Karl Ludwig Sand

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Carl Ludwig Sand

Karl Ludwig Sand , also Carl Ludwig Sand , (born October 5, 1795 in Wunsiedel , † May 20, 1820 in Mannheim ) was a radical German fraternity and the murderer August von Kotzebues .

Life

family

Karl Ludwig Sand came from an old Coburg family , originally aristocratic , which can be traced back to Thuringia since the 14th century . In Erlangen -born father Gottfried Christoph Sand (1753-1823) was in 1785 to the town judge and bailiff of the Principality of Bayreuth appointed lying Wunsiedel. In 1791 the principality fell to the Kingdom of Prussia . In 1797, Gottfried Christoph Sand became a legal advisor .

Gottfried Christoph Sand married Dorothea Johanna Wilhelmina Schöpf (1766–1826), the youngest daughter of Chamber Councilor Johann Martin Schöpf (1718–1778), the founder of the Brandenburg-Schöpfschen cotton factory, an early industrial company of regional importance. The family was one of the local notables.

youth

Karl Ludwig Sand was born in 1795 as the youngest of eight siblings, three of whom died early. From 1804 Sand attended the Latin school in Wunsiedel. He was considered a student with slow comprehension and persistent diligence. Determining influences of his childhood were on the one hand the culturally enlightened Protestantism and Prussian patriotism of his parents' home, on the other hand the experience of the French occupation. In the autumn of 1806 the Bayreuth area (and thus Wunsiedel) was occupied by French troops in the course of the coalition wars and ceded to France in 1807 with the Peace of Tilsit . The billeting and contributions meant a considerable economic burden for the region. Sand's family was also directly affected by the accompanying changes, since the French occupiers canceled his father's pension. In addition, there was the political and military uncertainty on the periphery of French rule.

From Easter 1810, Sand attended the gymnasium in Hof . He lived with the rector Georg Heinrich Saalfrank, who was on friendly terms with the Sand family. After the closure of the Hof high school as a result of the Montgelas reforms, he followed his teacher to the high school in Regensburg , which he graduated in September 1814.

At that time he was shaped by the enlightened Protestantism of his parents' house, who affirmed the justification of an act solely by conscience, by reading the German folkism of the "gymnastics father" and nationalist Friedrich Ludwig Jahn and the fall of Napoleon in 1814 and the beginning of Vienna Congress , which initially promised the realization of German national ideas. After graduating from high school, he went on a trip to Switzerland , but unfortunately found no replicas of Schiller's Tell in the country's residents .

Studied in Tübingen and Erlangen

On November 27, 1814, Sand enrolled at the University of Tübingen . A few days earlier, on November 19, 1814, the Corps Teutonia was founded there. Sand first became a fox ( Renonce ), then on April 22, 1815 a full member of Teutonia. When the rule of the Hundred Days began with Napoleon's return from exile on Elba , Sand volunteered and marched against France as a cadet of the Rezat district volunteer hunter corps. Before there was any contact with the enemy, the Battle of Waterloo ended Napoleon's brief reign. Sand's association remained for some time as an occupying force in Auxerre , in December 1815 the march home and the dissolution of the association took place.

After his return, Sand continued his studies in Protestant theology at the University of Erlangen , where, in contrast to Tübingen, the traditionalist, country-based student bodies still dominated. In June 1816, Sand became a member of the Franconia Landsmannschaft , which he wanted to reform from the inside and bring it to fraternity. When this plan failed, he resigned and was discredited by Franconia on August 18, 1816 . He then campaigned intensively for fraternity ideas in Erlangen and gathered a group of like-minded people. With them he founded the Erlangen fraternity on August 27, 1816 at their meeting place, a garden called Rütli on the Erlanger Burgberg . Because of her old German costume she was nicknamed Teutonia by her opponents. In December 1817 it merged with the general Erlangen fraternity, which today bears the name Burschenschaft der Bubenreuther .

