurel|title=Tulcea. Un centru economic la Dunărea de Jos în secolul al XVI-lea|year=2004|journal=Peuce|publisher=Institutul de Cercetări Eco-Muzeale|volume =II(XV)|series =S.N.|issn =0258-8102|location =Tulcea|page =199}}</ref> The former settlement's territory fell under the rule of the [[Bulgarian Empire]] (681-c.1000; 1185-14th century).<ref>Theophanes, ibid., p.357-358</ref><ref>Nicephorus, ibid., p.34</ref><ref>Laiou, A. E. Constantinople and the Latins (Foreign Policy of Andronicus II, 1282-1328). Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1972.</ref><ref>Brătianu, G. I. à Cetatea Albă (Akkerman) au debut du XIVeme siècle-Byz, 2, 1926, 153-168</ref> Inhabitation was restored in the second half of the 10th century, as the Byzantines built a fortress on the spot after reconquering the region. The fortress was soon destroyed in 1064 by an attack of the [[Oghuz Turks|Uzes]], however some inhabitation continued.<ref name=Stanica/> A settlement, larger than the one in the 11th century, is archaeologically attested beginning with the 14th century. The [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman rule]] was imposed around 1420, and would last for the following four centuries.<ref name=Stanica/>
Under [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] rule beginning with the 5th century AD the town was abandoned by the first half of the 7th century due to the [[Barbarian invasions]].<ref name=Stanica>{{cite journal|last=Stănică|first= Aurel|title=Tulcea. Un centru economic la Dunărea de Jos în secolul al XVI-lea|year=2004|journal=Peuce|publisher=Institutul de Cercetări Eco-Muzeale|volume =II(XV)|series =S.N.|issn =0258-8102|location =Tulcea|page =199}}</ref> The former settlement's territory fell under the rule of the Bulgarian Empire (681-c.1000; 1185-14th century).<ref>Theophanes, ibid., p.357-358</ref><ref>Nicephorus, ibid., p.34</ref><ref>Laiou, A. E. Constantinople and the Latins (Foreign Policy of Andronicus II, 1282-1328). Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1972.</ref><ref>Brătianu, G. I., Les Bulgares à Cetatea Albă (Akkerman) au debut du XIVeme siècle-Byz, 2, 1926, 153-168</ref> Inhabitation was restored in the second half of the 10th century, as the Byzantines built a fortress on the spot after reconquering the region. The fortress was soon destroyed in 1064 by an attack of the [[Oghuz Turks|Uzes]], however some inhabitation continued.<ref name=Stanica/> A settlement, larger than the one in the 11th century, is archaeologically attested beginning with the 14th century. The [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman rule]] was imposed around 1420, and would last for the following four centuries.<ref name=Stanica/>


The town was first documented under its modern name in 1506, in the Ottoman customs records. On that occasion it was described as an "important centre for the transit trade".<ref name=Stanica/>
The town was first documented under its modern name in 1506, in the Ottoman customs records. On that occasion it was described as an "important centre for the transit trade".<ref name=Stanica/>
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Around 1848, it was still a small [[shipyard]] city, being awarded city status in 1860, when it became a province capital. It became a sanjak centre in [[Silistra Province, Ottoman Empire|Silistre Eyaleti]] in 1860 and [[Danube Province, Ottoman Empire|Tuna Vilayeti]] in 1864.
Around 1848, it was still a small [[shipyard]] city, being awarded city status in 1860, when it became a province capital. It became a sanjak centre in [[Silistra Province, Ottoman Empire|Silistre Eyaleti]] in 1860 and [[Danube Province, Ottoman Empire|Tuna Vilayeti]] in 1864.


