Asteroid mining
Asteroid mining (partly borrowed from the English ' asteroid mining ' ) or space mining refers to concepts for the extraction of raw materials in space .
background
Asteroids , comets and meteoroids can have very high concentrations u. a. of precious metals or rare earth metals , which may be important for raw material extraction in the future. M asteroids such as B. an object of the main belt , the asteroid (16) Psyche and others like (129) Antigone , (97) Klotho , (21) Lutetia , (55) Pandora , (755) Quintilla are very rich in metals. (3554) Amun z. B. has a high proportion of metals of the iron-platinum group and also many non-metallic elements such as nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus. Depending on the condition and density, a 1 km property could meet today's demand for industrial metals for decades. Many large and metal-rich objects, the raw materials of which could be very valuable, are located in the asteroid belt.
Spectroscopic investigations of S-asteroids such as (387) Aquitania and (980) Anacostia suggest minerals from the pyroxene group , oliving group and also spinel or chromite . Radar astronomical measurements of the Arecibo and Goldstone observatories of the E-class asteroid (44) Nysa show occurrences of enstatite , forsterite and pyroxene. The earth orbit cruiser (3103) Eger also seems to consist of these components.
V-asteroids can also have deposits that are worthwhile for space mining. Water and ice were also detected on asteroids and other celestial bodies. Terrestrial ores, as they occur in the Bushveld complex , have a platinum metal concentration of 10 ppm , meteoritic finds show concentrations of 100 ppm. Of the around 5300 (as of 2017) known terrestrial minerals , around 300 are found in meteorites .
Research, concepts
Concepts include future manned space missions, but above all unmanned missions that use robots to detect any occurrences and automatically dismantle them. Also, sample return missions are planned. In September 2011, the Keck Institute for Space Studies at Caltech began a feasibility study, the Asteroid Retrieval Mission Study . The final report was published at the beginning of April 2012. The study evaluates and researches the feasibility and requirements that would be necessary to find a suitable NEA, to capture it using robotic techniques and to bring the object close to the earth for further investigations and use.
In the Advanced Space Transportation Program , an R&D program by NASA , advanced space systems and propulsion technologies , including a. developed for asteroid mining. As part of another program, NASA and the Caterpillar company are researching future mining technologies that could be used on Earth's moon.
On future long-term, interplanetary and interstellar space missions , extraterrestrial resources could be used for the production of various materials and fuels. For this, the term was in situ Resource Utilization or Extraterrestrial Resource Utilization (dt. About aliens resource utilization ) coined. The Glenn Research Center is researching concepts to make helium 3 and hydrogen directly from the atmospheres of planets usable for spacecraft propulsion in situ ; this is known as atmospheric mining .
In July 2012, the holding 's Advanced Concepts Team of ESA at ESTEC a colloquium on asteroid mining from. The NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts ("NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts", NIAC) announced the RAP (Robotic Asteroid Prospector) project in September 2012, which examines the possibilities and technical system requirements for future asteroid mining missions.
On April 5, 2013, US Senator and former astronaut Bill Nelson announced a US $ 104 million NASA project, the New Asteroid Initiative . The plan was to find a suitable, small asteroid by 2019, capture it with robotic probes and bring the object into lunar orbit . From 2021 manned landing missions with the Space Launch System and Orion should take place on the asteroid in order to test necessary techniques and technologies for future projects; However, this project was abandoned under US President Donald Trump .
Researchers classified a group of initially twelve smaller objects as EROs ( Easily Retrievable Objects ). These near-earth asteroids, such as 2006 RH120 , 2010 VQ98, 2007 UN12 and others, could be reached with currently available technology (as of 2013) due to their orbital data and could be brought into the vicinity of L1 / L2 of the earth-sun system. The astrophysicist Martin Elvis adapted the Drake equation in order to be able to make initial estimates about a possible number of suitable objects and published the first conservative results in early 2014.
At the end of June 2014, Planetary Resources and the citizen science web portal Zooniverse started the “ Asteroid Zoo ” project, with data from the Catalina Sky Survey being evaluated by the interested public. The aim of the search is to find previously unknown objects that may U. could be used for asteroid mining in the future or pose a threat in the event of a collision with Earth .