“This Teutonia lived entirely on the will and the spirit of Sand, who tolerated no other will besides himself. Already his goal was the Christian-German fraternity, but his ideas were exaggerated, his words bombastic. He began and closed even the simplest events of Teutonia with prayer [...] With narrow-mindedness, even obstinacy, he championed his ideas. He had no eye for reality and he lacked the youthful freshness [...] "

Florian Clöter, co-founder of the Erlangen fraternity, Sand's close friend and housemate, describes him:

“The scientific work became very difficult for him, his comprehension was limited, his memory accepted only with difficulty, it was difficult or impossible to get at what he thought he had grasped with reasons, and he could become very agitated and bitter in the process; but his disposition was extremely noble, he was decidedly averse to everything common and unclean, ready to make sacrifices for everything genuine and good, loyal and devoted to friends. "

The professors considered him a hardworking and exemplary student and a deeply devout Christian. In a report by the academic senate of Erlangen University, which the Bavarian state government had requested on December 15, 1817 because of the "dangerous revolutionary spirit" of the newly founded fraternity, the Erlangen professors ruled on sand:

“We owe Carl Sand the creditable testimony that, during his stay in Erlangen, he was one of the most moral and exemplary students, and had the courage not to be misled by the persecution of the country teams. This is the unanimous view and conviction to which we jointly acknowledge by handwritten signature and Ew. Kgl. Lay majesty openly at your feet according to duty and conscience. "

On June 17, 1817, he gave his trial sermon in the Erlangen Neustädter Church . On June 18, he attended a celebration to commemorate the Battle of Waterloo. Four days later, Sand's friend Georg Friedrich Christoph Dittmar (1795–1817) drowned in front of his eyes, which resulted in a psychological crisis in Sand.

Wartburg Festival

From October 18 to 19, 1817, Sand took part in the Wartburg Festival in Eisenach . He was a member of the festival committee and attendant on the train to the Wartburg. At the festival, Sand distributed his little-noticed pamphlet on the establishment of a “general free fraternity”, which only had greater impact in 1818. Sand was involved in the symbolic book burning on the Wartenberg , in which, among other things, August von Kotzebue's story of the German Empire was burned. After the publication of a condescending report stolen from him to the Russian tsar about the patriotic newspaper Nemesis at the end of 1817, the fraternities assumed that Kotzebue was acting as a Russian spy against Germany. The historian Wolfgang Behringer sees widespread anti-Semitism in the Turner movement and among the advocates of the German national unity idea - he calls Sand's teacher Fries - an additional reason for the hatefulness of Kotzebues and the later murder of him, as von Kotzebue always a proponent of the complete Had been equality of the Jews .

Studied in Jena

After the Wartburg Festival, Sand continued his studies at Jena University - he studied with Jakob Friedrich Fries , Heinrich Luden and Lorenz Oken . He became a member of the original fraternity founded in Jena in 1815 and its committee, and in the summer semester of 1818 also of the inner circle, the "closer association" and the board of directors. Shortly after his arrival in Jena, Sand went to Johann Wolfgang von Goethe with the request to be allowed to use the old ballroom , which was about to be demolished, for the fraternity members' gymnastics exercises, but without success. With Heinrich von Gagern , Heinrich Leo , August Daniel von Binzer , Uwe Jens Lornsen and other fraternity members, he founded a scientific association within the fraternity. Under the influence of Karl Follens , Sand developed into a supporter of the “Unconditional”, a wing of the fraternity that did not rule out political murder .

Sands found the leaflet Teutsche Jugend to the Teutsche crowd, which was distributed on the second Burschentag in Jena , on October 18, 1818, with an excerpt from Follen's Great Song , in which this fraternity and people called for political action for German unity and freedom and against the princes no response. Sand was considered a good fencer who is said to have struck 25 lengths , for which he always prepared with prayers. In the fall of 1818, Sand traveled to Berlin , where he visited Friedrich Ludwig Jahn and distributed his leaflet among the students.