In 1853, ''The Times'' of London noted that "Toultcha" was "the last fortified place held by the Turks on the Danube, and which has a garrison of 1,200 men."<ref>[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/viewArticle.arc?articleId=ARCHIVE-The_Times-1853-12-29-08-004&pageId=ARCHIVE-The_Times-1853-12-29-08 "The Seat of War on the Danube," ''The Times,'' December 29, page 8]</ref>
In 1853, ''The Times'' of London noted that "Toultcha" was "the last fortified place held by the Turks on the Danube, and which has a garrison of 1,200 men."<ref>[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/viewArticle.arc?articleId=ARCHIVE-The_Times-1853-12-29-08-004&pageId=ARCHIVE-The_Times-1853-12-29-08 "The Seat of War on the Danube", ''The Times'', December 29, page 8]</ref>


During the [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)|Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878]], Northern Dobruja and specially Tulcea would be the sites of massacres and conflicts between Muslim [[Circassians]] and Christian [[Bulgarians]], [[Russians]] and [[Ukrainians]]. The [[Circassians in Romania|Circassians of Dobruja]] had settled there in 1864 after the [[Circassian genocide]], and through their raids to other peoples of the region and handing over part of their gains to the Ottoman authorities, they would end up indirectly financing the construction of buildings that still stand in Tulcea today: the modern [[Tulcea Art Museum]] and the [[Azizyie Mosque]]. The Dobrujan Circassians were expelled from the region after the end of the war.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.historia.ro/sectiune/general/articol/povestea-dramatica-a-cerchezilor-din-dobrogea|title=Povestea dramatică a cerchezilor din Dobrogea|first=Diana|last=Tița|newspaper=Historia|date=16 September 2018|language=ro}}</ref>
During the [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)|Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878]], Northern Dobruja and specially Tulcea would be the sites of massacres and conflicts between Muslim [[Circassians]] and Christian [[Bulgarians]], [[Russians]], and [[Ukrainians]]. The [[Circassians in Romania|Circassians of Dobruja]] had settled there in 1864 after the [[Circassian genocide]], and through their raids to other peoples of the region and handing over part of their gains to the Ottoman authorities, they would end up indirectly financing the construction of buildings that still stand in Tulcea today: the modern [[Tulcea Art Museum]] and the [[Azizyie Mosque]]. The Dobrujan Circassians were expelled from the region after the end of the war.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.historia.ro/sectiune/general/articol/povestea-dramatica-a-cerchezilor-din-dobrogea|title=Povestea dramatică a cerchezilor din Dobrogea|first=Diana|last=Tița|magazine=Historia|date=16 September 2018|language=ro}}</ref>


In 1878, after the end of the war, Tulcea was awarded to Romania, together with the rest of Northern Dobruja (see [[Congress of Berlin]]). Tulcea was occupied by the [[Central Powers]] between 1916–1918 during [[World War I]], and became part of their condominium following the [[Treaty of Bucharest (1918)|Treaty of Bucharest]] in May 1918 (until November 1918). During that time, the statue of [[Mircea I of Wallachia|Mircea the Elder]] was taken down by [[Kingdom of Bulgaria|Bulgarian]] troops, since during his reign [[Dobruja]] was incorporated into [[Wallachia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://romania.europalibera.org/a/stergerea-memoriei-sau-rescrierea-istoriei-cand-a-daramat-romania-prima-statuie/30665862.html|title=Ștergerea memoriei sau rescrierea istoriei. Când a dărâmat România prima statuie|language=ro|first=Sabina|last=Fati|publisher=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|Radio Free Europe]]|date=11 June 2020|access-date=3 July 2020}}</ref>
In 1878, after the end of the war, Tulcea was awarded to Romania, together with the rest of Northern Dobruja (see [[Congress of Berlin]]). Tulcea was occupied by the [[Central Powers]] between 1916–1918 during [[World War I]], and became part of their condominium following the [[Treaty of Bucharest (1918)|Treaty of Bucharest]] in May 1918 (until November 1918). During that time, the statue of [[Mircea I of Wallachia|Mircea the Elder]] was taken down by [[Kingdom of Bulgaria|Bulgarian]] troops, since it was during his reign that [[Dobruja]] was incorporated into [[Wallachia]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://romania.europalibera.org/a/stergerea-memoriei-sau-rescrierea-istoriei-cand-a-daramat-romania-prima-statuie/30665862.html|title=Ștergerea memoriei sau rescrierea istoriei. Când a dărâmat România prima statuie|language=ro|first=Sabina|last=Fati|newspaper=Europa Liberă România |publisher=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|Radio Free Europe]]|date=11 June 2020|access-date=3 July 2020}}</ref>