In September 2016, NASA launched the OSIRIS-REx space probe to explore the asteroid Bennu . January 2017, NASA confirmed an exploration mission to the M-asteroid Psyche planned for 2023 . As part of the ESA / SNSB / DLR, REXUS project, the Drilling Experiment for Asteroid Mining was carried out in March 2017 .
Legal basis
In November 2013, Robert Bigelow asked the Federal Aviation Administration to amend the 1967 Space Treaty to allow future ownership and use rights for mining on the moon. In July 2014, US politicians Bill Posey and Derek Kilmer filed a motion for a bill , the American Space Technology for Exploring Resource Opportunities in Deep Space (ASTEROIDS) Act of 2014 , that supports businesses like asteroid mining. Donna Edwards and others raised concerns, including potential space law risks.
In May 2015, the United States House of Representatives passed a bill that would also regulate asteroid mining, the SPACE Act of 2015 . In November 2015, the draft space mining law passed the US Senate . US President Barack Obama signed the law on November 25th. Critics of the HR2262 - US Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act see the 1967 Space Treaty and the Moon Treaty violated.
The Luxembourg Chambre des Députés passed the Space Resources Act on July 13, 2017 , which regulates the extraction of extraterrestrial resources. The law came into force on August 1, 2017. The space lawyer Stephan Hobe criticized the actions of Luxembourg and considers the law to be contrary to international law . UNOOSA and other institutions are examining space law models and international law frameworks for the future use of space resources.
The United Arab Emirates are also working on a legal framework to enable space mining. In March 2017 the International Institute of Space Law published a study on aspects of space law . In June 2018, the Federation of German Industries called for a space law that also includes questions of space liability in the event of false starts of space ferries or accidents in space.
Industrial development
On April 24, 2012, a group of investors led by Peter Diamandis , Eric Schmidt , Larry Page , James Cameron , Charles Simonyi and others announced the establishment of Planetary Resources (“Planetary Resources ”) at a press conference in the Museum of Flight (Seattle) . A corporate goal is the detection of suitable, near-Earth asteroids using space telescopes and a later automated prospecting , exploration and mining of raw material deposits, such as B. osmium, iridium, platinum, palladium and water through robotic probes. Conventional mining officials have been reluctant to share Planetary Resources’s plans , and concerns have been raised about the potential impact on commodity markets . The experimental project Asterank evaluates asteroids based on a possible material value. In 2013 Planetary Resources announced a cooperation with Bechtel Corporation .
In January 2013, the US company Deep Space Industries announced plans for asteroid mining and announced the first exploration missions for 2015.
In summer 2014 NASA signed a cooperation agreement with Planetary Resources and Deep Space Industries .
At a conference on future mining methods ( Third International Future Mining Conference ) in November 2015, the cost of a possible space mining project on Earth's moon was estimated at USD 9 billion, and on the dwarf planet (1) Ceres at around USD 27 billion.
In February 2016, the government of Luxembourg announced that it would create a legal framework for asteroid mining and promote research and development in this direction. The development of a small experimental spacecraft Prospector-X is planned in cooperation with Deep Space Industries . Luxembourg is initially funding the initiative with EUR 200 million and intends to implement the first space law framework by 2017. One of the project advisers to the Luxembourg government is the astrophysicist Pete Worden . In February 2017, Luxembourg and the European Investment Bank announced a cooperation. In May 2018, the Luxembourg Ministry of Economic Affairs launched the SpaceResources.lu Challenge in cooperation with ESA . The competition is intended to initiate and promote further developments in the field of utilizing space resources.