The assassination

According to oral tradition, the murder weapon
August von Kotzebue's murder (contemporary colored copper engraving)
Kotzebue's death (contemporary colored copper engraving)
Sands End on the Scaffold (Contemporary Colored Engraving)

Sand already considered the murder of Kotzebue on May 5, 1818 in his diary. He called him a “traitor to the country” and a “seducer of the youth”, understood him as an enemy of the fraternity and their struggle for Germany's unification and freedom. After the formal exit from the fraternity in February 1819, Sand traveled to Mannheim. He rested at the Wartburg, in whose guest book he wrote a quote from Theodor Körner , whose poems he always carried with him: “Push the spear into your loyal heart, | An alley for German freedom! "

On the morning of March 23, 1819, Sand sought out August von Kotzebue in his Mannheim apartment, square A 2, 5, using a Kurland alias ("Heinrichs from Mitau") . He was initially turned away and asked to come back that afternoon. Around five o'clock, Sand appeared a second time and was immediately let in. After only a few words had been exchanged, Sand drew the hidden dagger and thrust it into Kotzebue's chest several times with the words “Here, you traitor of the fatherland!”. As a result of these injuries, Kotzebue died after a few minutes. Kotzebue's four-year-old son, Alexander von Kotzebue , happened to witness the murder from the nursery, which upset Sand. Instead of fleeing, he stabbed a second dagger in his chest, rushed to the front door and handed over to a servant at the door the writing he had brought with him Death Strike to August von Kotzebue , to which he also confessed in his trial. Once on the street, he stabbed himself again and passed out.

His attempt at suicide failed, however, and he was resuscitated on the street and taken to the hospital, where he soon recovered enough to be questioned. The second stab in the back, however, had caused a deep injury to the lungs and subsequent infection prevented the wound from closing. For this reason, among other things, Sand enjoyed numerous privileges during his more than one year pre-trial detention in the Mannheim prison: he did not have to wear chains, had a spacious two-window cell, and the other prisoners were even ordered to hold onto their chains while walking around the courtyard so that their clinking would not disturb the calm Sick bothered. He was always extremely polite to the guards and did not cause any difficulties. He did not regret what he did. He saw Kotzebue as a traitor to the idea of ​​the moral, right and true, which deserved death. Consequently, even political murder appeared to him to be a moral and justified act. He put them on a par with historical murders of tyrants . That is why he decided not to apply for a pardon to the Grand Duke. The court court of Mannheim sentenced Sand to death by the sword on May 5, 1820 . He did not name any of his - presumed - helpers, in particular he covered the highly suspected follen.

Grave Sands in Mannheim

After his execution, Sand was buried in the Lutheran Cemetery in Mannheim. When this was to be abandoned around 1869, his bones were transferred to an honorary grave donated by the town council in the main cemetery .

effect

Sand had already become a symbol of unity and freedom when he was executed at the Heidelberger Tor in Mannheim, the crowd present "sobbed" and was "extremely moved" and brought flowers and weeping willows with them. Handkerchiefs were dipped in sand's blood, curls cut from his head, shavings broken off the scaffold (originals in the archive of the German fraternity). The executioner built a house out of this wood in his Heidelberg garden, where the secret fraternity preferred to meet. The remains had to be torn down after a short time, as relic hunters had hardly left anything behind. Sand's grave became a place of political pilgrimage, the leaves and flowers grown there were extremely popular. In the pre- March period , Sand received the quality of a political saint, rose to become an idealized champion and a figure of identification, especially in the radical democratic and national wing of the fraternity.

Together with the riots and the attempted strike by Göttingen students in the previous year, the horror at Sand's act sparked a broad debate among the conservative bourgeoisie and nobility about the decline in discipline and morality at German universities. Metternich used this mood to enforce the Karlsbad resolutions within the Federal Assembly , with which he aimed, among other things, with the results of the Aachen Congress in 1818, to suppress the liberal and national movement at the universities. This was followed by the dissolution of the fraternities, the establishment of the Mainz Central Investigation Commission and the first major persecution of demagogues, whereby the reference to sand often served to justify the criminalization of broad circles of the liberal bourgeoisie. The dismissal of the Berlin theology professor Wilhelm Martin Leberecht de Wette (1780–1849), who had written a letter of consolation to Sand's mother, can be seen as characteristic of this .