==Climate==
Tulcea's climate is transitional between [[humid continental climate |continental]] and [[Temperate climate| temperate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Dfa/Cfa''),<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Table 1 Overview of the Köppen-Geiger climate classes including the defining criteria. |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-023-02549-6/tables/1 |journal=Nature: Scientific Data |language=en}}</ref> with cold winters and hot summers. Daily minimum temperatures drop below {{Convert|0|C|F|abbr=on}} for roughly 79.5 days per year from October to April, with 17.2 days where the daily maximum temperature is also below {{Convert|0|C|F|abbr=on}}. Snow cover, on average, is observed for 27.6 days per year.<ref name="WMONormals"/>

{{Weather box
| width = auto
| collapsed = yes
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| location = Tulcea (1991–2020)
| Jan record high C = 18.8
| Feb record high C = 23.5
| Mar record high C = 28.6
| Apr record high C = 31.1
| May record high C = 36.1
| Jun record high C = 36.3
| Jul record high C = 39.9
| Aug record high C = 39.8
| Sep record high C = 34.7
| Oct record high C = 32.0
| Nov record high C = 25.7
| Dec record high C = 19.4
| year record high C = 39.9

| Jan high C = 3.9
| Feb high C = 6.2
| Mar high C = 11.1
| Apr high C = 17.2
| May high C = 23.2
| Jun high C = 27.5
| Jul high C = 29.7
| Aug high C = 29.6
| Sep high C = 24.1
| Oct high C = 17.8
| Nov high C = 11.2
| Dec high C = 5.5
| year high C = 17.2

| Jan mean C = 0.0
| Feb mean C = 1.6
| Mar mean C = 5.8
| Apr mean C = 11.4
| May mean C = 17.3
| Jun mean C = 21.7
| Jul mean C = 23.7
| Aug mean C = 23.1
| Sep mean C = 17.7
| Oct mean C = 12.0
| Nov mean C = 6.7
| Dec mean C = 1.7
| year mean C = 11.9

| Jan low C = -3.3
| Feb low C = -2.0
| Mar low C = 1.6
| Apr low C = 6.3
| May low C = 11.6
| Jun low C = 15.7
| Jul low C = 17.6
| Aug low C = 16.9
| Sep low C = 12.2
| Oct low C = 7.4
| Nov low C = 3.1
| Dec low C = -1.6
| year low C = 7.1

| Jan record low C = -18.9
| Feb record low C = -15.9
| Mar record low C = -5.0
| Apr record low C = 0.8
| May record low C = 4.6
| Jun record low C = 9.6
| Jul record low C = 8.1
| Aug record low C = 0.6
| Sep record low C = -7.6
| Oct record low C = -13.4
| Nov record low C = -20.7
| Dec record low C = -20.9
| year record low C = -20.9

| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 35.3
| Feb precipitation mm = 26.6
| Mar precipitation mm = 33.3
| Apr precipitation mm = 36.4
| May precipitation mm = 43.7
| Jun precipitation mm = 57.2
| Jul precipitation mm = 58.0
| Aug precipitation mm = 31.5
| Sep precipitation mm = 44.8
| Oct precipitation mm = 44.3
| Nov precipitation mm = 41.2
| Dec precipitation mm = 41.9
| year precipitation mm = 494.2

| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 4.9
| Feb precipitation days = 5.0
| Mar precipitation days = 5.4
| Apr precipitation days = 5.9
| May precipitation days = 6.3
| Jun precipitation days = 6.0
| Jul precipitation days = 5.4
| Aug precipitation days = 3.6
| Sep precipitation days = 4.3
| Oct precipitation days = 4.5
| Nov precipitation days = 4.7
| Dec precipitation days = 6.1
| year precipitation days = 62.1

| Jan sun = 80.9
| Feb sun = 111.5
| Mar sun = 159.2
| Apr sun = 212.3
| May sun = 280.4
| Jun sun = 306.7
| Jul sun = 339.7
| Aug sun = 314.3
| Sep sun = 232.0
| Oct sun = 163.9
| Nov sun = 92.8
| Dec sun = 77.1
| year sun = 2370.8

| source = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]<ref name="WMONormals">{{cite web
|url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Romania/CSV/Tulcea_15335.csv
|title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Tulcea
|publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
|access-date = January 11, 2024}}</ref>
}}