More resources
There are natural resources on moons from which ores can be extracted, for example . On the earth moon is u. a. Titan , helium and KREEP available. The Clementine lunar probe was used to map lunar titanium concentrations. The mineral ilmenite occurs in lunar basalt from the Mare basins and can contain 15 to 20 percent titanium. Rock samples returned from Apollo 17 contained up to 30% titanium. A large part of the lunar crust consists of anorthosite . Troctolite and norite are found in the highlands . Lunar pyroclastic deposits , so-called dark mantle deposits (DMD) , indicate mafic minerals that contain lead , gallium , copper , zinc and others. More than 100 DMDs are known to date. More detailed exploration and mineral mapping was planned with the Moon Mineralogy Mapper spectrometer of the Chandrayaan-1 probe. Also for planets such as B. Mars there are considerations to use the available resources one day for a Mars colony . There are also futuristic concepts for the inner planets Venus and Mercury .
Operational space travel
The technology demonstrator Arkyd 3 from Planetary Resources , which is planned for the first orbital component tests , was destroyed on October 28, 2014 in the explosion of an Antares . Arkyd 3 Reflight was transported to the ISS in April 2015 with SpaceX CRS-6 and was brought into a LEO via the Kibō airlock in July . The launch of another test satellite Arkyd 6 was also planned for 2015. In January 2018 the CubeSat Arkyd 6 from Planetary Resources took off with PSLV-C40 and was successfully launched in orbit.
Others
The space law deals with the legal aspects of space mining.
As part of the Strategic Defense Initiative , researchers theoretically examined the possibility of harnessing resources on the Earth's moon and near-Earth asteroids . Researchers are also investigating whether biomining could potentially be used in asteroid mining . Also, Von Neumann probes might extraterrestrial sources of raw materials use. Traces of mining activities ( targeted asteroid mining ) on other celestial bodies could provide indications of technical activities for SETI .
Some researchers also point to the possible risks of asteroid mining. For example, there is a risk of contaminating other celestial bodies : on the one hand through forward contamination of asteroids by terrestrial life forms, but also through backward contamination with possibly existing extraterrestrial life forms . The increase in space debris is also feared.
The exploitation of asteroids was used very early in science fiction literature, first in 1898 in the novel Edison's Conquest of Mars by Garrett P. Serviss . In 1903 Konstantin Ziolkowski mentioned possible asteroid resources in a publication. The Colorado School of Mines will be offering a Master’s degree in Space Resources from the 2017 winter semester .
See also
literature
Books
- John S. Lewis: Mining the sky - untold riches from the asteroids, comets, and planets. Addison-Wesley, Reading 1997, ISBN 0-201-32819-4 , German: Unlimited Future. Bettendorf, Munich 1998, ISBN 3-88498-126-9 .
- Viorel Badescu: Asteroids - prospective energy and material resources. Springer, Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-3-642-39243-6 .
- Ricky Lee: Law and Regulation of Commercial Mining of Minerals in Outer Space. Springer, Dordrecht 2012, ISBN 978-94-007-2038-1 .
- Ram Jakhu, et al .: Space Mining and Its Regulation. Springer, Cham 2016, ISBN 978-3-319-39245-5 .
- Joseph N. Pelton: The New Gold Rush - The Riches of Space Beckon! Springer, Cham 2017, ISBN 978-3-319-39272-1 .
- Annette Froehlich: Space Resource Utilization: A View from an Emerging Space Faring Nation. Springer, Cham 2018, ISBN 978-3-319-66968-7 .
items
- Brian O'Leary: Mining the Apollo and Amor Asteroids . In: Science . tape 197 , no. 4301 , July 22, 1977, p. 363–366 , doi : 10.1126 / science.197.4301.363-a (English).
- MJ Sonter: The technical and economic feasibility of mining the near-earth asteroids . In: Acta Astronautica . tape 41 , no. 4 , August 1997, p. 637–647 , doi : 10.1016 / S0094-5765 (98) 00087-3 (English, PDF of the master's thesis ).
- International Space University Team Project report: ASTRA: Asteroid Mining Technologies Roadmap and Applications. 2010, full report , summary (PDF), accessed on March 15, 2012.
- Dana G. Andrews et al .: Defining a successful commercial asteroid mining program . In: Acta Astronautica . tape 108 , March 1, 2015, p. 106–118 , doi : 10.1016 / j.actaastro.2014.10.034 (English).