On the other hand, Metternich's instrumentalization of the crime for the purposes of the Restoration must not hide its scope, since it was one of the first politically and ideologically motivated assassinations in Germany. Within the German national movement and its environment, a large number of glorifying essays, poems, pamphlets, plays, novels and graphic representations have been dedicated to the "killer from love for the father" ( Karl Alexander von Müller ) up to the present day. Three more extensive sand novels of völkisch tendency (among others by Enrica v. Handel-Mazzetti ) appeared in the age of the Empire and the Weimar Republic; Karl Hans Strobl dedicated a play to him. But also by liberal-minded authors like Max Ring or Ernst Penzoldt , Sand's figure was repeatedly processed in literary terms; The sand novel by the writer Tilman Röhrig , published in 1993, should be placed in this tradition . In 2018, Karen Duve interweaves the political events of 1819 and 1820 in her Droste novel and also describes the execution of Sands.

Outside the German-speaking area, Sand was set up significant literary monuments by Alexander Pushkin (poem Der Dolch , 1821) and Alexandre Dumas (novella Karl Ludwig Sand in the Crimes célèbres collection , 1839–1841).

Works and material

  • Pamphlets (others are attributed to him):
    • Founding of a general free fraternity , 1817
    • German youth to the German crowd, on October 18, 1818
    • Death blow to August von Kotzebue , 1818/19, published posthumously

Archives and real objects

Archives and real objects from the Sand estate are privately owned by the Sand family in Munich, in the Karl Ludwig Sand Collection ( Fichtelgebirgsmuseum ) in Wunsiedel and in the Koblenz Federal Archives, Bestd. DB 9: German Burschenschaft / Society for Burschenschaftliche Geschichtsforschung e. V. (Fraternity Historical Commission), Fraternity lists / Personalia.

Investigation and other files

  • Secret State Archives Prussian Cultural Heritage Berlin, I., HA, Rep. 77: Prussian Interior Ministry, Tit. 21, Lit. S and III., HA Ministry of Foreign Affairs, I, No. 8093-8094, Generallandesarchiv Karlsruhe, Bestd. 213/3195, 3514-3521, Bestd. 240 / 2227–2228, Bestd. 245/142 and Bestd. 314/1693, Hessisches Hauptstaatsarchiv Wiesbaden, Bestd. 210/125550 and the Thuringian Main State Archive Weimar. The files relating to sand in the Hessian State Archives in Darmstadt have been destroyed.

The extraordinarily extensive literature, portraits, etc., is included in:

  • Wilhelm Erman, Ewald Horn (ed.): Bibliography of the German universities. Systematically ordered directory of books and articles on German universities that were printed up to the end of 1899. 3 volumes, Leipzig, Berlin 1904 and 1905 (reprint Hildesheim 1965, microfiche edition 1993), here 1, no. 14502–14587
  • Hermann Sand: Bibliography about Carl Ludwig Sand. In: then and now. Yearbook of the Association for Corporate Student History Research. 16/1971, pp. 225-234
  • Ernst Wilhelm Wreden : Literature on the history of the fraternity and the German student body VIII: Sources and representations on the murder of August von Kotzebue by Karl Ludwig Sand and the consequences. A bibliography of the most important printed sources and representations. In: Horst Bernhardi, Ernst Wilhelm Wreden (ed.): Annual edition of the Society for Burschenschaftliche Geschichtsforschung 1975. O. O. O. J. (1975), pp. 18-26
  • Helge Dvorak: Biographical Lexicon of the German Burschenschaft. Volume I: Politicians. Sub-Volume 5: R – S. Winter, Heidelberg 2002, ISBN 3-8253-1256-9 , pp. 162-166.

literature

(sorted chronologically in ascending order)