==Demographics==
==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Romanian census|2011 census]], Tulcea has a population of 73,707 inhabitants, 93.2% of which are [[Romanians|ethnic Romanian]]. Significant minority groups include [[Lipovans]] (2.6%), [[Romani people|Roma]] (1.4%) and [[Turkish people|Turks]] (1.2%).
According to the [[2021 Romanian census|2021 census]], Tulcea has a population of 65,624. At the [[2011 Romanian census|2011 census]] it had 73,707 inhabitants, 93.2% of which were [[Romanians|ethnic Romanian]]. Significant minority groups included [[Lipovans]] (2.6%), [[Romani people|Roma]] (1.4%), and [[Turkish people|Turks]] (1.2%). Most of the indigenous [[Bulgarians]] left the town in 1941 in accordance with the [[Treaty of Craiova]].
Most of the indigenous [[Bulgarians]] left the town in 1941 in accordance with the [[Treaty of Craiova]].


{{Historical populations
{{Historical populations
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|2002 |92762
|2002 |92762
|2011 |73707
|2011 |73707
|2021 |65624
}}
}}
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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==Culture==
==Culture==
Tulcea is the site of the "George Georgescu Contest", a music competition created by teachers at the Tulcea Arts High School and held annually since 1992. Named in honor of the conductor [[George Georgescu]] (1887–1964), an important figure in the development of Romanian classical music who was born in the Tulcea county, the contest was at first open only to Romanian music school and high school students but began admitting international students in 1995. Organizers include the Romanian Ministry of Education and Youth, the Education Board of Tulcea County, the Tulcea County Council, the Tulcea Mayoralty, and surviving members of Georgescu's family.<ref name=Contest2>[http://www.concursulgeorgegeorgescu.ro/istoricen.html Historical notes of Concursul George Georgescu 2008 International Contest for Performing Artists, Tulcea, Romania accessed March 29, 2009] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006223728/http://www.concursulgeorgegeorgescu.ro/istoricen.html |date=October 6, 2011 }}</ref>
Tulcea is the site of the "George Georgescu Contest", a music competition created by teachers at the Tulcea Arts High School and held annually since 1992. Named in honor of the conductor [[George Georgescu]] (1887–1964), an important figure in the development of Romanian classical music who was born in the Tulcea county, the contest was at first open only to Romanian music school and high school students but began admitting international students in 1995. Organizers include the Romanian Ministry of Education and Youth, the Education Board of Tulcea County, the Tulcea County Council, the Tulcea Mayoralty, and surviving members of Georgescu's family.<ref name=Contest2>[http://www.concursulgeorgegeorgescu.ro/istoricen.html Historical notes of Concursul George Georgescu 2008 International Contest for Performing Artists, Tulcea, Romania accessed March 29, 2009] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006223728/http://www.concursulgeorgegeorgescu.ro/istoricen.html |date=October 6, 2011 }}</ref>
[[File:Puerto de Tulcea, Rumanía, 2016-05-28, DD 42.jpg|thumb|Port of Tulcea (2016)]]
[[File:Puerto de Tulcea, Rumanía, 2016-05-28, DD 42.jpg|thumb|Port of Tulcea (2016)]]
[[File:Tulcea-19thcentury-BGRod.png|thumb|300px|right|Tulcea at the end of the 19th century]]
[[File:Tulcea-19thcentury-BGRod.png|thumb|300px|right|Tulcea at the end of the 19th century]]
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==Notable people==
==Notable people==
* [[Crin Antonescu]] (born 1959), former [[President of the Senate of Romania|President]] of the [[Senate of Romania]] and acting [[President of Romania]] in 2012