Web links
- Raw materials in the asteroid belt deutscheraumfahrt.de
- Space Resources Library @ nss.org (English)
- RAS Specialist Discussion Meeting: The use of extraterrestrial resources to help facilitate space science and exploration Royal Astronomical Society , April 2016, ras.org.uk
Individual evidence
- ↑ JD Burke: An ISU study of asteroid mining . 1991, bibcode : 1991rnes.nasa ... 20B .
- ↑ Shane D. Ross: Near-Earth Asteroid Mining ( Memento of the original from May 3, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . (PDF) esm.vt.edu, accessed on April 23, 2011
- ↑ Part III: Near-Earth Objects - Resources of Near-Earth Space . nss.org
- ↑ The Role of Near-Earth Asteroids in Long-Term Platinum Supply (PDF; 75 kB) nss.org ,; Charles L. Gerlach: Profitably Exploiting Near-Earth Object Resources. (PDF; 1.1 MB) abundantplanet.org, accessed on May 4, 2012
- ^ The Ethics of Planetary Exploration and Colonization discovery.com, accessed April 27, 2011
- ↑ Andrea Sommariva: Rationale, Strategies, and Economics for Exploration and Mining of Asteroids . In: Astropolitics . tape 13 , no. 1 , January 2, 2015, ISSN 1477-7622 , p. 25-42 , doi : 10.1080 / 14777622.2015.1014244 .
- ↑ “ A 1 km M asteroid could cover the world consumption of industrial metals for decades. “In: Arnold Hanslmeier : Introduction to Astronomy and Astrophysics. Spektrum Akad. Verl., Heidelberg 2002, ISBN 3-8274-1127-0 , p. 160.
- ↑ Alex Ellery: An introduction to space robotics. Springer, London 2000, ISBN 1-85233-164-X , p. 625, @google books , accessed October 28, 2011
- ↑ a b asteroid spectral types daviddarling.info.
- ↑ Florian Freistetter: Asteroid Now - why the future of mankind lies in the stars. Hanser, Munich 2015, ISBN 978-3-446-44309-9 , Using asteroids, pp. 105–127.
- ↑ Thomas H. Burbine, et al .: S-asteroids 387 Aquitania and 980 Anacostia - Possible fragments of the breakup of a spinel-bearing parent body with CO3 / CV3 affinities. In: Meteoritics. Volume 27, No. 4, pp. 424-434, 1992, bibcode : 1992Metic..27..424B
- ↑ Christopher Magri, et al .: A radar survey of main-belt asteroids: Arecibo observations of 55 objects during 1999–2003. Icarus 186 (2007) 126-151, echo.jpl.nasa.gov (PDF); and Mainbelt Asteroids: Results of Arecibo and Goldstone Radar Observations of 37 Objects during 1980–1995. bibcode : 1999Icar..140..379M
- ^ Geology and Mineralogy of Asteroids and Their Suitability for Mining Activities. in Lee, 2012, p. 55 ff.
- ^ Arnold Hanslmeier : Water in the Universe. Springer, Dordrecht 2011, ISBN 978-90-481-9984-6 , p. 122 ff, @google books accessed on September 28, 2012
- ^ Donald K. Yeomans: Near-earth objects - finding them before they find us. Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton 2013, ISBN 978-0-691-14929-5 ; : " These relatively rich igneous ores have a platinium group metals concentration of 10 parts per million (ppm) or about 10 grams per metric ton. From meteorite evidence, some asteroids have ten times that concentration of platinium group metals, or 100 ppm. “Mining Near - Earth Objects, p. 102.
- ^ IMA: The New IMA List of Minerals. (PDF) Retrieved March 18, 2018 .
- ^ Franz Brandstätter, et al .: Meteorites - Contemporary witnesses of the formation of the solar system. Verlag des Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna 2012, ISBN 978-3-902421-68-5 , p. 65.
- ^ Edward C. Blair: Asteroids - overview, abstracts and bibliography. Nova Science, New York 2002, ISBN 1-59033-482-5 ; “Near Earth Asteroid Mining: What and How?” P. 17, @ google books , accessed on April 27, 2011.