  • Friedrich Wilhelm Carové : About the murder of Kotzebue. Eisenach 1819.
  • Authentic report on the assassination of the Imperial Russian Councilor Mr. August von Kotzebue; along with many interesting notes about him and about Carl Sand, the assassin. Mannheim 1819. Reprint: Berlin 1999, ed. v. Antonia Meiners.
  • The most important moments in Karl Ludwig Sand's life from Wunsiedel. Nuremberg 1819.
  • Addendum to the most important moments of Karl Ludwig Sand's life from Wunsiedel with the complete account of his execution on May 20, 1820. Nuremberg 1820.
  • Detailed description of Karl Ludwig Sand's last days and moments. Stuttgart 1820.
  • Charles-Louis Sand. Mémoires avec le récit des circonstances qui ont accompagné l'assassinat d'Auguste de Kotzebue, et une justification des universités d'Allemagne. Trad. de l'anglais, Paris 1819.
  • Karl Levin von Hohnhorst (ed.): Complete overview of the against Carl Ludwig Sand, for assassination perpetrated on the killer. Russian Council of State v. Kotzebue, guided investigation. Extracted from the original files, sorted and edited. Stuttgart, Tübingen 1820.
  • Carl Courtin: Carl Ludwig Sand's last days of life and execution. Historically represented. Franckenthal 1821, digitized .
  • [Robert Wesselhöft]: Carl Ludwig Sand, represented by his diaries and letters from some of his friends. Altenburg 1821.
  • Eight more articles on the history of August von Kotzebues and CL Sands. Compiled from public news. Mulhouse 1821.
  • Friedrich Cramer (Hrsg.): Excerpts from files from the investigation process on Carl Ludwig Sand; together with other materials for the assessment of the same and August von Kotzebue. Altenburg, Leipzig 1821 digitized .
  • Sand [Zu Kotzebues und Sands Tat] , undated, [around 1820], anthology (without title page, perhaps investigation into files ... of the Sand case 1820/21, pamphlets), in it: 1. The formation of the zeitgeist , August 2nd von Kotzebue based on the story of his work "Bahrst mit der Eisernen Stirne" , 3rd August von Kotzebue's author relations , 4th Kotzebue's political-literary bulletins 1818 , 5th Sand's fact according to the contents of the files , 6th Sand's condition after the fact , 7 Notes in files about Sand's person and earlier life history , 8. Sand's convictions about and against August von Kotzebue , 9. Sandische essays: Death blow and the death sentence on Kotzebue , 10. Sand's relationship to others, to the fraternity, to a lit. Club, to gymnastics u. Like. , 11. Sand about himself, his fundamental views, his deeds, together with judgments of others about him , 12. Judicial defense for Sand. Grounds of judgment as a report .
  • CT Riedel: Gallery of Criminals, Vol. 3: Sand, Louvel, Grandission, Ponterie, Damiens, Low, Angiolino, Sondershausen. Nordhausen 1822.
  • C [arl]. Serious]. Jarcke: Carl Ludwig Sand and his, at the Imperial Russian State Councilor v. Kotzebue committed murder. A psychological-criminalistic discussion from the history of our time. (New revision, increased from unprinted sources.) Berlin 1831.
  • Friedrich Münch: Follen, Sand and Löning. New light in old darkness. From the memories of Friedrich Münch. In: The Gazebo. 20/44/1872, pp. 722-725.
  • Julius Busch: Karl Ludwig Sand. After a lecture given on April 7, 1902 at the Antiquities Association. In: Mannheim history sheets. 20 / 1-3 / 1919, pp. 3-11.
  • Karl Alexander von Müller : Karl Ludwig Sand. Munich 1923, 2nd edition 1925.
  • Max Doblinger : Diary entries by Archduke Johann, who later became the Reich Administrator, about Karl Ludwig Sand and the Karlsbad resolutions. In: Herman Haupt (Hrsg.): Sources and representations on the history of the fraternity and the German unity movement. Vol. 8, Heidelberg 1925, 2nd ed. 1966, pp. 151-153.