* [[Georges Boulanger (violinist)|Georges Boulanger]] (1893–1958), violinist
* [[Crin Antonescu]], former [[President of the Senate of Romania|President]] of the [[Senate of Romania]] and acting [[President of Romania]] in 2012
* [[Alexandru Ciucurencu]] (1903–1977), painter
* [[Georges Boulanger (violinist)|Georges Boulanger]], violinist
* [[Stefan Karadzha]] (1840–1868), Bulgarian revolutionary, studied in Tulcea and is associated with the town
* [[Alexandru Ciucurencu]], painter
* [[Grigore Moisil]] (1906–1973), mathematician
* [[Stefan Karadzha]], Bulgarian revolutionary, studied in Tulcea and is associated with the town
* [[Dimitar Petkov]] (1858–1907), Bulgarian Prime Minister
* [[Grigore Moisil]], mathematician
* [[Mirela Roznoveanu]] (born 1947), literary critic, writer, and journalist
* [[Dimitar Petkov]], Bulgarian Prime Minister
* [[Mirela Roznoveanu]], literary critic, writer, and journalist
* [[Valentin Serbu]] (1934–1994), writer
* [[Tora Vasilescu]] (born 1951), actress
* [[Valentin Serbu]], writer
* [[Tora Vasilescu]], actress


== Twin towns – sister cities ==
== Twin towns – sister cities ==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Romania}}


{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Romania}}
Tulcea is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:<ref>{{cite web |title=Strategia de dezvoltare a municipiului Tulcea 2014–2020|url=https://www.primariatulcea.ro/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Strategia_Dezv_Tulcea_FINAL.pdf|website=primariatulcea.ro|publisher=Tulcea|page=89|language=ro|access-date=2020-11-05}}</ref>
Tulcea is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:<ref>{{cite web |title=Strategia de dezvoltare a municipiului Tulcea 2014–2020|url=https://www.primariatulcea.ro/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Strategia_Dezv_Tulcea_FINAL.pdf|website=primariatulcea.ro|publisher=Tulcea|page=89|language=ro|access-date=2020-11-05}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
Line 138: Line 284:


'''Bibliography'''
'''Bibliography'''
* Brătianu, G. I. Les Bulgares à Cetatea Albă (Akkerman) au debut du XIVeme siècle-Byz, 2, 1926, 153-168
* Brătianu, G. I., Les Bulgares à Cetatea Albă (Akkerman) au debut du XIVeme siècle-Byz, 2, 1926, 153-168
* Laiou, A. E. Constantinople and the Latins (Foreign Policy of Andronicus II, 1282–1328). Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1972.
* Laiou, A. E., Constantinople and the Latins (Foreign Policy of Andronicus II, 1282–1328). Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1972.
* Nicephorus, p.&nbsp;34
* Nicephorus, p.&nbsp;34
* Theophanes, p.&nbsp;357-358
* Theophanes, p.&nbsp;357-358
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{{Commons category|Tulcea}}
{{Commons category|Tulcea}}
* [http://www.primaria-tulcea.ro/ Tulcea City Hall]
* [http://www.primaria-tulcea.ro/ Tulcea City Hall]
* [http://www.prefecturatulcea.ro/ Tulcea County Prefecture]
* [http://www.cjtulcea.ro Tulcea County Council]


<!--spacing-->
<!--spacing-->
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[[Category:Populated places in Tulcea County]]
[[Category:Populated places in Tulcea County]]
[[Category:Localities in Northern Dobruja]]
[[Category:Localities in Northern Dobruja]]
[[Category:Roman towns and cities in Romania]]