- ↑ Alex Ellery: An introduction to space robotics. Springer, London 2000, ISBN 1-85233-164-X , p. 625.
- ↑ Ricky Lee: Economic and Technical Prospects of Mining on Celestial Bodies In: ebender: Law and Regulation of Commercial Mining of Minerals in Outer Space. Springer, Dordrecht 2012, ISBN 978-94-007-2038-1 , pp. 21 ff. Google books , accessed on April 25, 2012
- ↑ Brad R. Blair, et al .: Asteroid Mining Methods. (PDF) SSI Space Manufacturing 14 Conference, NASA Ames Research Center, October 2010, accessed August 19, 2011
- ^ Alan J. Willoughby, et al .: Sample Returns to Enable Asteroid Mining. doi: 10.1061 / 40177 (207) 113 , abstract
- ↑ Asteroid Retrieval Feasibility Study (PDF) nss.org, accessed April 21, 2012
- ↑ John R. Brophy, et al .: Asteroid retrieval feasibility. abstract @ ieee.org; Is asteroid mining possible? Study Says Yes, for $ 2.6 Billion space.com, accessed June 13, 2012
- ↑ How to capture an asteroid derstandard.at ;, The Plan to Bring an Asteroid to Earth wired.com, accessed on October 12, 2011
- ↑ Asteroid Retrieval Mission Study ( Memento of the original from October 7, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. caltech.edu; Zaki Hasnain, et al .: Capturing near-Earth asteroids around Earth. In: Acta Astronautica. Volume 81, No. 2, December 2012, pp. 523-531.
- ↑ Moving An Asteroid ( Memento of the original from May 1, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. kiss.caltech.edu, Workshop Public Lecture September 2011, accessed January 30, 2012
- ^ Advanced Space Transportation Program. nasa.gov, accessed April 23, 2011
- ↑ NASA and Caterpillar Inc. partner for Lunar excavation and construction ( Memento of 19 September 2011 at the Internet Archive ) nasa.gov; NASA Plans New Robot Generation to Explore Moon, Asteroids space.com, accessed June 26, 2012
- ^ Donald Rapp: Use of Extraterrestrial Resources for Human Space Missions to Moon or Mars. Springer, Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-3-642-44274-2 .
- ^ In-Situ Resource Utilization nasa.gov
- ↑ Extraterrestrial Resource Utilization ( Memento from January 21, 2015 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Marc G. Millis, et al .: Frontiers of propulsion science. American Inst. Of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Reston 2009, ISBN 978-1-56347-956-4 , pp. 73 ff.
- ^ Outer Planet Mining Vehicle Design Issues Identified and Analyzed ( Memento of March 20, 2011 in the Internet Archive ); Outer Planet Mining Atmospheric Cruiser Systems Analyzed ( Memento from August 6, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) grc.nasa.gov
- ↑ Mining He-3 from the Gas Giants in: Kelvin F. Long: Deep space propulsion - a roadmap to interstellar flight. Springer, New York 2012, ISBN 978-1-4614-0606-8 . P. 93 ff. @ Google books , accessed on August 18, 2012.
- ↑ 10 years of Advanced Concepts and looking ahead ( Memento of the original from January 16, 2018 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. esa.int, accessed January 15, 2017
- ↑ Robotic Asteroid Prospector (RAP) Staged from L-1: Start of the Deep Space Economy nasa.gov; Study Looks at Making Asteroid Mining Viable universetoday.com, accessed September 28, 2012
- ↑ Nasa wants to capture asteroids in 2019 zeit.de; Nasa plans asteroid rodeo to lasso 25ft space rock for research guardian.co.uk; NASA to get $ 100 million for asteroid mission, senator says nbcnews.com, accessed April 8, 2013
- ↑ NASA's Asteroid Initiative Benefits From Rich History nasa.gov
- ^ Engineers Identify 12 Asteroids We Could Capture With Existing Rocket Technology wired.com; How to Drag an Asteroid to Earth astrobites.org.Retrieved August 24, 2013
- ↑ D. García Yárnoz, et al: Easily Retrievable Objects among the NEO Population arxiv.org; Neus Lladó, et al .: Capturing small asteroids into a Sun-Earth lagrangian point (PDF; 430 kB) maia.ub.es, accessed on November 20, 2013.