  • Heinrich von Stein, Reinhard Buchwald : Karl Ludwig Sand. Scherer, 1947.
  • Ernst Cyriaci: The Coburg family from Sand 1275–1940. Coburg 1941 [revised and improved 1970 ff., Manuscript in the Coburg City Archives].
  • Peter Brückner: “God save us in Germany from any revolution!” The murder of the State Councilor of Kotzebue by the student Sand. Berlin 1975, 2nd edition 1978 (Wagenbach's pocket library, vol. 6). ISBN 3-8031-2006-3 .
  • Ernst Wilhelm Wreden : Karl Ludwig Sand - “Murderer out of love for the fatherland”. A biographical sketch. In: Horst Bernhardi, Ernst Wilhelm Wreden (ed.): Annual edition of the Society for Burschenschaftliche Geschichtsforschung 1975. O. O. 1975, pp. 5–7.
  • Ernst Abbühl: Karl Ludwig Sand. His image in historical research and in literature. A comparative analysis. Diss. Phil. masch., Bern 1978
  • Günther Heydemann: Carl Ludwig Sand. The act as an assassination attempt. Hof 1985 (Upper Franconian Heads, [Vol. 3]). ISBN 3-921615-66-6 .
  • Günther Heydemann: The assassin Carl Ludwig Sand. 20 letters and documents from the Erlangen and Jena academic years. In: Christian Hünemörder (ed.): Representations and sources on the history of the German unity movement in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Vol. 12, Heidelberg 1986, pp. 7-77.
  • Renate Lotz: Portrait and Memory - Carl Sand. Exhibition April 3–31. October 1985. Fichtelgebirgsmuseum Wunsiedel, Wunsiedel 1985 (booklet accompanying the exhibitions of the Fichtelgebirgsmuseum, booklet 2).
  • Hagen Schulze: Sand, Kotzebue and the traitor's blood. In: Alexander Demandt (Ed.): The assassination in history. Cologne 1996, pp. 215-233.
  • Harald Neumann: Carl Ludwig Sand. Theology student and assassin. Wissenschaft & Praxis, Berlin 1997. ISBN 3-89673-025-8 .
  • Klaus Beyersdorf: The fraternity member and Kotzebue assassin Karl Ludwig Sand 1795-1820. A member of the old Coburg family von Sand. In: Coburg history sheets. 6/3/1998, pp. 87-90.
  • Antonia Meiners (Ed.): Authentic report on the murder of the Imperial Russian Councilor Mr. August von Kotzebue. Berliner Handpresse, Berlin 1999. Reprint of the Mannheim edition 1819.
  • George S. Williamson. What Killed August von Kotzebue? The Temptations of Virtue and the Political Theology of German Nationalism, 1789-1819. In: The Journal of Modern History . Vol. 72, 2000, pp. 890-943.
  • Sabine Bayerl (Ed.): Authentic report on the murder of the Imperial Russian Councilor Mr. August von Kotzebue. Universitätsverlag Winter, Heidelberg 2005. Attached: Excerpts from files from the investigation process on Carl Ludwig Sand. Reprint of the 2nd edition Mannheim 1819 and Altenburg 1821. ISBN 3-8253-2005-7 .
  • Harald Lönnecker : Sand, Carl Ludwig . In: Historical Commission at the Bavarian Academy of Sciences (ed.): Neue Deutsche Biographie, Vol. 22 (Rohmer-Schinkel), Berlin 2005, pp. 413–414.
  • Harald Lönnecker:  Sand, Carl Ludwig. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 22, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2005, ISBN 3-428-11203-2 , p. 413 f. ( Digitized version ).
  • Karl-Robert Schütze: Relics of Carl Ludwig Sand [in the Fichtelgebirgsmuseum], in: Castan's Panopticum. A medium is viewed , issue 15 (D 5), Berlin 2012. ISBN 978-3-928589-23-9 .
  • Harry M. Siegert: Carl Ludwig Sand and the assassination attempt on August von Kotzebue in: Geschichtsblätter Kreis Bergstrasse , Volume 47, Heppenheim Bergstrasse 2014; Publisher Laurissa Lorsch, ISSN  0720-1044 .
  • Harro Zimmermann: A German Warrior of God? The assassin Carl Ludwig Sand: The history of a radicalization , Paderborn: Ferdinand Schöningh Verlag 2020, ISBN 978-3-506-70309-5 .