Latest revision as of 19:19, 29 April 2024

For the administrative subdivision, see Tulcea County.
Tulcea
Municipality
Port of Tulcea
Monument of independence
Tulcea at the end of the 19th century
Former headquarters of the State Fisheries Administration
Coat of arms of Tulcea
Coat of arms
Location in Tulcea County
Location in Tulcea County
Tulcea is located in Romania
Tulcea
Tulcea
Location in Romania
Coordinates: 45°11′24″N 28°48′0″E / 45.19000°N 28.80000°E / 45.19000; 28.80000
CountryRomania
CountyTulcea
Government
 • Mayor (2020–2024) Ștefan Ilie[1] (PNL)
Area
177.24 km2 (68.43 sq mi)
Elevation
30 m (100 ft)
Population
 (2021-12-01)[2]
65,624
 • Density370/km2 (960/sq mi)
Time zoneEET/EEST (UTC+2/+3)
Postal code
820002–820249
Area code(+40) 02 40
Vehicle reg.TL
Websitewww.primaria-tulcea.ro

Tulcea (Romanian pronunciation: [ˈtult͡ʃe̯a]; also known by alternative names) is a city in Northern Dobruja, Romania. It is the administrative center of Tulcea County, and had a population of 65,624 as of 2021. One village, Tudor Vladimirescu, is administered by the city. It is one of six Romanian county seats lying on the Danube river.

Names[edit]

The city is known in Bulgarian, Russian and Ukrainian as Тулча, romanized: Tulcha; in Greek as Αιγισσός, romanized: Aigissós; in Hungarian as Tulcsa;[3] and in Turkish as Tulça.

History[edit]

Ruins of Aegyssus

Tulcea was founded in the 7th century B.C.[citation needed] under the name of Aegyssus, mentioned in the documents of Procopius[4] and Diodorus of Sicily (3rd century BC). In his Ex Ponto, Ovid recorded a local tradition that ascribed its name to a mythical founder, Aegisos the Caspian.

After the fighting from 12–15 AD the Romans conquered the town. They rebuilt it after their plans, their technique and architectural vision, reorganizing it. The fortified town was mentioned as late as the 10th century, in documents such as Notitia Episcopatuum or De Thematibus.

Under Byzantine rule beginning with the 5th century AD the town was abandoned by the first half of the 7th century due to the Barbarian invasions.[5] The former settlement's territory fell under the rule of the Bulgarian Empire (681-c.1000; 1185-14th century).[6][7][8][9] Inhabitation was restored in the second half of the 10th century, as the Byzantines built a fortress on the spot after reconquering the region. The fortress was soon destroyed in 1064 by an attack of the Uzes, however some inhabitation continued.[5] A settlement, larger than the one in the 11th century, is archaeologically attested beginning with the 14th century. The Ottoman rule was imposed around 1420, and would last for the following four centuries.[5]

The town was first documented under its modern name in 1506, in the Ottoman customs records. On that occasion it was described as an "important centre for the transit trade".[5]

Around 1848, it was still a small shipyard city, being awarded city status in 1860, when it became a province capital. It became a sanjak centre in Silistre Eyaleti in 1860 and Tuna Vilayeti in 1864.

In 1853, The Times of London noted that "Toultcha" was "the last fortified place held by the Turks on the Danube, and which has a garrison of 1,200 men."[10]

During the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878, Northern Dobruja and specially Tulcea would be the sites of massacres and conflicts between Muslim Circassians and Christian Bulgarians, Russians, and Ukrainians. The Circassians of Dobruja had settled there in 1864 after the Circassian genocide, and through their raids to other peoples of the region and handing over part of their gains to the Ottoman authorities, they would end up indirectly financing the construction of buildings that still stand in Tulcea today: the modern Tulcea Art Museum and the Azizyie Mosque. The Dobrujan Circassians were expelled from the region after the end of the war.[11]

In 1878, after the end of the war, Tulcea was awarded to Romania, together with the rest of Northern Dobruja (see Congress of Berlin). Tulcea was occupied by the Central Powers between 1916–1918 during World War I, and became part of their condominium following the Treaty of Bucharest in May 1918 (until November 1918). During that time, the statue of Mircea the Elder was taken down by Bulgarian troops, since it was during his reign that Dobruja was incorporated into Wallachia.[12]

Climate[edit]