- ^ Alien-hunting equation revamped for mining asteroids newscientist.com, accessed December 11, 2013
- ↑ Few asteroids are worth mining, suggests Harvard study bbc.co.uk; Martin Elvis: How Many Ore-Bearing Asteroids? arxiv.org, accessed January 23, 2014
- ↑ 'Asteroid Zoo' Enlists Citizen Scientists for Online Hunt nbcnews.com; The Science asteroidzoo.org, accessed June 26, 2014
- ↑ OSIRIS-REx spacecraft blazes trail for asteroid miners nature.com
- ↑ Is NASA Paving the Way for Asteroid Mining? theatlantic.com
- ↑ REXUS 21/22 dlr.de; DREAM in a nutshell dream-rexus.pl
- ↑ US must beat China back to the moon: Entrepreneur cnbc.com; Moon mining rush ahead? nationalgeographic.com, accessed November 15, 2013
- ↑ Asteroid mining bill introduced in Congress to protect private property rights examiner.com; Posey, Kilmer Introduce ASTEROIDS Act To Grant Property Rights to Asteroid Resources spacepolicyonline.com
- ↑ Bipartisan Legislation Promotes Commercial Space Ventures posey.house.gov; Deep space act 2014 (PDF) spacepolitics.com, accessed July 16, 2014.
- ^ Subcommittee on Space - Exploring Our Solar System: The ASTEROIDS Act as a Key Step science.house.gov
- ↑ The companies vying to turn asteroids into filling stations bbc.com, accessed on September 30, 2014
- ^ Congress launches commercial space legislation thespacereview.com
- ^ The House just passed a bill about space mining. The future is here washingtonpost.com, accessed May 27, 2015
- ↑ American 'space pioneers' deserve asteroid rights, Congress says theguardian.com; HR2262 - US Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act congress.gov, accessed November 19, 2015
- ↑ Asteroid mining made legal after passing of 'historic' space bill in US telegraph.co.uk, accessed November 30, 2015
- ↑ Did the US Make Asteroid Mining Legal? wsj.com; Who owns space? US asteroid-mining act is dangerous and potentially illegal theconversation.com
- ↑ USA: From a world power to a space power? diepresse.com. Retrieved December 5, 2015
- ↑ Luxembourg regulates mining in space orf.at; Luxembourg becomes first European country to pass space mining law mining.com
- ↑ Luxembourg is the First European Nation to Offer a Legal Framework for Space Resources Utilization spaceresources.public.lu; DRAFT LAW ON THE EXPLORATION AND USE OF SPACE RESOURCES (PDF), accessed July 17, 2017
- ↑ Luxembourg's Space Act ( Memento of the original dated August 10, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. heute.de
- ↑ Law on mining rights in space deutschlandfunkkultur.de, accessed on August 10, 2017
- ↑ ISL / ECSL Symposium on Legal models for exploration, exploitation and utilization of space resources 50 years after the adoption of the Outer Space Treaty unoosa.org; The Hague Space Resources Governance Working Group universiteitleiden.nl, accessed on January 9, 2018
- ↑ Jakhu, Ram, et al .: Global Governance of Outer Space. Springer, Cham 2017, ISBN 978-3-319-54363-5 , p. 379 ff.
- ↑ UAE to finalize space laws soon thenational.ae; Who owns the moon? Space Law and the Billion Dollar Question unl.edu, accessed January 24, 2017
- ^ IISL DoS study on Space Resource Mining , PDF iislweb.org, accessed April 21, 2017
- ^ German industry wants to exploit space spiegel.de; Weltraumgesetz zdf.de, accessed on July 16, 2018
- ↑ James Cameron and Google boss for raw material extraction in space focus.de; Planetary Resources Co-Founder Aims To Create Space 'Gold Rush' forbes.com
- ^ Planetary Resources Press Conference Webcast Archive planetaryresources.com, accessed April 25, 2012.