Sand novels etc. (selection)

  • Alexandre Dumas: Karl Sand. Historical sketch. From the Franz. Von EW As suppl. To A. Dumas' sämmtl. Schriften, Leipzig 1847 - The novella in English translation in Project Gutenberg ( currently not generally available for users from Germany ) .
  • Max Ring : Carl Sand and his friends. Berlin 1873 (novel from the time of the old fraternity).
  • Paul Schreckenbach: Iron Youth. A fraternity novel from Jena. Leipzig 1921 [on this: Christiane Meißner: Paul Schreckenbach's fraternity novel "Eiserne Jugend". A contribution to the reception of the early unity and freedom movement in popular literature around 1900. State examination thesis (1st state examination for teaching at grammar schools, subject: history) Jena 2003/04].
  • Enrica von Handel-Mazzetti: The rose miracle. 3 volumes, Kempten, Munich 1924–1926, 2nd edition 1934 under the title "Sand Trilogy"
  • Hans Schoenfeld: Karl Ludwig Sand. Berlin 1926.
  • Tilman Röhrig: Sand or freedom an alley. Bergisch Gladbach 1993.
  • Tilman Röhrig: Spark of Freedom. Bergisch Gladbach 1998.
  • Walter Laufenberg : Hotel Pfälzer Hof. Ubstadt-Weiher 2006.

Film adaptations

Web links

Commons : Karl Ludwig Sand  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
Wikisource: Karl Ludwig Sand  - Sources and full texts

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ See www.sand-clan.net, website of the Coburg family (von) Sand , accessed on November 12, 2013.
  2. ↑ On his ancestors cf. Genealogy 1994/95 p. 300ff.
  3. ↑ Sand, Gottfried. Retrieved March 3, 2018 .
  4. ^ Rainer Assmann: Teutonia Tübingen, the corps of Catl-Ludwig Sand . In: then and now. Yearbook of the Association for Corporate Student History Research 18 (1973), pp. 155–157.
  5. ↑ a b Ernst Höhne: Die Bubenreuther , Erlangen, 1936, p. 12.
  6. ^ Wiegand, history of the Erlangen fraternity. First part , Bremen, 1877, p. 7.
  7. ↑ Florian Clöter, Memories of an Old Man , Hof, 1878, quoted from Friedrich Reuter, Die Erlanger Burschenschaft 1816–1833 , Erlangen, 1896, p. 53.
  8. ↑ Quoted from Friedrich Reuter, Die Erlanger Burschenschaft 1816–1833 , Erlangen, 1896, p. 96.
  9. ↑ Wolfgang Behringer: Tambora and the year without a summer. How a volcano plunged the world into crisis. CH Beck, Munich 2017, p. 222
  10. ^ Peter Kaupp (edit.): Stamm-Buch of the Jenaische Burschenschaft. The members of the original fraternity 1815-1819 (= treatises on student and higher education. Vol. 14). SH-Verlag, Cologne 2005, ISBN 3-89498-156-3 , pp. 99-100.
  11. ↑ a b Carl Ludwig Sand, represented by his diaries and letters from some of his friends. Altenburg 1821, pp. 151, 174
  12. ↑ General German Real Encyclopedia for the educated classes. Conversations Lexicon. 10th edition, 13 vol. Of 15 vol., Leipzig, 1854, p. 395, article Sand (Karl Ludw.)
  13. ^ House of August von Kotzebue information page of the city of Mannheim
  14. ^ Hermann Sand, Carl Ludwig Sand im Bildbericht der Zeit , Munich, 2011, ISBN 3-9809307-8-5 , p. 96. See also here
  15. ^ Ernst Rudolf Huber : German Constitutional History since 1789 , Stuttgart 1967, Vol. 1, p. 729
  16. ↑ Karen Duve: Miss Nice Short Summer. Novel. Galiani, Berlin 2018, pp. 404-407.
  17. ↑ Website of the film Die Unbedingten ( Memento of the original from May 21, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.dieunbedingten.de
personal data
SURNAME Sand, Karl Ludwig
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Sand, Carl Ludwig
BRIEF DESCRIPTION radical fraternity
DATE OF BIRTH October 5, 1795
PLACE OF BIRTH Wunsiedel
DATE OF DEATH May 20, 1820
Place of death Mannheim