Tulcea's climate is transitional between continental and temperate (Köppen: Dfa/Cfa),[13] with cold winters and hot summers. Daily minimum temperatures drop below 0 °C (32 °F) for roughly 79.5 days per year from October to April, with 17.2 days where the daily maximum temperature is also below 0 °C (32 °F). Snow cover, on average, is observed for 27.6 days per year.[14]

Climate data for Tulcea (1991–2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 18.8
(65.8) 		23.5
(74.3) 		28.6
(83.5) 		31.1
(88.0) 		36.1
(97.0) 		36.3
(97.3) 		39.9
(103.8) 		39.8
(103.6) 		34.7
(94.5) 		32.0
(89.6) 		25.7
(78.3) 		19.4
(66.9) 		39.9
(103.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 3.9
(39.0) 		6.2
(43.2) 		11.1
(52.0) 		17.2
(63.0) 		23.2
(73.8) 		27.5
(81.5) 		29.7
(85.5) 		29.6
(85.3) 		24.1
(75.4) 		17.8
(64.0) 		11.2
(52.2) 		5.5
(41.9) 		17.2
(63.0)
Daily mean °C (°F) 0.0
(32.0) 		1.6
(34.9) 		5.8
(42.4) 		11.4
(52.5) 		17.3
(63.1) 		21.7
(71.1) 		23.7
(74.7) 		23.1
(73.6) 		17.7
(63.9) 		12.0
(53.6) 		6.7
(44.1) 		1.7
(35.1) 		11.9
(53.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −3.3
(26.1) 		−2.0
(28.4) 		1.6
(34.9) 		6.3
(43.3) 		11.6
(52.9) 		15.7
(60.3) 		17.6
(63.7) 		16.9
(62.4) 		12.2
(54.0) 		7.4
(45.3) 		3.1
(37.6) 		−1.6
(29.1) 		7.1
(44.8)
Record low °C (°F) −18.9
(−2.0) 		−15.9
(3.4) 		−5.0
(23.0) 		0.8
(33.4) 		4.6
(40.3) 		9.6
(49.3) 		8.1
(46.6) 		0.6
(33.1) 		−7.6
(18.3) 		−13.4
(7.9) 		−20.7
(−5.3) 		−20.9
(−5.6) 		−20.9
(−5.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 35.3
(1.39) 		26.6
(1.05) 		33.3
(1.31) 		36.4
(1.43) 		43.7
(1.72) 		57.2
(2.25) 		58.0
(2.28) 		31.5
(1.24) 		44.8
(1.76) 		44.3
(1.74) 		41.2
(1.62) 		41.9
(1.65) 		494.2
(19.46)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 4.9 5.0 5.4 5.9 6.3 6.0 5.4 3.6 4.3 4.5 4.7 6.1 62.1
Mean monthly sunshine hours 80.9 111.5 159.2 212.3 280.4 306.7 339.7 314.3 232.0 163.9 92.8 77.1 2,370.8
Source: NOAA[14]

Demographics[edit]

According to the 2021 census, Tulcea has a population of 65,624. At the 2011 census it had 73,707 inhabitants, 93.2% of which were ethnic Romanian. Significant minority groups included Lipovans (2.6%), Roma (1.4%), and Turks (1.2%). Most of the indigenous Bulgarians left the town in 1941 in accordance with the Treaty of Craiova.

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1912 21,727—    
1930 20,403−6.1%
1948 21,642+6.1%
1956 24,639+13.8%
1966 35,561+44.3%
1977 61,729+73.6%
1992 97,904+58.6%
2002 92,762−5.3%
2011 73,707−20.5%
2021 65,624−11.0%
Source: Census data
Ethnicity 2011
Total known 65,945
Romanian 61,451 (93.2%)
Lipovan Russians 1,738 (2.6%)
Roma/Gypsy 953 (1.4%)
Turks 819 (1.2%)
Ukrainians 376 (0.5%)
Greeks 208 (0.3%)
Others 400 (0.6%)
Unknown 7762

Culture[edit]