- ↑ Planetary Resources: The capitalization of space begins heise.de, accessed on April 25, 2012; Raw materials from space ( Memento from April 23, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) ftd.de; Gold prospector in the world of zeit.de, accessed on April 22, 2012
- ↑ There are no roads where we re headed.But we have a map ( memento of the original from October 10, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. planetaryresources.com, accessed April 25, 2012.
- ↑ Space or the seabed - where will the raw materials of the future come from? wallstreetjournal.de
- ↑ Forex Manna From Heaven: Space Mining And The Peak Metals Crunch forbes.com; Mining asteroids-Going platinum economist.com, accessed June 26, 2012
- ^ The Most Profitable Asteroid Is ... universetoday.com
- ↑ Asterank asterank.com
- ↑ Big-time players are getting serious about asteroid perils and profits nbcnews.com; Bechtel Partners with Planetary Resources for Space Initiative planetaryresources.com, accessed April 20, 2013.
- ↑ Platinum, Nickel and Co .: US company wants to mine raw materials in space spiegel.de; Asteroid Mining Gets Competitive skyandtelescope.com, accessed January 16, 2018
- ↑ Misson - It is time to begin the harvest of space ( Memento of the original from January 24, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. deepspaceindustries.com
- ↑ NASA contracts two firms to work on asteroid mining upi.com; NASA Selects Studies for the Asteroid Redirect Mission nasa.gov
- ↑ At $ 27 Billion, Mining in Space Could Cost Less Than a Gas Plant bloomberg.com, accessed November 9, 2015
- ↑ Luxembourg to launch framework to support the future use of space resources ( Memento of the original dated February 6, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. government.lu
- ↑ Luxembourg aims to be big player in possible asteroid mining theguardian.com; Luxembourg aims high nzz.ch, accessed on February 9, 2016
- ^ Luxembourg Boldly Goes Into Asteroid Mining nationalgeographic.com; Luxembourg Announces New Asteroid Mining Spacecraft: Prospector-X popsci.com. Accessed May 9, 2016
- ↑ spaceresources.public.lu ( Memento of the original dated May 29, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Luxembourg to spend 200 million euros for asteroid mining dw.com; Luxembourg takes first steps to 'asteroid mining' law phys.org, accessed on June 4, 2016
- ↑ SpaceResources.lu: New space law to provide framework for space resource utilization luxembourg.public.lu, accessed June 4, 2016
- ↑ EIB to help Luxembourg generate financing for asteroid-mining firms wort.lu; Luxembourg and the EIB cooperate via the European advisory platform EIAH eib.org, accessed on February 13, 2017
- ↑ SpaceResources.lu Challenge space-exploration-masters.com, accessed on May 23, 2018
- ^ Moon First — Mine the Asteroids Later airspacemag.com, accessed August 13, 2014
- ↑ Is Mining Rare Minerals on the Moon Vital to National Security? lunarscience.arc.nasa.gov, October 4, 2010
- ^ Mining the Moon. , Popular Mechanics, pp. 56 ff., October 2004, @ google books
- ↑ NASA data indicate rich titanium deposits on the moon derstandard.at, accessed on October 10, 2011
- ↑ Clementine Titanium Map of the Moon , gif lpi.usra.edu, accessed on March 27, 2014
- ↑ John S. Lewis: Infinite Future. Bettendorf, Munich 1998, ISBN 3-88498-126-9 , p. 65.
- ^ How to set up a moon base bbc.co.uk, accessed November 25, 2011
- ↑ 70017 Ilmenite Basalt curator.jsc.nasa.gov, PDF. Retrieved November 25, 2011
- ^ Paul G. Lucey: Mineral Maps of the Moon. Geophysical Research Letter, Vol. 31, L08701, doi: 10.1029 / 2003GL019406 , 2004
- ↑ Jennifer Edmundson, et al .: A Survey of Geologic Resources. in Viorel Badescu: Moon - prospective energy and material resources. Springer, Heidelberg 2012, ISBN 978-3-642-27968-3 , p. 14.
- ↑ Arlin Crotts: The new moon-water, exploration, and future habitation. Cambridge Univ. Press, New York 2014, ISBN 978-0-521-76224-3 , p. 201.
- ↑ ER Jawin, et al .: Examining spectral variations in localized lunar dark mantle deposits. (2015), J. Geophys. Res. Planets, 120, 1310-1331, doi: 10.1002 / 2014JE004759 ; Aristarchus Plateau: Pyroclastic Deposit nasa.gov
- ^ Moon Mineralogy Mapper - science ( Memento from May 19, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Viorel Badescu: Mars - prospective energy and material resources. Springer, Berlin 2009, ISBN 978-3-642-03628-6 .
- ^ Mars in Situ Resource Utilization Technology Evaluation ntrs.nasa.gov, accessed May 3, 2014
- ↑ Viorel Badescu, et al .: Inner solar system - prospective energy and material resources. Springer, Cham 2015, ISBN 978-3-319-19568-1 .
- ↑ Unmanned US space freighter "Cygnus" explodes on takeoff derstandard.at, accessed on December 16, 2014
- ↑ Asteroid miner puts first demonstration spaceship in orbit mining.com; Canaveral on SpaceX CRS-6 planetaryresources.com, accessed April 22, 2015
- ↑ Planetary Resources' Arkyd 3 Reflight spacecraft deployed from ISS aerospace-technology.com, accessed August 11, 2015
- ^ Google's Page, Virgin's Branson backed satellite on failed launch fortune.com
- ↑ Planetary Resources' new satellite launch is big step in the mission to mine water from asteroids cnbc.com; Planetary Resources Launches Latest Spacecraft in Advance of Space Resource Exploration Mission planetaryresources.com, accessed January 17, 2018
- ↑ Who do the asteroids belong to? , derstandard.at; Technological Challenges Aside, Is Asteroid Mining Legal? popsci.com; Space Law and Space Resources nss.org, accessed October 13, 2012
- ^ UN Space Treaty's Legal Gauntlet: Can Space-Miners Go The Distance? forbes.com, accessed October 15, 2012; Gérardine Meishan Goh: Pella vilya: Near earth objects - Planetary defense through the regulation of resource utilization. Acta Astronautica, Vol. 67, Issues 1-2, July-August 2010, pp. 230-240.
- ^ Strategic Defense: Military Uses of the Moon & Asteroids (1983) wired.com
- ↑ Defense Applications of Near-Earth Resources (PDF) dtic.mil, accessed on February 23, 2015
- ↑ Biomining for In-Situ Resource Utilization (PDF), niac.usra.edu; 'Biomining' Microbes Could Extract Minerals From Asteroids nbcnews.com, accessed February 3, 2015
- ↑ von Neumann probe daviddarling.info
- ↑ ET's Asteroid Mining Activity Should Be Visible From Earth. technologyreview.com
- ↑ Ray Villard: Asteroid Forensics May Point to Alien Space Miners. discovery.com
- ^ Duncan Forgan, Martin Elvis: Extrasolar Asteroid Mining as Forensic Evidence for Extraterrestrial Intelligence . In: 1103.5369 . February 28, 2011, arxiv : 1103.5369 .
- ↑ Viorel Badescu: Asteroids - prospective energy and material resources. Springer, Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-3-642-39243-6 , p. 182
- ↑ "Who owns space? US asteroid-mining act is dangerous and potentially illegal" phys.org, accessed September 30, 2016
- ↑ Dust from asteroid mining spells danger for satellites newscientist.com, accessed November 30, 2016
- ↑ Asteroid mining's peculiar past. bbc.com, accessed February 1, 2013
- ↑ How We're Finding Asteroids Before They Find Us popsci.com
- ^ John Lewis : Asteroid mining 101 - wealth for a new space economy. Deep Space Ind. Inc., 2014, ISBN 978-0-9905842-0-9 , p. 7. Accessed April 3, 2015 @ google books
- ↑ Colorado's newest grad program is all about mining asteroids and other space stuff denverite.com; Welcome to the Space Resources Program space.mines.edu, accessed August 26, 2017