Tulcea is the site of the "George Georgescu Contest", a music competition created by teachers at the Tulcea Arts High School and held annually since 1992. Named in honor of the conductor George Georgescu (1887–1964), an important figure in the development of Romanian classical music who was born in the Tulcea county, the contest was at first open only to Romanian music school and high school students but began admitting international students in 1995. Organizers include the Romanian Ministry of Education and Youth, the Education Board of Tulcea County, the Tulcea County Council, the Tulcea Mayoralty, and surviving members of Georgescu's family.[15]

Port of Tulcea (2016)
Tulcea at the end of the 19th century

The Monument of Independence represents one of the main attractions of the city, because of its placement and of the panoramic view that it offers. It is located on the same hill as the ruins of Aegyssus and the history museum. The monument itself is represented by an obelisk with a statue of an eagle on one side and the statue of a soldier on the other. The monument was erected to commemorate the War of Independence that made Dobruja part of Romania. Construction began on 17 October 1879, in the presence of Prince Carol I of Romania.[16]

The Monument of independence - Tulcea
The city viewed from the top of the monument hill at night

The main high school is the Spiru Haret Dobrujan College.

Notable people[edit]

Twin towns – sister cities[edit]

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Romania

Tulcea is twinned with:[17]

References[edit]

Notes

  1. ^ "Results of the 2020 local elections". Central Electoral Bureau. Retrieved 14 June 2021.
  2. ^ "Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021" (XLS). National Institute of Statistics.
  3. ^ Alexe, Virginia; Bărbulescu, Gabriela; Dascălu, Violeta; Ioniță, Daniela (2021). Földrajz: Tankönyv a IV. osztály számára [Geography: Textbook for grade four] (PDF) (in Hungarian). Translated by Opra, Zsuzsanna-Maria; Albert, Andreea; Deregan, Sidonia. Bucharest: Litera. ISBN 978-606-33-8271-0. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
  4. ^ Procopius, On Buildings, §4.7.1
  5. ^ a b c d Stănică, Aurel (2004). "Tulcea. Un centru economic la Dunărea de Jos în secolul al XVI-lea". Peuce. S.N. II(XV). Tulcea: Institutul de Cercetări Eco-Muzeale: 199. ISSN 0258-8102.
  6. ^ Theophanes, ibid., p.357-358
  7. ^ Nicephorus, ibid., p.34
  8. ^ Laiou, A. E. Constantinople and the Latins (Foreign Policy of Andronicus II, 1282-1328). Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1972.
  9. ^ Brătianu, G. I., Les Bulgares à Cetatea Albă (Akkerman) au debut du XIVeme siècle-Byz, 2, 1926, 153-168
  10. ^ "The Seat of War on the Danube", The Times, December 29, page 8
  11. ^ Tița, Diana (16 September 2018). "Povestea dramatică a cerchezilor din Dobrogea". Historia (in Romanian).
  12. ^ Fati, Sabina (11 June 2020). "Ștergerea memoriei sau rescrierea istoriei. Când a dărâmat România prima statuie". Europa Liberă România (in Romanian). Radio Free Europe. Retrieved 3 July 2020.
  13. ^ "Table 1 Overview of the Köppen-Geiger climate classes including the defining criteria". Nature: Scientific Data.
  14. ^ a b "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Tulcea". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved January 11, 2024.
  15. ^ Historical notes of Concursul George Georgescu 2008 International Contest for Performing Artists, Tulcea, Romania accessed March 29, 2009 Archived October 6, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  16. ^ "Monumentul Independenței – Tulcea" (in Romanian). 3 November 2008. Retrieved 31 May 2020.
  17. ^ "Strategia de dezvoltare a municipiului Tulcea 2014–2020" (PDF). primariatulcea.ro (in Romanian). Tulcea. p. 89. Retrieved 2020-11-05.

Bibliography

  • Brătianu, G. I., Les Bulgares à Cetatea Albă (Akkerman) au debut du XIVeme siècle-Byz, 2, 1926, 153-168
  • Laiou, A. E., Constantinople and the Latins (Foreign Policy of Andronicus II, 1282–1328). Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1972.
  • Nicephorus, p. 34
  • Theophanes, p. 357-358

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tulcea.


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